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["---",1282,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.vmware.com/virtualization/what-is-virtualization.html\n\n\n\n\n\nIn preparation for the topic of virtualization in class, I decided to research more about VMWare and what exactly virtualization is and how it works. I've played with virtual machines before, but have never been too sure what it's all about. This page at vmware.com was very informative, giving basic information about virtualization without annoyingly pushing their product. I was impressed by that, actually.\n\n\n\n\n\nBasically, virtualization is a way to create virtual instances of an entire computer system, right down to the hardware specifications and operating system. These virtual machines can be run alongside other virtual machines with complete difference specifications--and they can all run on the same physical machine (assuming that machine has the capacity). A virtual machine shares resources on the native machine, but is completely encapsulated.\n\n\n\n\n\nVirtualization is a smart move for companies because it can cut costs on physical inventory and upkeep expenses, and it also lowers the server to admin ration, enabling admins to innovate rather than spend time on unkeep.\n\n\n\n\n\nFrom my basic reading in this article and others around the web, virtualization is an elegant solution to creating dynamic and robust computing power.\n\nImpact\n\nVirtualization is already big and will only get bigger. I'm pretty confident that the future of computing is moving to virtualization and the Cloud. Without a solid understanding of this infrastructure, it'll be hard to stay current in the Information Systems field. The basic concepts outlined in this article are the building blocks to (as mentioned above) a robust and dynamic computing power for business.\n\nVocabulary Virtualization : The creation of a virtual instance of a computer system, including hardware, software, and OS specifications.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.techworld.com/networking/3210616/internet-address-availability-down-to-less-than-10/\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/200580/what_you_need_to_know_about_ipv6.html?tk=rel_news\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/216769/ipv6_gets_global_test_day.html\n\nThis week's reading was all about the imminent depletion of IPv4 addresses and the need to switch to IPv6. Since IPv4 addresses are only 32-bit, there are only about 4 billion unique addresses. With the transition to IPv6 (128-bit), each person in the world can have billions of unique addresses. It is expected that IPv4 addresses will completely run out this summer, meaning that the limit to the number of computers on the Internet will be reached. While some business use NAT to overcome this problem, it puts a strain on network capabilities. IPv6 will become the standard.\n\n\n\n\n\nJune 24th has been declared as World IPv6 Day, where multiple large sites (like Google and Facebook) will implement IPv6 and see how it works in practice.\n\nImpact\n\nFrom a hardware perspective, the impact can be large for small business that might not have hardware to support the transition to IPv6. Luckily, by the time we get into the workforce, the transition should be mostly taken care of. I doubt we'll need to help manage an internal switch to IPv6.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe security features of IPv6 are much more significant than those from IPv4. With IPv6, it'll be harder for scammers to perform address spoofing. As IPv6 gains worldwide adoption, the transition will undoubtedly lead to the exploitation of IPv6 in ways we probably can't imagine right now. As IT professionals, we'll need to stay abreast of the issues that'll face IP connectivity in the coming years.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : A 128-bit address (broken into hexadecimal groups) that offers more security features and more unique addresses than the IPv4 standard.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/21/business/media/21fcc.html?src=busln\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/217312/verizon_challenges_fcc_net_neutrality_authority.html\n\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/20/AR2011012006163.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis week's articles were about Verizon's decision to sue the FCC over their adoption of an order aimed at limiting ISPs from discriminating against network traffic. That issue isn't exactly the main focus of Verizon's decision to sue the FCC, however; Verizon's motivation is to determine the FCC's authority in such situations. Previously, it was ruled that the FCC had overstepped its boundaries when it sanctioned Comcast for discriminating against BitTorrent traffic, and Verizon hopes to get the same kind of ruling.\n\n\n\n\n\nVerizon has already hired the lawyer who represented Comcast in their case against the FCC, as well as the option to choose the judges who hear the case. Really, this will be a showdown between the FCC and providers, deciding where the authority lies. Some opt for a regulated system, like government's involvement in highways and interstates, while others believe that the free market should rule in communications.\n\nImpact\n\nThe outcome of this case will be high profile and pretty important. If it's found that the FCC doesn't have the power to adopt orders that limit ISPs from traffic discrimination, it's very likely that all ISPs will begin regularly regulating content that flows through their networks. Prices will likely increase for consumers who want more freedom, and will likely drop for those who don't. Eventually, however, I feel that the companies will find a nice balance between regulation and freedom for consumers.\n\n\n\n\n\nIf the FCC does have the power, then we can expect an Internet and content providers that aren't allowed to discriminate against different kinds of traffic. This will likely lead to the bloating of network traffic, probably due to torrent traffic and video streaming through Netflix, Hulu, or other video providers. As we mix the ISPs with phone service providers, those who want the traffic to make a phone call may be fighting for space on the network with people pulling down intensive amounts of video content.\n\nVocabulary FCC : The Federal Communications Commission, established in 1934, is supposed to regulate the radio spectrum and interstate telecommunications. The question is, just how much power DOES the FCC have?\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tomsguide.com/us/super-wifi-wifi-broadband-FCC-wireless-router,news-9903.html\n\n\n\n\n\nGoogle is one of nine companies allowed to being experimenting with the broadcast space that used to be used as a buffer between TV stations. The utilization of this space is currently being called Super WiFi. Currently, Google has no plans to charge users. We'll see about that.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are eight other companies allowed to experiment with this space, most of which I've never heard of. I believe they're strictly networking and broadcast companies.\n\nImpact\n\nIf we can utilize this space, this might mean WiFi for consumers in major metropolitan areas. These WiFi channels will be much broader and stronger than current WiFi channels, decreasing the strain on current cell phone networks. However, this will mean that consumers will be slaves to other companies than cell phone providers, and could charge an arm and a leg for more reliable coverable than the current cell phone networks.\n\n\n\n\n\nVoIP calling via smartphones would also become a big deal. Skype would have to allow calling via WiFi on mobile phones, and other competitors are sure to enter the market.\n\nVocabulary Super WiFi : A broadcast network utilizing the white space that previously existed as a buffer between TV stations.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207623/DDoS_attacks_made_worse_by_firewalls_report_finds\n\n\n\n\n\nDDoS attacks have significantly increased over the past year, and even more significantly over the last five years. This has been attributed to the misplacement of security devices on networks. When the firewall is placed right in front of servers, it becomes a bottleneck of traffic, eventually bringing down the network.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs defense increases, so does the frequency and attack size of DDoS attacks. And it's hard for companies to turn to police, who can't really do much about it. Those who set up networks including firewalls and IPS's need to learn proper configuration and avoid falling victim to a successful DDoS attack.\n\nImpact\n\nThe kinds of things we're learning in class about proper firewall configurations are going to be more and more important. We need to know more than just the basics; we need to be prepared for large-scale DDoS attacks because they're not going away any time soon.\n\n\n\n\n\nI can see DDoS attacks becoming very commonplace. It'll become a term familiar to everyone on the Internet, and everyone will have to be aware of it. And as we move to IPv6, the Internet will expand, increasing the number of targets and the number of machines that can be commandeered to perform a DDoS attack. It'll become a huge future part of the Internet.\n\nVocabulary DDoS : Distributed Denial of Service, where a server is so loaded with bogus incoming traffic that it can't properly respond to the legitimate requests coming in.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nContrary to my initial belief, IPv4 addresses have not been completely used up. They get reserved in chunks by different organizations around the world who then disburse them to geographic locations. So that last chunks have been allocated, but it'll be a while before all those addresses are actually claimed and used.\n\n\n\nAlso, a 16th of the IPv4 addresses aren't used because they were set aside for multicast. However, modern routers have those addresses reserved for multicast, so they can't be re-purposed as traditional IPv4 addresses.\n\n\n\nThe biggest problem facing the transition is the ability to speak both IPv4 and IPv6. That gap is a slight concern and might cause some hiccups in the transition.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nNetwork security options will look different after the switch to IPv6. Instead of dealing with 32 bits, we'll be dealing with 128 bits. It'll be a lot harder to do labs in Lindstrom's class. :) We'll definitely need to get comfortable with the new IP addresses and how to configure network settings accordingly.\n\n\n\nLuckily, most modern hardware and operating systems can handle IPv6, so a major upgrade isn't needed. However, as mentioned above, it'll be that gap between IPv4 and IPv6 that'll get hairy, I imagine. Having servers that speak both IP languages will be important during the transition.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Multicast : A way to cut down on the amount of outbound traffic. Instead of sending to 1,000 subscribers, content providers can send to just 1 location, where all 1,000 subscribers are tuned in together.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110217-718244.html\n\nhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gJ28LErwfeD7rxI0JQLxChkSYEug?docId=bb661973d5794db49e302fe7c0779037\n\n\n\n\n\nThe House voted this week that the FCC had overstepped is bounds when it adopted \"Net Neutrality\" the provision preventing content providers from discriminating against differing types of content. The House especially wanted to bar the FCC from using government money to support the provisions.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe main point of the argument was that the FCC was a government institution getting too involved with online business. One quote says that the FCC is trying to apply 19th century rules to 21st century network.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile the House may have voted easily, it'll still be up to the Senate to actually push it through. And since the Republicans and Democrats can't seem to get along these days, I wouldn't be surprised if the Senate votes it down or if the President vetoes, just to make a point.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnd even if the Senate or President let it through, Verizon is already gearing up to fight this thing in court.\n\nImpact\n\nWe're moving into the era when content providers need to figure out how they're going to push their content to so many subscribers. Some companies argue that net neutrality provisions discourage providers from upgrading their technology, leaving us all in a state of sub-par connectivity. It's an interesting step that the House has taken, however, coming in and saying the FCC has overstepped its bounds. That the second time the FCC has been slapped on the hand and told it was doing too much. I think this may call into question the purpose of the FCC and perhaps begin a discussion regarding the purpose of the organization.\n\n\n\n\n\nI still haven't decided whether I'm for or against net neutrality. I can see the benefits to both sides, but am just not sure where I stand as a consumer. I'm leaning towards letting the providers choose how they want to dish out the content, as long as the prices don't get jacked up. The last thing I want is to lose my unlimited data plan with Verizon, or have the price of that plan go up to $40 or $50.\n\nVocabulary Net Neutrality : A provision adopted by the FCC preventing content providers from discriminating against different kinds of content on the video, such as video (Netflix) and video chat (Skype).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.nextgov.com/nextgov/ng_20110222_7547.php\n\nhttp://www.fastcompany.com/1731741/how-hackers-could-exploit-federal-government-shutdown\n\n\n\n\n\nIn preparation for a discussion on network security, I Googled the term and found articles relating to the potential shut down of the government on March 4th. If the government does shut down, it wouldn't be surprising if major cyber attacks are launched on government agencies while most people are away.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe main problem is simply that the list of people needed to maintain the network security (monitor firewall logs for potential intrusions, etc.) hasn't been updated in 15 years. The government has only a few days to decide who is crucial, who needs to be there, and make it happen. With a lack of network security personnel on hand, it could mean some crazy traffic in and around government networks.\n\nImpact\n\nWith a plethora of cyber attacks happening lately (either coming from or masked as coming from China), I'd say the government shut down and lack of security personnel monitoring the networks is a big deal. It's hard enough to ward of intruders as it is--imagine trying to ward them off when there are fewer people monitoring, and probably more people attacking since they know the defenses are weak.\n\n\n\n\n\nI'd be interested to take a poll of current ISYS students in 20 years to see how many are working network security-type jobs. These would probably be the people on that list of essential personnel.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLong story short, the potential impact could be huge, if the right hacker can get into the right information. Kind of scary if you ask me.\n\nVocabulary Cyber attack : The attempted intrusion through a firewall and into a private network by an outside host, usually for malicious purposes.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.toptechreviews.net/tech-news/verizon-pulling-the-plug-on-its-unlimited-data-plans/\n\nhttp://www.eweek.com/c/a/Mobile-and-Wireless/Verizon-Ending-Unlimited-Plan-Likely-as-New-Apple-iPhone-Launches-287581/\n\n\n\nA big announcement this week was that Verizon is getting rid of the unlimited data plan, priced at $29.99. They'll be following AT&T into the tiered data plan arena, in hopes of restricting data hogs and allowing new users to enter the smartphone market.\n\n\n\nSome believe that the switch to tiered plans will coincide with the release of the iPhone 5, but Verizon people say that it's not specific to any device.\n\n\n\nOnce the tiered plan is put in place, T-mobile and Sprint will be the only two networks that still offer unlimited data plans. We'll see how long that lasts.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nPeople like me will be very angry at the switch. I wouldn't consider myself a data hog, but I use a good 3GB per month, and I'd imagine that a price for that much data will be pretty steep. However, I agree that it'll help new users to get smartphones. Previously, some people have been hesitant to sign up for a full-fledged data plan, thinking that the price would be too much. But with a plan like this, the minimal data users will be more prone to sign up.\n\n\n\nThis will also be a way to restrict the data hogs who suck the bandwidth. And with the introduction of hotspots via phone, data hogs will become more prevalent throughout the cell networks.\n\n\n\nEventually, all cell networks will have to get rid of the unlimited data, at least until the Super WiFi comes around and we can all connect to WiFi no matter where we are. Then data consumption won't be as much of an issue.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Tiered Data Plans : A plan that charges users different prices for different levels of data usage, eliminating unlimited data plans and forcing users to track their data usage.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.windowsitpro.com/article/active-directory/Answer-Cloud-Security-Concerns-Federated-Identity-.aspx\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/8391532/Worlds-biggest-source-of-spam-email-shut-down.html\n\n\n\nThe world's biggest source of spam, Rustock, was seized and shut down. It was estimated that over 1 million PCs were being controlled by servers in the Mid-west. Microsoft took the lead in shutting these guys down, claiming that they had infringed on Microsoft trademarks.\n\n\n\nThis is the biggest spam shutdown ever. The people behind the spam center are only named \"John Does 1-11\". \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nHopefully this will save the world some money on spam control and containment, as well as lead to the shut down of other spam botnets around the world. This will also be a chance for anti-virus programs to try to get a step ahead of spammers, instead of the other way around.\n\n\n\nLuckily, the Gmail spam filter has been incredible efficient. With a lesser strain on Google, maybe they can throw some resources at new features.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Rustock : One of the world's largest spam botnets, sending out around 30 billion messages per day. Was finally shutdown by Microsoft and the US.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.nydailynews.com/money/2011/03/26/2011-03-26_atts_plan_to_buy_tmobile_shows_consumers_lot_more_valuable_than_they_think.html\n\nhttp://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2011/03/26/consumers_would_be_losers_in_att_merger_with_t_mobile/\n\nhttp://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51903.html\n\nThe big news this week is that AT&T wants to buy T-Mobile for $39 Billion. AT&T says that a merger like this would help to ease the burden of data consumption on smartphones by giving AT&T instant access to already existing towers. If approved, AT&T would surpass Verizon as the largest provider in the nation.\n\n\n\nSome are skeptical that the FCC won't allow the proposed merger. At $39 Billion for the deal, the math comes out that AT&T will pay about $1,140 per T-Mobile customer.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIf the deal goes through, this would make Sprint, AT&T, and Verizon the Big Three cell phone companies today, with AT&T being the largest and with the most towers. Whether or not they would use those towers to actually increase the speed of their network is debatable. With those extra towers come extra consumers, so I'll be surprised if they can end up doing more than just accommodating current users.\n\n\n\nAlso, it would put AT&T in greater power to rip of consumers. AT&T already has about the lowest approval rating of all cell phone companies, so they're obviously looking to improve that. My guess is that this merger would put them in such power that they can continue to rip people off without repercussion.\n\n\n\nVocabulary acquisition : The purchasing of one company by another, usually for profit or gain. The resources of the purchased company are assimilated into the purchasing company's resources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.washingtonpost.com/business/with-amazons-cloud-player-the-network-is-the-cable/2011/03/28/AF9UTqGC_story.html\n\nAmazon launched their cloud music service this week, beating Google and Apple to the punch. However, Amazon may have their hands full with legal battles as they work a deal with the music publishers.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe big deal with this is that we're replacing the cable used to connect your phone or mp3 player to the computer where the music is stored. With Amazon Cloud Player, your music is stored in the cloud and it can be accessed without connecting physically to your computer. Instead, you can stream it directly to your smartphone, provided you have the bandwidth.\n\n\n\n\n\nCloud Player doesn't give access to the all the music out there, just your own. But this is a step in the right direction\n\nImpact\n\nSome are saying that this is huge, while others are saying that this basic idea has been around for a long time. And it has. People have been using FTP to store files online for a long time. I think what will make this one take off is the fact that you can stream it directly from the cloud and to your phone. That's pretty darn impressive.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are other players out there, too. Amazon isn't the first to come in with this idea, but they're the biggest. Google and Apple are supposedly releasing their own version of these cloud-based music players at their own conferences this spring/summer. However, I think this is a big step for Amazon. They're finally competing with the big tech giants and staking out a spot of their own in the industry.\n\nVocabulary Cloud Player : Amazon's cloud-based music player, allowing users to upload their own music and stream it to their computers and/or phones.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1284,"Article Summary\n\nNote: I did the following reading because it was suggested to me by Dr. Lindstrom at the end of class. It wasn't just one reading, but a collection of several readings and tutorial videos, and even then it was a difficult learning curve. \n\n\n\nThe OSI Model\n\n\n\nThe Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model was developed in the late 1980's by a committee that sets standards for international commerce and industry, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its purpose was to solve the problem of data communication compatibility between the vast amount of developing networks. \n\n\n\nThe OSI model breaks down network communication into 7 successive \"layers\" with each layer responsible for coordinating with the layers adjacent to it. Each layer may receive service data units (SDUs) from its peer layer to which it adds its own protocol to create its respective protocol data units (PDU). \n\n\n\nThe seven layers are (1) Physical, (2) Data Link, (3) Network, (4) Transport, (5) Session, (6) Presentation, and (7) Application.\n\n\n\nNetwork Media Layers\n\nThe first three layers are primarily concerned with network communication functions. The physical layer is responsible for specifying the layout of pins, hubs, cables, voltages, repeaters, and the like in order to read and transmit at the bit level. A failure here could mean any one of the hardware mediums isn't functioning properly. \n\n\n\nThe second layer, Data Link, may check for and correct errors in the physical layer, but also serves to link multiple network entities. The Data Link Layer outlines the assembling of frames and physical addressing. At the next Network layer, data is sent as packets across logical address systems, often using Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. This directing operation is carried out by routers and is what makes the internet a reality. \n\n\n\nNetwork Host Layers\n\nThe next four layers are found in the sending and receiving hosts. The Transport layer helps to separate the data-flow protocols from the application protocols. It breaks down files into segments to be sent and read by the receiving user. The Transport layer can also detect if a segment has successfully been sent, and resend if necessary. \n\n\n\nThe Session Layer controls data in dialogue between computers; session check-pointing and recovery, adjournment, and termination procedures. The sixth layer, Presentation, ensures the data is in a form independent of the user's machine, and also provides for encryption. Finally, the Application Layer allows data to be viewed and manipulated by users.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article opened to me a new and bleakly understood world of networking, which I look forward to understanding better soon. \n\n\n\nThe actual development and implementation of the OSI model is extremely significant in that it brings together independent networks and allows for data communication. It is the set of principles that serve as the basis for the internet and all other network services we have come to appreciate (mail, VoIP, Filesharing, etc.)\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary PDU/SDU : Each layer in the OSI model may receive service data units (SDUs) from its peer layer and create its respective protocol data units (PDU). SDU and PDU's are therefore relative to the layer you are talking about. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nWAN Issues Drive Application Deployment And Architecture\n\n\n\nNetwork speeds and accessibility are issues businesses are forced to consider as they expand on the international market. China, for example, has the reserved the right to lock traffic in and out of the country. Other countries suffer from a taxed network system, or little interconnectivity at all. \n\n\n\nTo those in the hospitality market (the article highlights InterContinental Hotels Group, IHG), this means time delays and frustrated online experiences for customers. So, how do you maintain good service under difficult conditions? \n\n\n\nIn order to provide quicker and easier access, IHG has split its processing centers and relocated them in different parts of the world. Its central system now designates transaction loads out to appropriate data centers and utilizes cloud-based processing technology. \n\n\n\nWhile the move doesn't necessarily mean more revenue for IHG, it does mean a clean and comparable performance when making a reservation from anywhere in the world. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nKoehler, a vice president at IHG, says they're following technology that places like Amazon and Google have already proved trustworthy. Thus the idea of the article is a significant harbinger of the future of networking world-wide. \n\n\n\nThe movement behind the article is the revolution of \"the cloud.\" That services and businesses alike are now adapting is evidence of what has been a long time coming. It's the reason Apple developed the MacAir, Google is developing its notebook, and Amazon servers are a solution to business problems: businesses know that it isn't what's on your home computer anymore, it's what's out there that counts. \n\n\n\nVocabulary bandwidth : I chose this word in hopes of finding some disambiguation. Bandwidth used to refer to analog services and was measure in hertz. In the digital world it is a bit transfer rate. Bandwidth is therefore essntially the throughput of a network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nPrivate WANs for Better Performance\n\n\n\nCertain emerging factors are contributing to slower WANs for those who use them. These include an increase in use by consumers, a larger consumer base, more remote devices (phones, netbooks, and tablets), and larger files for transfer as photos, videos and files are constantly growing in size. As a result, using the WAN from a local network provider isn't enough for some companies. Some are resorting to building their own private networks.\n\n\n\nThis article sites Principal Financial Group as an example. Principal wants it to seem like their providers are local and fast, and to do so, they have identified four requirements: (1) interconnectivity, (2) good disaster recovery plans, (3) a diversified geographical network, and (4) increased buying leverage for internet services. Their solution then was to build a private network. Now principal has equal strength in all the areas it serves.\n\n\n\nAnother example is the Iowa Hospital System (IHS), which is constantly transferring large medical files. With hundreds of different locations, IHS decided it was better to build and maintain its own private network than to leave it to the providers. The benefit of a reliable health care information system with speeds 8-10x faster is worth the cost to them. \n\n\n\nThe article gives voice to a worker in the field of setting up private networks. His advice is build a business model and determine if the investment will pay off, either through personal use or through commercial use. Ultimately, it needs to be reliable and all-inclusive so that you always have access to your data. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWith more and more companies building private WANs, two things begin to emerge. The first is more competition, which is a great thing for consumers. If companies build secure WANs for themselves and are ever pushing for more reliability and faster speeds, the market will continue to attract more capable architects and consumers. \n\n\n\nThe second possible result, and this only happens if enough businesses begin to buy into this philosophy, is that more space is opened to consumers. This is unlikely, since phones and mobile devices use more and more of the extra bandwidth. \n\n\n\nSome questions also begin to arise when considering the possible growing trend. Will the internet become more and more divided as it expands making it harder to get around? Will expanding networks continue to conform to already existing protocols, or will unity in communications suffer? \n\n\n\nOne thing is self-evident in this trend, and that is that there is a growing desire for faster services and less gridlock on an already busy internet structure. \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary WAN : Wide Area Networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs via routers, which we learned are more sophisticated than the average house router. Some WANs are private, others are what we use through internet providers. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAnatomy of an Internet Blackout\n\nURL: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012811-internet-blackout-egypt.html\n\nWhen 3,500 servicing internet routes are suddenly shutdown, it doesn't go unnoticed. This article is about the internet shutdown in egypt. The report is that the government shut it down in an effort to control certain networks and media, and a raging crowd. \n\nThe impact is being felt on 3 levels. The first and most obvious is the public access level. Protestors have taken to the streets in an attempt to get the internet back. The second level the NANOG is worried particularly about is the business level: making sure businesses and markets feel less of the impact to help the economy continue. Third, international comunication has been impaired. The U.S. embassy, for example, has become hard to reach.\n\nThe root of the problem is uncertain. Was a Layer 1 the problem (plug for in-class material straight out of the article)? \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSome speculation is being had on whether or not the source of the shutdown was some sort of massive kill switch cyberattack. If that were true, the implications are incredible. Jokes about the internet someday completely going down are suddenly a reality. This, though the chances of that being the case are low. \n\nOther impacts are the social and international impacts that Egypt is now having to deal with. The article talks about how the U.S. in times past has thought about proposing legistlation in an attempt to mitigate massive cyberattacks in the future. When corporations follow law, the ability to shutdown the internet becomes suddenly much easier. An analyst in the article doubts, however, that the U.S. would respond in any similiar way the the way Egypt has.\n\nVocabulary NANOG : The North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) was formed to help set standards on the creation, maintenance and operation of Internet Protocol networks. NANOG is not itself a network operator.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nFluke Tightens AirMagnet WLAN Protection\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/fluke-tightens-airmagnet-wlan-protection.php\n\n\n\nAs alternative to bigwig Cisco Systems, Fluke Networks' provides security to wireless networks for more than 10,000 customers. Fluke's CEO Richard Stiennion says that the importance of wireless networks is increasing, with a soon to be 70% share of client-to-LAN connections. Business need them to operate and attract customers, he insists. \n\n\n\nFluke has announced an update in their wireless intrusion preventions system, which is supposed to be more dynamic and quickly adaptable when responding to attacks. New updates to prevent potential problems are sent immediately while zero-day protection is offered in the event of an attack. \n\n\n\nStennion says the two best things about the new upgrade are increased accuracy in detecting rogue access points and prevention of downtime when loading updates. Stennion also says the update can detect unusual activities from new radio-wave technology, like 3G.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article stresses the need for wireless security. Immediate updates to systems world wide could mean prevention of mass attacks via the internet for those who are subscribed with Fluke's WIPS system. \n\n\n\nStill, new technology gives hacker new ways to be intrusive, so the article isn't the most reassuring. Really it's just an advertisement for this company's updates.\n\nVocabulary 802.11n : IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards that carry out wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication. The 'n' model represents a significantly faster rate of transfer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nThe last of the IPv4 addresses are gone which means to expand, the world will need to use IPv6. To the consumer, that's not a big problem; we just keep using what we've got. For \"the elder of the internet,\" that means changing the whole way the internet works.\n\n\n\nAn IP address is a number that identifies your computer with the internet, says the article. The problem with the change is that IPv6 and IPv4 aren't network compatible -- a network set up one way won't support the other. Another problem is the lack of incentive for people to switch over.\n\n\n\nWhen the number of IP addresses was initially chosen, there was no way of knowing we'd use this many. Last year, for example 319 million addresses were handed out. \n\n\n\nThe breakdown for those \"running the show\" is (top-down)ICANN as the regulator of inner workings, IANA as the central supply of IP address, and RIR as the set of non-profits that help with the demand. RIR's lease addresses out to companies, who then give them to consumers. At this point the RIR's have taken their last share, companies still have near a year's supply of addresses.\n\n\n\nA lot of places that got extra IP addresses have returned the unused address space. On a similar vein, NAT helps, but doesn't solve the problem. The protocol is more difficult to work with. \n\n\n\nConsumers can't do much other then buy into and support what comes out in the way of IPv6 technology. It's a matter of the suppliers using the technology however. The Net could get slower, but it won't break. \n\n\n\nIn the end, it could be years before the change is made, but it will be made. Google and Facebook, for example have developed plans to make the change. In the end, it will be a group effort.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is about a revolution, in a sense. \n\n\n\nFor consumers, it means be supportive of products that make the change. The real pressure is on companies and the regulators to make the change as smoothly as possible.\n\n\n\nVocabulary undecillion : 39-40 digit place number!\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nUS bill would prohibit Internet 'kill switch'\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021811-us-bill-would-prohibit-internet.html\n\n\n\nThis week a bill hit congress that would limit the authority of the president to shut the internet off in the event of a cyberattack. This comes on the coattails of the Egyptian revolution that left many without service for days. \n\n\n\nBut even with the bill, worry about a 'kill-switch' in the hands of the president is an extreme. As Sen. Lieberman points out, the powers appointed the president are limited and besides, you don't just turn the internet off in America.\n\n\n\nWhy submit this legislation then? First, in times of an emergency, those rules that aren't definitive are often passed up. Second, however, the act helps to flush out interpretations of the Communications Act of 1934. \n\n\n\nNevertheless, persistent worry over a 'kill-switch' is inhibiting the work of the legislature, says Lieberman. More important measures of security in need of attention. For example, last year government related sites were attacked more than 1.8 billion times a month!\n\nImpact\n\nIn essence, the bill that this article refers to outlines rights definitively. Inevitably, a rule not written will be broken, no matter how inherently correct it may seem. Thus, it is important to set up laws before they become seriously troublesome. \n\n\n\nOn a larger political note, a bill restricting the powers of the president is consistent with the the constitution: we didn't ever make provision for a single authority on any subject in our legislature. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Kill Switch : The centralized power necessary to take down a system with one decision. In the case of America's internet, the power vested in the president to shut off the internet when deemed necessary. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe push is on to cut 100G Ethernet's price\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/022311-the-push-is-on-to.html\n\n\n\nUnbeknownst to me, a year ago the industry Ethernet standard was 100-gigabits. That standard rests some 40-100x higher than the connection we have at home, but an ad hoc group will meet to see what they can do to up it some more.\n\n\n\nBut for consumers, the real question is price. Since the lines cost so much, more ports per switch are wanted on each line. Currently they support an average of 2, but several more would be optimal. The trick is the technology behind the traffic on such a port.\n\n\n\nThe key to pushing quality, according to John D'Ambrosia (chairman of the group heading up the study), is in the freemarket. Standardize the backplane and companies will move beyond the proprietary standards and experiment on other components. Eventually volume will rise, price will lower, and Power requirements will fall as well (likely, he notes).\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact is faster cheaper, service on the industry levels. (I would imagine there are some who wonder how much faster we would need the internet to be. I like to think of Google earth running fast enough to allow gamers to play in the streets and move anywhere in the world.)\n\n\n\nIf D'Ambrosia is successful, speeds increase and prices decrease not only on the industry level, but in homes as well. Thus, for the consumer, advances in technology like these are small bonuses.\n\n\n\nVocabulary backplane : A circuit board the uses parallel connectors. These were often used in personal computers for expansion cards.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIBM Offers New Software For Managing Virtualization, Cloud Systems\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/virtualization/ibm-offers-new-software-for-managing-virtualization-cloud-systems.php\n\n\n\nIBM has announced they will be putting out a new software that helps to (1) quickly create virtual server images, (2) provide better data protection, and (3) increase server build speed. This is in response to a forecast that over the last few years the number of VS's running has/will grow 10 fold. \n\n\n\nIBM's deployment software would allow servers to be up and running in seconds, with hundreds to thousands within an hour. These are 5-20 GB servers. \n\n\n\nAt Pulse 2011, IBM also introduced software for best practice automation (Tivoli Provisioning Manager) and software that provides backup and recovery, protection, and archiving capabilities (Tivoli Storage Manager).\n\n\n\nIBM emphasizes technology around the cloud as big,  pointing to the 45 billion dollars that are to be spent in cloud related technology by 2013.\n\nImpact\n\nQuick and efficient server deployment is mission critical to any business. What if servers go down? The time to get them up and running is time wasted in the pockets of businesses. Backing server's up or managing across different platforms allows for increased effiiciency as well.\n\n\n\nIn short, increased technology-and this is especially true for cloud technology-means better communication, reliability, and functionality in the business world. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Virtualization : Virtualization is the creation of a virtual version of something, such as a hardware platform, operating system, a storage device or network resources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/migrating-to-ipv6-will-dominate-your-it-budget.php?p=2\n\n\n\nMoney comes and goes for large businesses in IT. The recent slow in software releases is giving companies an opportunity to look to their infrastructure, which naturally brings up the issue about transition to IpV6.\n\n\n\nFor Corporate budgets, this means changing focus. IPv6 may become an \"immediate problem,\" as the article mentions, requiring a lot of forsight and planning. Hardware as well as software will need to be changed. However, the benefits are said to be significant and worth the effort. \n\n\n\nEfforts should be seen in the next 6 months, which is great news to those invested, namely network professionals. Either way, the need to migrate is now and inevitable.\n\nImpact\n\nLindstrom assures us the benefits outwiegh the costs, or at least over the long run. The article suggests that corporates will inevitably have to face the impending switch to IPv6 and it will not be easy. \n\n\n\nThis could stimulate the market and ideas, however, as people try to be innovative with the change. Either way, the costs will be significant. But traffic will be better, or so they say...\n\n\n\nVocabulary Mobile IP : Mobile IP (or IP mobility) is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard communications protocol that is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining a permanent IP address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/major-new-dns-vulnerability-discovered.php\n\n\n\nThe ISC has lately come out and warned against certain versions of BIND, a domain name software, that are vulnerable to denial of service attacks. The weakness comes from a technique called IXFR which occurs at the TCP layer. \n\n\n\nDuring an IXFR transfer, a small window of opportunity is created during which a well placed query could cause a deadlock to occur. The result is a shutdown in processing DNS requests. The more requests that are occurring on the network, the higher vulnerability to an attack. \n\n\n\nThe article then reviews the importance of DNS protocol and the need for companies using BIND to upgrade immediately. Some 300,000 new computers are connecting to the internet everyday, according to the article, leaving an increased need for the accuracy in basic protocols. \n\n\n\nAs a note, the Apple operating system runs BIND, but an older version, which is not vulnerable to attacks. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDNS is one thing you don’t appreciate until it’s gone. Just this week I was trying to buy tickets at a site online that is usually working. This time, however, the site wouldn’t resolve and the purchase was left unmade.\n\n\n\nThe article makes a good point about impact, citing the ever increasing load on the network and the importance of having interconnectivity. And of course, whenever possible, Apple is referenced, though they aren’t necessarily in trouble with the version of BIND that they currently have. \n\n\n\nVocabulary ISC : Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. (ISC) is a non-profit corporation dedicated to supporting the infrastructure of the universal connected self-organizing Internet by developing and maintaining quality software, protocols, and operations.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/releasing-firesheep-right-intention-wrong-action.php\n\n\n\nTHE RELEASE OF FIRESHEEP\n\n\n\nThis article is in response to the release of Firesheep a while back. In light of last weeks lab I thought it very pertinent. \n\n\n\nThe Fratto agrees with Butler, the developer of Firesheep, that there are significant problems as far as sniffing and sidejacking are concerned, but criticizes Butler for being irresponsible. Full disclosure is great, but sometimes it takes a back seat to revenue, the author argues. In this case, a more responsible release of the protocol should have been considered, like notifying developers and giving them time to fix the problem before going public with hacking software.\n\n\n\nFratto says there are positives to responsible disclosure of weaknesses: the software developers get time, the users stay safe, and the researcher gets credit. As far as the actual stealing of cookies is concerned, it shouldn't be happening. Nevertheless, its very doable with a certain knowledge of protocols (which we are now studying!)\n\n\n\nThe biggest problem is that Firesheep made everyone a potential hacker while simultaneously making everyone a potential victim of hacking. Sure some web browsers try to force secure connections, but how often does it work? And the damage potential is big, according to Fratto. Ultimately, it was the wrong move, he says.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of a release like this obviously carries significant repercussions. Like the article said, Firesheep makes everyone a potential hacker while simultaneously making everyone a potential victim of hacking. \n\n\n\nThe response has been good and will continue to improve as people call for more security. The end result, therefore, may not have been a bad one! \n\n\n\nVocabulary sidejacking : The exploitation of a valid computer session to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215428/Millions_of_sites_hit_with_mass_injection_cyberattack\n\n\n\nThousands of sites have been hit with an injection attack that is crippling databases accross the nation. The method of the script is to inject a link to a URL during the initial creation of a database that causes information in the database to be distorted. \n\n\n\nInitially, the attack took the user to a web-based site for anti-virus software. The installation claimed a host of viruses on the users computer, but of course had malicious motives. \n\n\n\nThe number of infected computers has grown from thousands when it was first discovered a month ago to potentially millions by the start of April, though some say that hundreds of thousands is likely more accurate. \n\n\n\nOne websense blogger praised apple for strong encryption that prevented the attacks effectiveness-\"so good job apple,\" he says. \n\n\n\nFor now the attack appears to be continuing, so the article includes a caution against downloading suspicious anti-virus software and the like. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of a mass attack like this will inevitably be new security measures, though it highlights the ever increasing vulnerabilities on the web. In fact, a quick glance through the headlines of the links from Lindstrom's website shows that the advances are just as frequent if not less so then the reported large-scale attacks. \n\n\n\nOn a positive note, that means Isys majors stay in business. \n\n\n\nVocabulary SQL injection : SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1359,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article discusses the basic concept of net neutrality and specifically how it relates to Verizon and Google’s proposal this year regarding it.  Parts of the proposal include a tiered internet with different pricing structures and associated level of service- the more a customer pays the better service a customer receives.  Regarding sending information companies could pay internet service providers (ISP’s) to have their content given priority and speed. \n\nThe topic of net neutrality has been hot topic in Washington and President Obama and the FCC have been attempting to implement legislation regarding it but is has failed so far.  Many consumers are proponents of net neutrality and it seems the writer of the article is a supporter as well.  The writer seems unsurprised at Verizon’s support but quite surprised at Google’ support of net neutrality.  It states that Google would not have been able to get to where it is today had net neutrality not been the status quo and that it is now concerned more with its bottom line. \n\nThe article concludes asking if it is not too much to ask Google to hold up to its pledge of “Don’t be Evil” and for the FCC to take action.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article brings up a rather thorny and convoluted issue.  One article I read had multiple definitions of net neutrality and it’s my opinion that pros and cons of it really depend on how it is implemented or enforced.  My usual perception is a laissez-faire approach is best (less regulation) as that is what usually keeps things better balanced but it is tempting to jump on the net neutrality bandwagon.  I feel there would definitely be short-term benefits to do doing so but, like with any regulation, it’s hard to determine the long-term impact it will have. \n\nRegardless of what I or others think, it is an issue that will have to be dealt with and can/will have significant impact on the future.  What if you couldn’t visit Qwest’s website because you are on Comcast because it is a competitor of your ISP?  What if ISPs have no incentive to improve data communication lines because they are struggling to make a profit?  This could definitely be a game changer and could drastically affect the economy and the quality of service consumer’s and company’s receive.  This is definitely an issue I will be watching throughout the coming weeks and months.\n\nVocabulary Net-Neutrality : Net-neutrality refers to the idea that all online content should be treated indiscriminately. Anyone with an active internet connection should be able to access whatever website regardless of amount of data being transferred or what the website so long as it is lawful to visit and/or use.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn this article, the depletion of IPv4 addresses and the turning to IPv6 is discussed.  The Number Resources Organization (NRO) that coordinates between the five regional internet registries around the world announced in October that they would be handing out the last available blocks of IPv4 addresses early 2011.  Network Address Translation (NAT) has helped delay the need to move to IPv6 but it is expected by the end of this year everyone will need to switch to IPv6.  IPv6 is a 128-bit address compared to the 32-bit IPv4 address which means it can hold many more unique addresses.\n\nThe switch to IPv6 has been a concern ever since businesses and end users have been connecting to the internet as IPv6 isn’t really compatible with IPv4 but now much of the central infrastructure of the internet is already running on IPv6.  It is expected that end users won’t see any effects until the end of 2011.  \n\nSOURCE: \n\n“Final IPv4 addresses to be issued within months, NRO warns”\n\nMartyn Williams\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9191518/Final_IPv4_addresses_to_be_issued_within_months_NRO_warns?taxonomyId=18&pageNumber=2\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhat wasn’t a concern during the advent of the internet quickly became a concern once it became a global network with billions of users.  This year it is predicted that the problem will finally have to be dealt with completely and everyone will need to make the switch to IPv6.  We will then see IP addresses with four additional sets of numbers (double the length of IPv4).  The traditional convention of IPv4 will eventually be done away with.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : Internet Protocol Version 6. A 128-bit IP address system which is meant to replace Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) which is only 32-bit. It was created to allow for the address needs of a global sized network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn the last few years the United States demand and use of wireless/mobile networks has increased dramatically.  This article discussed the recent decision from the FCC to open underused television air waves for auction.  FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski  said on different occasions that if more of the spectrum wasn’t open up there would be a “spectrum crunch” meaning that demand would far surpass the current infrastructure’s ability to support it.\n\nNow that the spectrum is open companies are free to bid on getting their piece of the spectrum which has drawn obvious attention from companies like Verizon and AT&T.  Along with the opening of the airwaves the FCC is encouraging research of ways to use the spectrum resources more efficiently.\n\n ----------------------------\n\nArticle Source:\n\nhttp://www.wirelessweek.com/news/2010/12/fcc-moves-to-open-tv-spectrum-for-mobile/\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe opening of more of the broadcast spectrum enables the advancement of wireless/mobile data communications to move forward.  This means a great potential to stimulate the economy and future innovation.  The FCC hopes to get close to 10 billion from the auctions.  It also means that users of mobile devices will actually be able to use their devices in the future.\n\nVocabulary Broadcast license : Entitles the entity that purchased the license to use a specified portion of the radio frequency spectrum in a given geographical area.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n802.11n (or wireless N) has been submitted as and RFC since around 2004.  It has only become widely popular in the last couple of years.  802.11n is a significant improvement over 802.11g as maximum speed for 802.11g is about 54/mps whereas 802.11n can reach speeds of 100 to 140/mps.  It accomplishes this in three main ways.  It uses more antennas with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).  It can simultaneously transmit three streams of data and receive two.  So more data can be sent and received and it cal also increase range/distance.  802.11n also uses channel bonding which can use two separate nonoverlapping channels at the same time to transmit data.  It is also able to use “payload optimization” which can put more data in each packet sent. \n\n\n\n\n\nArticle Source\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9019472/FAQ_802.11n_wireless_networking\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAlthough it has taken awhile to be officially adopted it has and will influence the quality of wireless networks.  Faster throughput and longer range are some of the main benefits.  Although not a replacement for a wired network if a company needs to have a fast network without wires wireless n could be a very viable solution.\n\nVocabulary Wireless N : A newer version of 802.11. Has almost double the speed capability of Wireless G (802.11g).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nVOIP is becoming increasingly popular. This article discusses the technology and the pros and cons associated with it.   Some pros include cost and ease of implementation.  One large advantage is that you can have internet access and phone capability through the same connection.  Also, since it uses traditional and accessible infrastructure items such as routers and switches it can be easier to implement. \n\nAs with any technology there are cons as well.  Some of the major ones are quality of service, susceptibility to power failure, number portability, PSTN integration, and security.   The internet was never really designed for true streaming as things are sent in packets.  There is no guarantee that all packets will be received and that they will be received in the correct order.  This can lead to jittery phone calls and even dropped phone calls.  One advantage that traditional phone systems have is that power is fed through the phone line itself so in the event of a power failure phone calls can still be made. This is not the case with IP infrastructure.  Also, there can tend to be a disconnect between the two technologies so porting your current phone number to a VOIP number can be an issue.   In addition, it can be difficult to get a call from VOIP to traditional PSTN. One large potential problem is security.  Since VOIP is done through the internet it, like everything else on the internet, is at greater risked for being hacked.\n\n \n\nArticle Source:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nBusiness or consumers thinking about switch to VOIP should evaluate all the pros and cons.  If an established company wants to switch they may have problems getting their current number to translate.  If phone confidentiality is key one would need to put the necessary effort to better insure that security.  Also it may seem to be more cost effective but VOIP providers charge rates as well.  In addition, if a large organization is going to use a single ISP they may use all their bandwidth and have to look into another ISP which might be just as expensive as keeping their current phone system.  There are countless other things to consider  but the main touch points should be considered.\n\nVocabulary VOIP : Voice over Internet Protocol. The ability to make calls, faxes, and other phone related functions over the internet rather than traditional PSTN (public switched telephone \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe last set of IPV4 address was handed out on February 3 this year.  The differences between IPV4 and IPV6 are discussed and why we have now run out of IPV4.   IPV4 address are 32 bit and IPV6 addresses are 128 bit upping the number from 4.3 billion to 340 undecillion.  The biggest problem regarding this situation is that that the two standards are not compatible.  There are ways to patch it up so to speak but ultimately everyone who wishes to use the internet will have to switch to the new standard.\n\nArticle Source:\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nConsumers probably won’t be affected by the transition until after 2012.  After that ISP’s would have to start giving out modems etc that handle IPV6 and consumers may need to get new devices.  The hardest hit is to ISP’s, SmartPhone carriers, and business (essentially anyone that needs a lot of internet facing addresses).\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : Internet Protocol Version 6. A 128-bit IP address system which is meant to replace Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) which is only 32-bit. It was created to allow for the address needs of a global sized network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGoogle seems to always seek to make the internet a better place.  They focus on areas of efficiency and effectiveness.  As part of this, they have created Google Public DNS Service.  The two areas they focus on when it comes to domain resolution is caching and security.  Because of Google’s scale and resources they are able to use historical data to anticipate what urls will be requested and are able to query before the user asks for it.  They also throw extra strings in requests that only Google would recognize so people wanting to use malicious requests would be prevented. \n\nArticle Source:\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10408624-264.html\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nServices from Google are always a two-edged sword.  There is usually a lot of upside but anytime people or companies use their services it makes them bigger.  They already have a large portion of the market when it comes to email and especially internet search.  The article brings up the concern about allowing them to “control” how domains are resolved.  There is also the concern about what data they could or would collect.  Their privacy policy seems to indicate that they would not collect private information but still there is the concern.\n\nVocabulary DNS : Domain Name System: Service that stores, translates, and retrieves the ip addresses of familiar host names.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAccording to a manager at Panda Secruty “malware has exploded.”  Specifically the article address the change of landscape in the world of botnets.  The world has changed.  You can now rent botnets from providers as low as $15 a month to launch attacks.  Hackers are now selling services and there is software to create your own botnets and other malware easily.  Some creators even sell support for their services.  The article also addresses how to combat the issue and is of the opinion that a layerd security model with multiple means of prevention and detection are needed.  Doing so helps identify problems and where the problems are taking place.  For instance they use Damballa Failsafe to identify computers that have been potentially compromised that might be sending or receiving abnormal traffic .\n\n \n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213378/Malware_has_exploded_says_security_manager?taxonomyId=18\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWe live in a different world that we did even 5 years ago. Hackers are not just doing things to get recognition but are now doing it for profit.  Nowadays the tools are available to anyone to create and distribute malware.  The needed technical ability to do so has decreased dramatically.  Essentially anyone could with minimal effort create malware.  This means security companies have their work cut out for them in trying to combat this “explosion.”\n\nVocabulary Botnet : Network of infected computers controlled by a master bot to send out span, spread viruses, and launch attacks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n10 GB/s seems extremely fast for today’s world but is it enough?  Is it going to be enough five or ten years from now?  Also, with that speed comes a lot of cost which much of can be attributed to power consumption.  Researchers in Sweden have developed a surface emitting laser that is not only faster but much cheaper to produce and uses less power.  The results are surprising as it has been shown to reach speeds of 40 GB/s. meanwhile it is still cheaper to produce and use than what we are currently using commercially. \n\nSource: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110304091857.htm\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nObviously the largest impact is faster speed for less cost.  This can translate all the way to the consumer. USB cables can be replaced with fiber optic version that can transmit much more data.  Also for large data centers such as those belonging to  Google and Amazon they could drastically reduce the amount of power they use to run those data centers.  Ten years ago a gigabyte seemed very large but with consumers now buying terabyte drives what will the future hold?  It appears technology will be able to catch up with tomorrow’s demands.\n\nVocabulary Surface-emitting laser : Type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers. They are more cost-effective because they can be tested throughout the production process.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nEmail has not changed much in the last 35 years.  The protocol we use (SMTP) has been in use for the last 25.  It has become an integral part of our society and our demands have changed but the protocol hasn’t.  One of the biggest problems facing email today is people misusing it.  Combating spam is difficult and costly.  The author argues that changes won’t happen until- \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->1)      <!--[endif]-->People change.  The same problems that plague email have been around since the beginning of history.  There have always been bad people.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->2)      <!--[endif]-->There is community consensus that change is needed.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->3)      <!--[endif]-->Once there is consensus a plan on how to change will be needed.  It can’t be disruptive.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->4)      <!--[endif]-->Or people are essentially forced to change. \n\nSome current things that are being done besides the regular spam filters are trust models.  Just like a Security Certificate Authority recognizes trusted sites so  there are email authorities who attempt to recognize trusted email addresses and organizations.  There are also replacements such as IM’s, Wikis etc where people can post information but it can’t fully serve as a replacement for email. \n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_10-2/102_smtp.html\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nJust as IPv6 is now more or less being forced upon the world there may be a time when SMTP simply won’t cut it anymore.  That is the most likely cause of changing the current model.  Although there are problems with the current system people don’t typically make change until they have to. Especially on a global scale.  Until then we will have to deal with the current short-comings of SMTP.\n\nVocabulary SMTP : Simple mail transmission protocol.- Allows email to be routed across the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPeople today are becoming increasingly conscious about saving energy and money. Servers have typically been built to perform with little regard to power consumption which leads to expensive air conditioned rooms and power draining server machines. Aside from wanting to “be green” perhaps a bigger concern is the cost of running large servers. What if servers could run close to the same power that a personal computer does? Interestingly, the solution has come from the opposite spectrum- mobile devices. With mobile devices becoming more popular companies have had to build processors and other hardware that use as little power as possible. SeaMicro (a company based in silicon valley) recently launched its $150,000 SM10000-64 which is only 17.5 inches tall. It uses a series of mobile Atom chips (originally designed for mobile tablets) and is the first of its kind.\n\n\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://blogs.computerworld.com/17903/the_future_of_server_computing_is_low_power\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAlthough small, cheaper over the long run, and power efficient it does have it's drawbacks. It doesn't use standard architecture so Microsoft server can't work currently on it. However, apache can be recompiled to work on it. Also, because it is a series of processors it opens up a lot of possibilities in using it for virtual machines. In any case, this is the first of its kind and may be the door to the future of servers. Rather than having large air conditioned rooms there might just be a few 17.5 inch servers in normal room. Less power consumption is better for the environment and much easier on the wallet so the future is looking bright.\n\nVocabulary ARM Architecture : Processing architecture developed by the ARM company for low-power consumption and efficiency. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSince the 1970’s SQL has been the status quo for database managment.  Alternatives have always been around since the beginning. Object oriented databases, although talked about as a new concept, has been around since the advent of objet oriented programming.  Alternatives are collectively referred to as NoSQL solutions.  Some types of NoSQL include Document-Oriented, Collection-Oriented, Column-Oriented, Object-Oriented, Set-Oriented, Row-Oriented.  In the article the author includes a very large list of alternatives and evaluating them on a high level and then gives additional resources.\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://blogs.computerworld.com/15510/the_end_of_sql_and_relational_databases_part_1_of_3\n\nImpact\n\nAlthough the status quo, SQL has some draw-backs (namely the impedence mismatch).  Despite this and other draw-backs it has proved valuable (its largest advantage being speed).  The reasons for using or not using SQL is as large as the number of alternatives.  SQL is a tool and it may not always be the right tool.  Deciding whether to use a NoSQL solution or a traditional SQL solution really depends on the needs of the project and what is most valuable to that project.  As the the larger question (is SQL going to be replace) the answer is probably not for quite some time.  This is mostly due to the fact that it works and everyone is using it.  For the general public to switch would take some time even if there was a clear alternative.\n\nVocabulary NoSQL : Umbrella term for a loosely defined class of non-relational data stores\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe battle for 4G continues.  A few days ago the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) announced it has approved the next version of WiMax (IEEE 802.16m).  The newly proposed standard could deliver downstream speed of more than 300 Mbs.   However, it comes at a time where LTE-Advanced (Long Term Evolution- a similar technology from another standards body) is becoming increasingly popular as it is showing promise of providing speeds closer to 1/Gps.\n\n \n\nArticle Source:\n\n \n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215414/IEEE_approves_next_WiMax_standard\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n4G has become an increasingly large marketing buzzword.  Ever since the International Telecommunication Union allowed any 3G technology with a speed boost to be labeled as “4G” cell phone carriers have been touting it ever since.  In a world where consumers and companies are demanding faster speeds and greater mobility this is sure to be the subject of headlines for years to come and the battle ground of standards of company’s and standards.  The competition should help expedite the process of moving to true 4G and meeting consumer and company demands.\n\nVocabulary Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).  : Non-profit professional association dedicated to advancing technological innovation related to electricity.\n\n "]
["---",1298,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html\n\n\n\n\n\nI read an article from this website that was a basic definition and example of Data Communication in the sense that it talked about Digital Data Transfers. It was quite interesting it built off of what we talk about in class. \n\nIt discussed the fact that Data Communication could be the transferring of data between to circuit boards on a personal computer or across the world. Either way Data communication is very important and runs our everyday life. \n\n\n\n\n\nSome of the vocabulary that I picked up on in this article was very helpful. They talked about simplex channels, half-duplexed channels, and full-duplexed channels.\n\n\n\n\n\nSimplex channels are lines of communications in which the data can only travel one direction. (Such as a radio station or the reception we receive to watch tv. \n\n\n\n\n\nHalf-duplexed channels are lines of communications in which data can travel both ways but not simultaneously. Data can go one way or the other but not both at the same time. ( An example may be a walkie-talkie.  Data can only be sent one direction at a single moment.)\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\nFull-duplexed channels are lines of communication that data can travel both ways simultaneously. (Ethernet cables allows for such communication.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me out quite a bit. It gave me some concrete examples where I could see it in my head.  Although I believe it is out dated, the same principles still apply.  It was a good article to get me started for the semester. \n\nVocabulary Simplex channels : are lines of communications in which the data can only travel one direction. (Such as a radio station or the reception we receive to watch tv.) \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.linktionary.com/b/bootp.html\n\n\n\n\n\nAs i was trying to find some materials related to ARP I came across an article talking about BootStrap protocol.  BootStrap was a protocol that helps/helped computers connect and configure a network and retrieve all that information\n\nBoot strap Protocal is also used to initialize IP phones. The boot image provides all the files required to start the operating system on the computer.\n\nBOOTP Enhanced what RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol does. RARP obtains an IP address only. BOOTP obtains an IP address, a gateway address, and a name server address. BOOTP is designed for LANs and bridged networks. \n\nImpact\n\nI thought this was a very important article. It helped me realize that when need to call for an address or something similar we can call for more that just the IP address. We can get the gateway addres and the name server address as well.  After i read the article I went and look through some of the RFC's for Bootp and figured out that it was an older technology and has been replaces by DHCP. \n\nVocabulary DCHP : is an auto configuration protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on the network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically, eliminating the need for intervention by a network administrator.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.opus1.com/ipv6/whatisipv6.html\n\n\n\n\n\nI decided to read up on Ipv6 since we have been working with it in class. I just wanted to understand why and what it was.  I was intrested to find out that IPv6 is a Network layer stream protocal as well as a trasport layer stream protocol. And as we found out in class the article also tells us that it was created to solve IPv4's problems.  With IPv6 it creates basically the same thing as IPv4 but with out the limitations. The most visible change in IPV6 is that addresses go from being a 32- bit address to a 128 bit address. That is a huge difference.\n\nAll in all the article goes on to talk about many of the upgrades. One such upgrade is the amount of data that can be transferred. Ipv4 was not created for the amount of Data that we now send. But that should no longer be a problem. \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is easy. We now have the technology and the means to do just about anything we want over when it comes to supporting things with the internet. IPv6 is faster, more reliable and can hold much more data. And gives us more internet address to work with. \n\nVocabulary Internet Stream Protocol : is an experimental protocol defined in Internet Engineering Note IEN-119 (1979), which was later revised in RFC 1190 (ST2) and RFC 1819 (ST2+). ST packets carried the experimental non-IP real-time stream protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/udp.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article was about UDP. UDP is one of the core members of the Internet protocol suit. With UDP, computers can send messages or datagrams to other hosts on a network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channesl or data paths. This i the biggest difference between UDP and TCP and also that UDP does not guarantee delivery. \n\nImpact\n\nI decided to read up further on UDP ( User Datagram Protocol) since I felt that i did not fully understand it from the lab. In the article it mentioned that. In summary UDP is a protocol used to transfer smaller bits of data. To send the data from computer to computer. UDP however is not 100 percent reliable. It does not guarantee  deliver and can also deliver packets in the wrong order. Although these seem like factors that would lead you to believe that UDP should not be used that is anything but the opposite.  UDP still finds wide usage in particular areas where speed, more that reliability is important. \n\nVocabulary datagrams : A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network in which the delivery arrival time and order are not guaranteed.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article was great. For most of the article it talked about the impact of IPv4 and the fact that they are runnign out fast. It also talked about IPv6 and how we are going to transition to using that. It talked about how many IPv4 addresses where out there and the reason they had that many and how many werent being used. \n\nImpact\n\nThis had a lot of impact on us and on the world today. We are running out of IPv4 and it is a good thing that we have something to replace it and how that is going to work. It will impact us because we are the ones that will have to make the changes and we can learn from this change and if it needs to happen again we can do that. \n\nVocabulary NAT : is the process of modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping one IP address space into another.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP\n\nI read this article because i understood how data was transfered and how things such as files and physical things on the computer were transferred but i was intrested in how things such as voice or sound was transferred so I read up on Voice over IP\n\nVoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is simply the transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks.\n\nThe Internet Protocol (IP) was originally designed for data networking. The success of IP in becoming a world standard for data networking has led to its adaption to voice networking.\n\nImpact\n\nWell this article has major implications on our world today. Being able to do Voice over IP has opened many doors. It has cut costs for phone calling and infrastructure and network\n\nVoIP can be a benefit for reducing communication and infrastructure costs. Examples include:\n\nRouting phone calls over existing data networks to avoid the need for separate voice and data networks.\n\nConference calling, IVR, call forwarding, automatic redial, and caller ID features that traditional telecommunication companies   normally charge extra for, are available free of charge from  VoIP implementations.\n\nVocabulary IP Backhaul : In a hierarchical telecommunications network the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone, of the network and the small subnetworks at the \"edge\" of the entire hierarchical network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSince we have been configuring our servers and doing our labs i have been thinking more about NAT and PAT the article I read was on NAT.  The simplest type of NAT provides a one to one translation of IP addresses. In this type of NAT only the IP addresses and checksums need to be changed. The rest of the packet can be left untouched (at least for basic TCP/UDP functionality, some higher level protocols may need further translation). Basic NATs can be used when there is a requirement to interconnect two IP networks with incompatible addressing.\n\nImpact\n\nAs more homes and small businesses add computers they are finding that networking is an extremely powerful tool for sharing computer resources. An Internet connection is one of the more precious resources on the network and is likely to be shared. To do this and to enjoy an inexpensive, easy to manage, home or small office network, Internet gateways are being deployed. Internet gateways often provide network address translation (NAT) to connect multiple hosts to the Internet and share a single public IP address. Unfortunately, this solution breaks many types of networked applications—as will be described in this paper.\n\nVocabulary Private network : n the Internet addressing architecture, a private network is a network that uses private IP address space, These addresses are commonly used for home, office, and enterprise local area network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe  last two labs have been about Active Directory so i decided that i would read about it.  \n\nAn active directory is a directory structure used on microsoft windows based computers and servers to store information and data about networks and domains. It is primarily used for online information and was originally created in 1996. It was first used with Windows 2000.\n\nAn active directory (sometimes referred to as an AD) does a variety of functions including the ability to provide information on objects, helps organize these objects for easy retrieval and access, allows access by end users and administrators and allows the administrator to set security up for the directory.\n\nImpact\n\nWith the things we learn in the core and the jobs we will have once we leave the core Active Directory is going to be one of the most important things to retain and to learn. We will be the ones ussing it and setting it up. Helping companies get all the information and set up their network they way they want. \n\nVocabulary Domain Controller : a domain controller (DC) is a server that responds to security authentication requests (logging in, checking permissions, etc.) within the Windows Server domain.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://support.microsoft.com/kb/231866\n\n\n\n\n\n Telnet is a network protocol used on the internet or lan to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bitbyte oriented data connection over TCP\n\nTelnet was developed in 1969\n\nTelnet is best understood in the context of a user with a simple terminal using the local Telnet program (known as the client program) to run a logon session on a remote computer where the user's communications needs are handled by a Telnet server program. \n\nIt should be emphasized that the Telnet server can pass on the data it has received from the client to many other types of processes including a remote logon server.\n\nImpact\n\nTelnet while it is outdated and not much use anymore provided some key concepts that we now use in our internet and email today. There probably isnt much of an impact expect that it has helped us come a long way and it was very interesting to learn more about. \n\nVocabulary Secure Shell : Secure Shell or SSH is a network protocol that allows data to be exchanged using a secure channel between two networked devices.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/networkprotocols/g/bldef_http.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Hypertext Transfer Protocol - provides a standard for Web browsers and servers to communicate. The definition of HTTP is a technical specification of a network protocol that software must implement.\n\n \n\nThe term HyperText was coined by Ted Nelson who in turn was inspired by Vannevar Bush's microfilm-based \"memex\". Tim Berners-Lee first proposed the \"WorldWideWeb\" project — now known as the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee and his team are credited with inventing the original HTTP protocol along with the HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text-based web browser. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. \n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nHTTP concepts include (as the Hypertext part of the name implies) the idea that files can contain references to other files whose selection will elicit additional transfer requests. Any Web server machine contains, in addition to the Web page files it can serve, an HTTP daemon, a program that is designed to wait for HTTP requests and handle them when they arrive. \n\n \n\nVocabulary Simple Service Discovery Protocol : The Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP) is a network protocol based on the Internet Protocol Suite for advertisement and discovery of network services and presence information. It accomplishes this without assistance of server-based configuration mechanisms\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1357,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nGateway is a network point that acts as the entrance point to another network. A gateway can be a hardware or software. My understanding of gateways were basic; they simply provided internet access to the local area network. \n\nBy reading this article, I have learned that gateways are more universal in their composition. Gateways have two sides, WAN (which connects to the internet ISP) and LAN (which connects to a private hub). Generally the public side of the gateway is established, primarily the ISP address, hostname, and subnet mask. Then the private side is established by enabling a DHCP service which allows for local computers to connect to the gateway server.\n\nhttp://www.networktutorials.info/gateway.html\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAdditionally, I learned there is a software configuration that takes place when configuring gateways. Its not simply the use of a server which two network interfaces, but configuration is essential. Gateways can be used on an level of OSI layer. They can be configured to control bandwidth, prevent intrusion, and act as a firewall for internet traffic in and out of the local network. The impact of this to me is added control over my own network. Right now, my router acts as the only gateway to the internet for my local area network. By using a computer as a gateway server, it would allow for additional controls for connectivity and data. By using a DHCP, I can limit the ip addresses allowed, when computers connect to my network. \n\nVocabulary Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  : Is an auto configuration protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to IP networks must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on the network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically, eliminating the need for intervention by a network administrator. It also provides a central database for keeping track of computers that have been connected to the network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSummary\n\n \n\nICMP stands for Internet control message protocol, and is generally required for the transmission of data using an IP address. Their general purpose is to diagnose mis-operation during a transmission between two computers or devices. These functions are: Announce network errors, announce network congestion, assist troubleshooting, and announce timeouts. \n\n \n\nAnnouncing network errors, congestion and timeouts are the basic functions of ICMP. Errors such as host or entire portion of the network is unreachable, is detected by a TCP or UDP packet directed at a port number with no receiving. Congestion comes from when a router begins buffering too many packets. ICMP source quench messages are generated to case the rate of packet transmission to be slowed. Timeouts are the result of IP packets not being received at all by the host and the router discarding these packets. This information is then shown to the original sender or system to help quantify errors.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpacts\n\n \n\nBefore not knowing what ICMP was, I was not able to really understand what data was being collected by the system and made available to me. ICMP’s are basically used to help detect network problems related to connectivity or transmission failure. In the event of ICMP generating source quench messages, routers and host computers are able to have a continuous monitoring and adjustment in place to help save bandwidth and congestion. For myself, this could be important in the future when trying to setup networks and needing to understand why congestion is causing slow bandwidth, and by using wire shark or another listener, I know exactly what is causing the slow bandwidth.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.lincoln.edu/math/rmyrick/ComputerNetworks/InetReference/81.htm\n\nVocabulary User Datagram Protocol (UDP : s one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPacket Filtering is the primary function of a firewall. Firewalls are designed to filter traffic as it is passed through the firewall, inspecting every packet based on criteria that the administrator defines. Routers can have built in external firewalls, along with software firewalls built directly into the OS. \n\nBy creating criteria, a firewall for example could be setup to filter out or drop all ping requests. Some of the main filtering rules include source IP and destination IP addresses, IP protocol, TCP and UPD porting, and the actual interfaces where the packets arrive and leave the firewall. Some of the common ports that are predefined are FTP 21, POP3 110, SMTP 25, DNS 53. By using port filtering, it allows for port request to be dropped in the case that a port is not predefined under the firewall criteria.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nApplication to this article involves a wide aspect of the use of firewalls. In basic or advanced computing, knowing the advent of firewalls and their capabilities can allow for construction and alteration of criteria to help secure transmission of data. Knowing port numbers allows for understanding of which port allows which kind of packet transmission. Being able to understand packet filtering and through which methods the firewall detects unwanted data allows for the user to diagnose connectivity problems.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc700820.aspx\n\nVocabulary Domain Name System  : s a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entities. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWith the advent of additional users join the Internet craze, IPV4 has run out of options for supplying ip addresses to computers around the world. IPv4 has 32 bits allowing for over 4 million addressees. IPv6 on the other hand at 128 bits has several times more than IPv4 options. Because the way ip addreses are used, from computer to router to router to hubs and switches, ip addresses have been exhausted quite quickly. Interesting thing is, only about 14% of the IPv4 addresses are actually being used while the remaining are only used on occasion or not at all.\n\nAs we are transitioning to IPv6, there are a few complications that need to be addressed. Most computers and operating systems are currently setup to handle IPv6. The problem comes with existing networking hardware, routers, and mobile devices. Another option would be to require the non-used addresses to be returned to the ICANN for addressing to others who are in need of addresses. In either case, companies are preparing for IPv6 and will start to iron out the issues this coming June.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nApplication here is knowing how my personal equipment at home and on the go will be affected by the changes coming up. I know that although we are actually out of IPv4 addresses, there are several thousand if not more, still available and on reserve. Understanding also how the IPv6 protocol might affect reliability and performance of Internet communication will also be important to know.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet operates by transferring data in small packets that are independently routed across networks as specified by an international communications protocol known as the Internet Protocol. Each data packet contains two numeric addresses that are the packet's origin and destination devices. Since 1981, IPv4 has been the publicly used Internet Protocol, and it is currently the foundation for most Internet communications. The Internet's growth has created a need for more addresses than IPv4 has. IPv6 allows for vastly more numerical addresses, but switching from IPv4 to IPv6 may be a difficult process.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nDNS or domain name servers are quite intricate and widely used by all internet uses. Being able to take an addresses such as www.howstuffworks.com and translating it into an ip address takes more work than meets the eye. There are billions of I addresses currently in use, there are many DNS requests ;made every day, domain names and IP addresses change daily, and millions of people do the work to change and add domain names everyday. DNS is a database in which consists of pairs of host name addresses and physical IP addresses. Some addresses can have multiple names associated with each. Network Solutions is in charge of maintaining this list and controls name duplication, to ensure that it doesn't happen. But this database is considered a distributed database in which different companies are able to maintain their own database for its domain whenever it wants.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nApplication of this is simple. I never knew that ip addresses were separated from domain names. Understanding that a domain name really doesn't connect you to a website helps to understand the overall use of IP addresses. Also knowing that some domains have multiple IP addresses or names helps to understand a companies exposure level to the world wide web.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/dns2.htm\n\nVocabulary com : \".com\" is the most common and most recognized domain suffix. It stands for \"commercial\" and is used by mostly commercial websites. However, anyone who wants to register a domain name can register a name ending in .com, whether their site is going to be used for commercial purposes or not. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nUNIX is an operating system that was originally created in the 1960’s for multiasking and flexible utilities to perform a variety of tasks. The UNIX shell is the console through which all computing is done by the user through the interface. Commands are read, interpreted, executed, and then displayed back to the user. Due to its portability and power, UNIX has become leading in operating systems for workstations, but less popular for personal computers.\n\nIn much reality, unix is not so much a single operating system as it is a standard upon which organization and companies base their own systems. Examples of unix implementation are Mac OSX, Linux, AIX, Solaris and others. These OS have different graphical interfaces but form the Unix shell, a command line feature common to all version are very similar.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI had never heard of UNIX before this class. Being able to learn about a new operating system only helps to broaden my overall knowledge base of what systems are out there. I find it interesting that because of the basic UNIX model, Mac OSX and Linux have developed similar implementation through command line features. I know with OSX, I have played around with the command line functions and find it different from Windows based dos prompt. I plan on learning and developing my understanding of UNIX and linux based machines.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/UNIX.html\n\nVocabulary Compiler : A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable program.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAn active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based computers and servers to store information and data about networks and domains. Active directory does a variety of functions including the ability to provide information on objects, helps organize these objects for easy retrieval and access, allows access by end users and administrators and allows the administrator to set different rights. \n\nWhen understanding active directories, it is important to know the framework that objects can be viewed at. In fact, an active directory can be viewed at either one of three levels; these levels are called forests, trees or domains. The highest structure is called the forest because you can see all objects included within the active directory. Within the Forest structure are trees; these structures usually hold one or more domains. Going further down the structure of an active directory are single domains.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis information is important to understand when trying to find the full potential of your windows server. If we can understand the forest hierarchy that is established by window serve and active directory, it will enable the server administrator to completely. Windows has default directory controls, but active directly allows for roles and conditions much beyond what windows automatically assigns.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/active-directory.html\n\nVocabulary Domain Name System  : domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet. Domain names are also hostnames that identify Internet Protocol (IP) resources such as web sites. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAn active directory is a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based computers and servers to store information and data about networks and domains. Active directory does a variety of functions including the ability to provide information on objects, helps organize these objects for easy retrieval and access, allows access by end users and administrators and allows the administrator to set different rights.\n\nWhen understanding active directories, it is important to know the framework that objects can be viewed at. In fact, an active directory can be viewed at either one of three levels; these levels are called forests, trees or domains. The highest structure is called the forest because you can see all objects included within the active directory. Within the Forest structure are trees; these structures usually hold one or more domains. Going further down the structure of an active directory are single domains.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis information is important to understand when trying to find the full potential of your windows server. If we can understand the forest hierarchy that is established by window serve and active directory, it will enable the server administrator to completely. Windows has default directory controls, but active directly allows for roles and conditions much beyond what windows automatically assigns.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/active-directory.html\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Domain Name System : domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet. Domain names are also hostnames that identify Internet Protocol (IP) resources such as web sites. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System (DNS).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPOP3 is an Internet based standard for the retrieval of email by a user from an email server. POP stands for post office protocol. Since its inception, there have been 3 revisions, POP1, POP2, POP3. POP is used by almost every mail server; when receiving an email, the host initiates a connection with the mail server, where credentials are sent and then the server responds with your qued email as a batch. The default action when you “POP” your email is to delete it form the server, but some clients are configured to retain emails until deleted manually. \n\n \n\nPOP3 was originally designed on dial up connections, which means it is backwards compatible with connection types. POP3 clients are allowed to organized emails by folder-based types, separating messages into folders on the server. IMAP is a more flexible protocol designed more towards always-on mode. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nKnowing the actual protocol by which email is sent and received enables an individual to understand and diagnose problems when they arrive. I use a POP3 types mail server for work and on occasion the IP address associated with outgoing email doesn’t work. After understanding how the communication happens between my host machine and the POP3 mail server helps to understand how communication between the two could be interrupted if the IP address was incorrectly configured.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/pop3.html\n\nVocabulary IMAP : nternet message application protocol (commonly known as IMAP) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol. Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPOP3 is an Internet based standard for the retrieval of email by a user from an email server. POP stands for post office protocol. Since its inception, there have been 3 revisions, POP1, POP2, POP3. POP is used by almost every mail server; when receiving an email, the host initiates a connection with the mail server, where credentials are sent and then the server responds with your qued email as a batch. The default action when you “POP” your email is to delete it form the server, but some clients are configured to retain emails until deleted manually.\n\nPOP3 was originally designed on dial up connections, which means it is backwards compatible with connection types. POP3 clients are allowed to organized emails by folder-based types, separating messages into folders on the server. IMAP is a more flexible protocol designed more towards always-on mode. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nKnowing the actual protocol by which email is sent and received enables an individual to understand and diagnose problems when they arrive. I use a POP3 types mail server for work and on occasion the IP address associated with outgoing email doesn’t work. After understanding how the communication happens between my host machine and the POP3 mail server helps to understand how communication between the two could be interrupted if the IP address was incorrectly configured.\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/pop3.html\n\nVocabulary IMAP : ternet message application protocol (commonly known as IMAP) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol. Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSQL stands for structured query language and is very integral with common databases. Because of the advent of dynamic websites, database integration has become very important, and thus sql. It was originally called SEQUEL by IBM when invited, but now in its third decade – sql has progressed to be able to query several times in a single moment by multiple computers over network or World Wide Web connections. \n\n \n\nSQL has several different elements, which are standard for the language. Clauses are components of the statements and the queries, Expressions can produce scalar values which consist of columns and rows of data, Predicates specify conditions which are used to limit the effects of the statements and queries, and finally Queries which retrieve data based on given criteria.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nUnderstanding the SQL language and how it operates with databases helps an individual to understand efficiencies in database query. Statements can be adjusted in both expressions and queries to produce accurate, quickened data. The general FROM and WHERE statements can be arranged in almost endless ways to filter down tables and gather specific data.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.ntchosting.com/databases/structured-query-language.html\n\nVocabulary ANSI : The American National Standards Institute or ANSI is a private non-profit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United State\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1276,"Article Summary\n\nThe article I read was entitled \"Network-1, The Little-Known Company With A Hugely Important Power-Over-Ethernet Patent.\"  The article first explains how PoE or Power over Ethernet has been used to change the way of data communication. PoE is currently used to power devices such as VoIP telephones, wireless access points, and webcams just to name a few. The reason why PoE is so beneficial is because it allows electricity and data to be safely transmitted together over a single Ethernet cable.\n\nThe article then goes on to explain how a little company named, Network-1, holds a very strong patent in the industry of PoE devices. The patent is simply known as the 'Remote Power Patent,’ US Patent No. 6,218,930. The Remote Power Patent covers a method for detecting the amount of electricity needed to power specific devices in an Ethernet network. This makes the Network-1 company so powerful because any other company who uses or sells PoE devices must have access and licensing through Network-1 to use the Remote Power Patent and use the method to detect the amount of electricity needed for their specific devices. Currently Network-1 has no competitors in this market and have settled, sometimes through court action, licences with companies such as Cisco and 3Com. The article explains that soon many more companies will be have to adhere to Network-1 or face court actions against them.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article can be found by going to:\n\nhttp://www.businessinsider.com/network-1-the-little-known-company-with-a-hugely-important-power-over-ethernet-patent-2011-1\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article has impact over almost all technological companies as PoE is very frequently used in data communication. Network-1 literally holds a monopoly with their patent, and every company will have to pay them money for the use of the Remote Power Patent.\n\nVocabulary Power over Ethernet (PoE) : Power over Ethernet allows electricity and data to be safely transmitted together over a single Ethernet cable.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read this week was about the company Broadcom and how they have recently unveiled their new 10 gigabit ethernet optical network. This comes as a solution to the growing number of mobile users in densely populated areas of the world such as China and the United States. As of now networks run on a 1 gigbit solution. The growing number of people with mobile devices, such as a cell phone, ipad, etc. continues to grow. With this growing number of devices we also need a growing bandwidth.  In response to this problem, and as mobile devices now move to 3G and 4G coverage, the 10 gigbit ethernet network will serve as a solution to provide 10 times more bandwidth than what is currently being used. Broadcom is already testing out the product on early access customers and have high hopes to provide this service to the areas of the world which are in high demand of more bandwidth. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe url for this article is found at:\n\nhttp://10-gigabit-ethernet.tmcnet.com/topics/10-gigabit-ethernet/articles/133673-broadcom-unveils-10-gigabit-ethernet-optical-network-unit.htm\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of a 10 gigabit ethernet network will affect many people throughout the United States. Many people already use 3G/4G coverage and are currently sharing the 1 gigabit bandwidth network. Changing over to the 10 gigabit network will allow people to share their data communications at a faster rate. I believe this is a solid improvement because I see no slowing down in people purchasing more and more personal devices which will need this additional bandwidth space.\n\nVocabulary bandwidth : a data transmission rate; the maximum amount of information (bits/second) that can be transmitted along a channel\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read this week was entitled, \"Yahoo proposes really ugly hack to DNS.\" What this article talked about was the transformation of Yahoo from the current IPv4 to the new IPv6.  Yahoo is worried that when they switch from IPv4 to IPv6 they will lose contact with about 470,000 users who will not be able to access their website. They say these numbers come from studies done by Google in reasearching broken IPv6 connections in people computers. The Internet Engineering Company has been pressuring web sites to support IPv6, and that is is mandatory by January 1, 2012. The worry comes from the fact the IPv4 address are simply running out. IPv4 runs on 32 bit addresses (4.3 billion devices), while IPv6 runs on 128 bit addresses (virtually unlimited devices). Reasearchers say the IPv4 address will run out by, if not before, January of 2012. \n\nThe 'ugly hack' Yahoo is proposing is a hack which will allow the DNS to figure out whether or not people trying to access Yahoo are IPv6 compatible or not.  If they are, then the IPv6 Yahoo site will run on their systems, but if they are not IPv6 compatible, then instead of losing the user as a whole, thee DNS behind the scenes will figure that out and provide the user with a IPv4 address to the site. The negative effect of this is security as shown by this quote, \"\"The side effect -- the lost of trust -- is a big one,\" Gashinsky admits. \"You would have recrusive servers knowingly modifying DNS authoritative records. Also, this effectively turns off IPv6 for operating systems that can only do DNs queries over IPv4.\"\n\nI believe this is still up for debate, but Yahoo is trying to move forward with IPv6, to stay close with competitors such as Google who already have IPv6 up and running.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts everyone using the internet. IPv4 address will run out with time, and there is not much time left for IPv4. Sites on the internet must be able to handle IPv6 addresses or they will risk of losing all users who in the future only run IPv6. This is a huge deal and people must become aware of the situation before it becomes too late to change.\n\nVocabulary IPv4 vs. IPv6 : IPv4 uses 32 bit address allowing for 4.3 billion unique addresses vs. IPv6 which uses 128 bit address allowing for virtually unlimited address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/united-states-government-mandates-transition-to-ipv6-114559244.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the United States Government and their fears of security threats in the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.  The Obama Administration has officially mandated that by 2012 \"all public facing servers and services must use native IPv6 and by 2014 all internal applications that communicate with public Internet servers must also transition.\"  This transition to IPv6 is not so simple. Networks must now add layers of defense to their security infrastructure to fit specific IPv6 threats. \n\nAttackers are currently using IPv6 to tunnel into networks because currently IPv6 transition goes undetected by many firewalls and routers. With the major change that is about to take place the US Government has provided training and tools through the Command Information agency. Command Information will offer \"security bootcamps\" and has already deployed 'Assure6'  which is a cyber-security tool that helps agencies manage enterprise-wide policy of IPv6.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article has severe impact on major companies and agencies on the internet. Hackers and cyber terrorists are already ahead of the game because they have been using IPv6 to manuever and tunnel through networks successfully.  Though they are ahead of the game, I believe the transition to IPv6 will allow us to beef up IPv6 security and hopefully close the tunnels and ways hackers are using IPv6 currently.\n\nVocabulary Command Information : Command Information is a trusted partner of federal agencies and is the premier provider of cyber security and enterprise transportation services and solutions. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020111-juniper-ipv6-support.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article dealt with the major routing company Juniper. Juniper was feeling pressure from rivals such as Cisco to put a greater priority in moving towards IPv6 technologies. To show their efforts Juniper has started using its own Carrier-Grade Network Address Translation (GNAT). The GNAT is being used to test the ability of translating IPv6 requests for IPv4 content.  A Juniper representative explains this process, \"We [used] the CGNAT box to take the IPv6 traffic and translate it into regular IPv4 traffic and send it to our IPv4 Web site,\" Durand says. \"It's the entire content made available over IPv6 very, very quickly. It only took us a couple of days.\"\n\nJuniper is excited to participate in the world IPv6 day on June 8th. This day has been set aside for the internet to go IPv6 and test the amount of internet users who will not be able to access internet content. Companies such as Yahoo and Google are scared of the amount of users they will lose with the switch of IPv6, but Juniper believes that the actual amount will be very low.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nLearning about NAT in class this week its a very important concept because most people use NAT devices in their homes that they actually believe are routers. Juniper developing abilities to do IPv6 to IPv4 NAT is a cool technology and may be very important with the coming switch to IPv6.\n\nVocabulary Network Address Translation : the process of modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping a given address space into another.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talked about the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It talks about how we are getting close to exhausting the use pf IPv4 addresses. In reality the addresses wont be gone till later this year, or maybe a little in to 2012, but the article cautions everyone to be prepared. The move to IPv6 is coming. The article also poses an interesting question of why the move to IPv6 when we can just use NAT on IPv4. NAT though is not good for peer-to-peer communications, intermediate routing devices, locating the one who is using the internet, and all in all is expensive for big ISP providers to handle.\n\nGoogle, Facebook, Yahoo, along with other big companies will help test out IPv6 on June 8th, World IPv6 Day. The concern lies in many home devices do not translate IPv6 information, and then many people will not get be able to access IPv6 sites. Other than that, all modern computers are able to handle IPv6 capabilities. \n\nImpact\n\nEverybody will be impacted in the transition to IPv6. Although most everyone has modern computers that handle IPv6, \"routers\" or in home devices that do NAT and PAT do not translate from IPv4 to IPv6, meaning that most everyone will have to buy new devices in order to access IPv6 only content.\n\nVocabulary dual-stack : A network node running both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks (or possibly others) at the same time.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/app-security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229218786&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All\n\n\n\n\n\nOracle has released a new product called Oracle Database Firewall. The product is built for its name, to provide firewall protection for vital database information. The firewall has been designed to monitor the database in real time, enforce normal database behavior, and protect against unauthorized information access or SQL injection attacks. It has been proven that too few companies protect against SQL injections, which pose a giant threat for web companies and applications. Oracle has created a \"SQL grammar analysis technology\" which provides the protection against SQL injections, by assessing SQL queries against a group of white list and blacklisted queries, along with proper IP address and even the time of day queried.\n\nThe great thing about the product is that it requires no change to the database, just set up and deploy. Although Oracle is no stranger to database security, other companies offer a similar device such as IBM's Guardium. \n\nImpact\n\nThis topic is important for any big company with a major database which holds valuable information. Lots of people and hackers may try to gain access or change/ruin your database by unauthorized SQL statements. Security is a major topic of discussion and should be implemented in any company that relies heavily on database information.\n\nVocabulary SQL injection attack : a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704150604576166390281747136.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article relates to Google and their search engine. Lots of people and companies have complained that a lot of results found in Google's search engine will bring up useless websites or sites that simply copy information from other more accurate sites. Google has come out with a new algorithim for their search query results that helps weed out these types of websites, and focus users to the most correct, most helpful sites relating to their search query.  \n\nThis affect has taken out a reported 84% of sites that users have reported as being useless or plain \"bad sites.\" This new change also has made companies that rely heavily on Google's search engine for hits on their website and traffic worried. They are not sure yet how this new algorithim works, and fear that their sites will be lowered because they will not know how to do proper search engine optimization on Google. We do know that \"sites with original content \"such as research, in-depth reports, thoughtful analysis and so on\" will move up.\" Google still holds a commanding lead in the search engine market.\n\nImpact\n\nThis new Google search engine algorithm affects any company that relies on heavy traffic to their website through google. It also affects people with SEO jobs in those companies because they do not know how to work Google to get their company on the rise without being worried that what they are actually doing may actually lower their spot in the search results.\n\nVocabulary Search engine optimization : the use of various techniques to improve a web site's ranking in the search engines and thus attract more visitors\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/active-directory/The-Importance-of-Consumer-Identity.aspx\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about user identity security, specifically consumers over the internet. It starts off by saying that in an enterprise environment 93 percent of all Fortune 1000 identity information is stored in Active Directory. Unfortunatley for consumers, the internet does not have Active Directory to store such information. This relates to the common person to have multiple passwords for multiple sites, hopefully having strong passwords. Common passwords used by consumers can be as simple as 123456 or 'password.' Another security issue is a lot of sign on pages do not secure their log in page. This means that whatever you type in may be accessed by somebody watching the web traffic. Lots of companies do not encrypt your passwords, they simply have them in simple text. \n\nTo combat against these problems some software has been developed. First off a product called LastPass can be used as a browser add-in to generate virtually unguessable passwords, and storing them on your computer with encryption hashing where only you have the key to decrypt them. There is also some advancing in consumer SSO (single sign-on). This means when you go to a site such as ebay, you may actually be able to log in using your facebook account. Some techies believe this is the way to go. Have consumer information stored in different places over the internet, and have a coalition of sites that allow you to store it and access it all. For example, birthday and name on Facebook, credit card info on PayPal, etc. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article affects everyone today since everyone is a consumer over the internet. Identity fraud is real and is hacked by many people everyday. Finding a solution to secure our personal identities over the internet needs to be brought to light, and hopefully a solution will come together that will allow the safety of putting your credit card on the internet without the feeling the threat of it being hacked by another user.\n\nVocabulary one-way salted hash : random bits that are used as one of the inputs to a one-way function. The other input is usually a password or passphrase. The output of the one-way function can be stored rather than the password, and still be used to authenticate users.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/354765/Firming_Up_Firewall_Protection?taxonomyId=145\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is about a guy who has been testing the latest generation of Firewalls in his company. He describes some of their new features and how his company will benefit from such features. The firewall he is discussing was built by Palo Alto Networks. One really neat feature that the the firewall does is that it correlates directly with and integrates with Active Directory. This allows for application-specific firewall rules based on individual employee needs. For example maybe remote access isn't common place in the company, but one employee actually does need it. This will allow to give that one individual access to such a right. Plus you can manage what times they are allowed remote in during the day, as well as other security features that can be found in Active Directory. \n\nAnother benefit from the firewall is obviously the blocking of unwanted sites and spyware/malware.  The firewall goes another level deeper though, and allows for you to define activities permissible on allowed sites. For example they allow employees to use 3rd part chat like Yahoo chat or google talk. With this added feature they can still allow the employees to chat, but block of the sending of any documents through those chat dialogs. \n\nOverall this was an interesting article about the ability of firewalls, and the future that lies within their technology.\n\nImpact\n\nI think this article will impact many of us in the core as we go off and work in a real enterprise setting. I am sure we will all use Active Directory at one time or another, and its cool how this firewall completely integrates with AD to allow/disallow privileges based on individuals in the company.\n\nVocabulary Unified threat management UTM : the evolution of the traditional firewall into an all-inclusive security product that has the ability to perform multiple security functions in one single applianc\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/16593/cloudmark-says-ipv6-may-cause-rise-in-spam-volumes/\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article deals with the question of how spam will react when we move to IPv6. According to Stuart Paton of Cloudbreak, a company that deals with messaging security and infrastructure solutions, he believes that spam will have a big increase as we move closer to June and world IPv6 day. His opinion comes from the fact that currently most all email servers block spam using an IP Blacklist full of IPv4 addresses known for sending spam emails. As we transition to IPv6 although, there is a seemingly endless pool of IP addresses to choose from, and no \"Blacklist\" to stop bad ones. He even thinks that if some sort of security is established to block certain addresses, that since there are so many addresses on IPv6 spam companies could simply use a different address for each message! One suggestion he gives to companies and email servers in dealing with this transition is to only accept mail from IPv4 addresses and also mail from IPv6 addresses that the email user has specified as being safe and that they want to receive mail from that address. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts all of us because we are all email users and we all HATE spam mail! Nobody wants a flooded email box full of spam. I think this is a very interesting and real problem with a tough solution for Email server security teams to solve. I believe that if this truly turns out to be a real big problem, the email server who provides a solid solution will have a great advantage and see a large increase of users.\n\nVocabulary ADSL : data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/124835/20110321/adobe-youtube-hulu-flash-flash-player-html-5-apple-ipad-iphone-smartphones-tablets-ipad-2-android-sa.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the threat of HTML5 to Adobe's Flash.  Flash has already taken a big hit in the \"Post-PC\" world. Post-PC refers to any device such as a tablet like the iPad, or a mobile smartphone, such as the iPhone or BlackBerry.  Many users have found that Flash has become a major annoyance on their laptops/desktops, as flash is a major use in advertising on the web. Also it uses much more processing power, slowing down internet speed for many users. In this regard, users have turned their focus to using apps on their post-pc products. Apps allow the user to have connection to a sites information, and receive updates, but it also allows them the ability to not have to go to that site in a web browser. \n\nAdobe Flash is also being threatened by HTML5. HTML5 has a vision to allow the use of audio and video without the need for users to download any plus-ins on their computers. In contrast, users must download plug-ins to have Flash work. HTML5 simply has tags such as <video> <\\video> to show video content on the web. Adobe feels that no matter what happens Flash will not simply be eliminated as it is still used on 85 of the top 100 websites, and 75 percent of web video.\n\nImpact\n\nAlthough Adobe will be affected by the growth and usage of HTML5 as well as the increasing number of users on tablets and smartphones, they provide so much more than just Adobe Flash in their overall product line. I do see however, especially in the younger, rising generation, the increase of importance and focus on App development. There is a huge market for quality app production. \n\nVocabulary HTML5 : the next major revision for HTML, the core mark up language for the World Web Web. Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans and consistently understood by computers and devices.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215358/Microsoft_Run_IE9_for_long_lasting_laptop_battery?taxonomyId=89\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the battery consumption in laptops when using different browsers to surf the internet. These tests were put out by Microsoft to point out the fact that IE9 was the leading browser when it came to conserving battery power. IE9 lasted for 3 hours and 45 mins, followed closely by Mozilla FireFox 4, and then Google Chrome and Opera. Microsoft claims that they are able to conserve battery better than their competitors because \"The quicker a browser can perform an action the less power the browser will consume,\" the managers said -- and its hardware acceleration as reasons for IE9's win.\n\nTo me this article was put out by Microsoft to basically say we use less battery, therefore our browser processes actions faster, therefore we are the fastest browser.  I believe they are trying to regain users, because many people have gone away from IE and moved on to Chrome, Safari, and Firefox. Other companies such as Google have said that battery consumption is a topic of concern and should be seen in a new release of Chrome v.11.\n\nImpact\n\nI think this impacts almost everyone because we access the web so often from laptops and mobile phones. It is important for people, especially those who do business \"on the go\" and not at an office where they can have their devices plugged in all day. Battery power and consumption is vital for these types of business personal.\n\nVocabulary Opera Software : a Norwegian software company, primarily known for its Opera family of web browsers (I viewed a screenshot and Opera has an interface similar to Chrome with tabbed panes)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.smartcompany.com.au/information-technology/20110331-smes-urged-to-encrypt-data-after-bp-loses-laptop-with-claimants-details.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the importance of encrypting data stored on company laptops. The warning is coming after a BP Employee lost their personal computer and more than 13,000 employees information had been lost. BP has stated that it will be paying for services to monitor these employees credits so their scores don't get messed up. The information stolen was a spreadsheet of names, phone numbers, and social security numbers. Just a few days before a RSA Security, a giant company in security, made a statement to companies who use their encryption techniques that outsiders had cracked some parts of their system and were able to access information.\n\nEncrypting hard drives is a must to keep sensitive information safe. The article lists possible open source encrypting programs that encrypt your hard drive and only allow access to it with a 20+ password length. The big issue is that it doesn't matter if you lose the laptop, you can still have the data stored on DropBox or another Cloud site, but just make sure that if it gets in the wrong hands they cannot mine information off the hard drive.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article has impact on society as a whole. Businessmen are always traveling with their laptops and sensitive information is stored everywhere. If a laptop or flash drive or something is lost in transit a lot of people, or the company as a whole could suffer immensely. Even personal home computers and laptops should be encrypted to secure information.\n\nVocabulary full disk encryption : disk encryption software or hardware to encrypt every bit of data that goes on a disk or disk volume. Full Disk Encryption prevents unauthorized access to data storage. \n\n "]
["---",1256,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nCHROME OS\n\nAfter reading that our topic for this last week's lecture was \"the network is the computer\", I decided to learn and read about the newly launched Chrome OS. The article comes from PC Magazine http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2374153,00.asp. The article says that the Chrome OS is the first really new operating system in a long time. It is so new because it is strictly cloud based. The Chrome browser is said to be able to perform everything the Chrome OS can perform and then some. The operating system only works with an internet connection.\n\nGoogle has tried to create an operating system which allows users to boot up quicker than any other OS and be able to connect to the internet--what they say is what consumers mostly use computers for--within 14 seconds. The Chrome OS is very new and still has a lot of bugs and features to work out before it becomes a valid competitor in the industry, but it may spark a new interest to future computing.\n\nImpact\n\nImpact: The Chrome OS may or may not change the way we use computers and how we store data. It could make the jump to storing everything on \"the cloud\" rather than a local drive.\n\nVocabulary solid-state drive : A storage device which, unlike the traditional hard drive, does not use moving parts or spinning discs to store data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article that I chose to read about discusses what fiber-optic communication is and what its benefits are in data communication. The URL of the article is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication. \n\nFIber-optic communication was first conceived in the 1970s and has replaced a lot of copper wires. There are several advantages to fiber-optic cables over copper wire. They don’t have sparks emitted which makes it safer in highly flammable areas, they are lighter, they are immuned to electromagnetic pulses, and they have high electrical resistance making them safer around high-voltage equipment.\n\nThe basic way fiber-optic communication is performed is by taking an electrical signal, converting that into a light signal for transport, and then converting back to an electrical signal for the recipient to use. Fiber-optic cables has many advantages, but it is a lot more expensive when not used for long distance communication.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFiber-optic communication has impacted the world of data communication in many ways. The greatest impact I believe is that it gives people--especially business owners--the ability to choose what type of cables they want for their specific needs. Fiber-optics gives them a better option for some things.\n\nVocabulary Light-emitting diode : LED technology allows transmitters to emit incoherent light in a fiber-optic cable at a very low cost.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nPort Address Translation\n\n\n\n\n\nDouglas Christensen Group 1-7\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read was about Port Address Translation(PAT) and comes from the url http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_address_translation, This was a very interesting article because I always thought that all routers routed ip addresses. The article says that PAT devices translate incoming and outgoing packets to make it possible for the hosts connected to a private network share the same ip address. The Pat device saves the hosts’ address information in a table so it can know where it can send packets destined for each specific host. The article describes it like a secretary that receives all incoming calls and knows which extension to send the call to depending on who the caller wants. For outgoing calls, the recipient sees that number being the same number as the phone on the secretary’s desk. A big advantage to using port address translation is that the hosts on the private network won’t use up public ip addresses. This allows for more devices to be connected to the internet.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis was a good opportunity for me to learn the difference between port address translation and routing. I didn’t know that the routers we buy in the store are mostly PAT devices. This will help me understand better the purpose of internal and external ip addresses.\n\nVocabulary socket : A port/IP address pair that facilitates in port address translation. This is what is necessary for a two-way communication over a network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHTTPS\n\nI read about the Hypertext transfer protocol Secure this week from wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https. HTTPS is a protocol that is dealt with at the top layer of the OSI model—that is the Application Layer. This is used for encrypting a website for secure transfer of information through a browser. The protocol implements both the HTTP protocol and SSL protocol. SSL is a sublayer of the Application layer. When the HTTP protocol is ready to be sent everything is encrypted all the way up to the header from the layer SSL occurs. The administrator creates a public certificate key for transmission and is used at arrival of the transfer. HTTPS is designed to protect from eavesdropping attacks.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis has helped companies that have wish to transfer sensitive information such as account information and bank transactions. Most banks and email clients use HTTPS to secure the transfer of information from its customers.\n\nVocabulary Certificate authority : an entity that issues digital certificates. The digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by the named subject of the certificate.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe IPv6 article discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. The last IPv4 batches are about to be handed out and the last addresses will be used up in the next 9 months. This transition will not be very noticeable for the average consumer, however there might be some slow periods in the internet. This does affect a lot of the devices that don't support IPv6. What makes the transition difficult is that since IPv6 isn't being used by anyone yet no one wants to pay the money to switch until others have already done so. So most of the world is at a stand still waiting for the next guy to make the switch. Fortunately Google and Facebook have plans to make the changed. The article also says that IPv4 has 4.3 billion available addresses and IPv6 has 320 undecellion addresses available.\n\nImpact\n\nThis will impact network administrators and those that have websites with only IPv4 support. This will not affect so much the average consumer. \n\nVocabulary NAT device : A network address translation (NAT) device allows a group of computers share the same publicly visible IP address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSSH, or Secure Shell, allows network devices to transmit data with a secure channel. It was created to replace Telnet which wasn’t a secure way to transmit data.  SSH uses public-key cryptography to authenticate the remote computer and allow the remote computer to authenticate the user. This protocol has been used for a lot of data communication.  SSH also aids in the use of virtual private networks.\n\nThe article explains the SSH is a protocol that occurs on two layers. The transport layer is where the initial key exchange occurs and the encryption begins. The second layer is the user authentication layer which handles the client authentication. This protocol has been used for many forms of data communication and has aided so much in its security.\n\nImpact\n\nSSH has been able to give network administrators a way to securely communicate with other devices on their network without having a hard connection to the device. This replaced the widely known vulnerability that exists in Telnet.\n\nVocabulary Transport Layer Security : Cryptographic protocol that provide communications security over the Internet.[1] TLS encrypts the segments of network connections above the Transport Layer, using symmetric cryptography for privacy and a keyed message authentication code for message reliability.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi\n\n\n\nWiFi is the common turn for IEEE 802.11. In order for devices to carry the WiFi logo they must belong to the WiFi alliance and must be certified. Wireless networks can be made available to many types of public areas. A WiFi connection not only can be made to connect a large number of devices to a network with the use of an access point, but can also be used with the connection from one computer to another. This is called an ad-hoc mode of WiFi transmission. A big limitation that WiFi has is the interference that occurs when exclusive networks are using the same frequency. Devices with 2.4 ghz band have a greater range than those with 5 ghz band. Wireless devices have three encryption types: WEP, WPA, and WPA2.  WEP has been known to have several security risks.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWiFi has allowed the development of local area networks without the use of wires.  This has dramatically lowered the cost of setting up a network and further expansion.  There is no need to break into walls for connecting devices to each other.  Wireless has also allowed connectivity outdoors where wires cannot survive.\n\nVocabulary WPA and WPA2 : Two security protocols and security certification programs developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. It stands for WiFi Protected Access and was created to fix the security vulnerabilities of WEP.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFile Transfer Protocol (FTP)\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nFTP can be run in active or passive mode, which determine how the data connection is established. In active mode, the client sends the server the IP address and port number on which the client will listen, and the server initiates the TCP connection. Passive mode sends a PASV command to the server and receives an IP address and port number in return. The client uses these to open the data connection to the server. While transferring data over the network, four data modes can be used: ASCII mode, image mode, EBCDIC mode, and local mode. Data transfer can be done in any of three modes: stream mode, block mode, and compressed mode.  FTP was not made to be secure and has several security vulnerabilities. There are several alternatives to FTP that are more secure like SFTP, FTPS, and FTP over SSH.\n\nImpact\n\nFTP has allowed the transfer of data from a server to a client. This has made it much easier for users to download files that are not stored on a device that is on the same LAN.\n\nVocabulary PASV Command : Command for passive mode of FTP. This command requests the server \"listen\" on a data port and to wait for a connection rather than to initiate one upon a transfer command.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nEmail\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email\n\n\n\nThe idea of email has been around for longer than the Internet. Email systems in the more earlier part of the phenomenon required both the sender and the recipient to be logged in. Now the messages are stored on an email server where senders and recipients are only required to be connected during download or upload. An email message is made up of three components: the envelope, the header, and the body. Each message has exactly one header and has at least the from and date fields. Email has been used as the main form of communication and has replaced the majority of \"snail mail\" communication purposed.\n\n\n\nEmail can be filtered and checked for spam. Email clients such as Mozilla Thunderbird and Microsoft Outlook make it easy to save and organize email messages.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEmail has allowed businesses, consumers, and people in general to communicate efficiently and quickly. It has allowed people to communicate who are not in the same building without requiring both parties be available. It has also allowed free communication.\n\nVocabulary ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nShort Message Service (SMS)\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is the text message service and is the most widely used data application in the world. The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert. The first SMS message was sent over the Vodafone GSM network in the United Kingdom on 3 December 1992 from Neil Papworth and said \"Merry Christmas\". Messages are sent to a Short message service center, similar to an email server, and attempts to send it to the recipient. If the recipient is not available it stores the messages and tries later. Some services, however, try only once for delivery. There are a lot of security vulnerabilities inherent in SMS. There is hardly any encryption in the messages and if there is it is very weak. SMS messages can now be sent via several devices. Messages can be sent via computers, mobile phones, satellite phones, AT commands and more.\n\nImpact\n\nSMS has made it so much easier for people to communicate. Obviously it is used primarily by consumers who communicate for personal conversations. It allows people to communicate quickly and conveniently. Nowadays everyone has a cell phone and given this fairly new service they can communicate with people without requiring the recipient to be available to answer the phone.\n\nVocabulary AT command : The at command reads from standard input the names of commands to be run at a later time and allows you to specify when the commands should be run.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server\n\n\n\n\n\nMicrosoft Exchange Server\n\nThis is a Microsoft product that has features such as electronic mail, calendaring, contacts and tasks. Exchange began in April of 1993 and became big with Windows 95. With the release of Exchange Server 2003, users were able to filter many different things like recipients, senders, and more. Exchange Server 2007 add new protection like antivirus, spam protection and improved security. It also had a feature for users to receive voice mail in their mailboxes. The newest version is Exchange Server 2010. Exchange Server was designed to be used by Microsoft Outlook and is able to support ActiveSync. This server has very specific settings that allow users to get very granular in the way they want their server to function.\n\nImpact\n\nMicrosoft Exchange Server has been an excellent mail server for users who already have and use microsoft products. It easily syncs with the other products and very secure. This is ideal for business owners and is one of the most widely used if not the moest widely used mail server for businesses.\n\nVocabulary Exchange ActiveSync : Exchange ActiveSync (EAS) is an XML-based protocol that communicates over HTTP (or HTTPS) designed for the synchronization of email, contacts, calendar, tasks and notes from a messaging server to a mobile device.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nInternet Message Access Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nThis along with POP is the most prevalent Internet standard protocol for e-mail retrieval. This protocol occurs on the application layer of the OSI model and uses port 143. You can customize IMAP to perform in many different ways. You can run it in on-line mode and off-line mode. IMAP generally leaves the messages on the email server. One of the better features, arguably, is that it doesn't store messages locally but as cache. This prevents large personal files from being stored on the hard-drive for slow access. IMAP was started in 1986 by Mark Crispin and was designed for the purpose of being a remote mailbox protocol rather than a protocol for retrieving email messages like POP.\n\nImpact\n\nIMAP has improved upon the already widely used protocol POP. IMAP has many advantages over POP. It stays connected to the mailbox the whole time which makes it quicker for message access. Multiple clients can be connected to the same mailbox because it doesn't remove the message from the server. IMAP allows for searching the server and not just searching the messages locally. IMAP also doesn't require the download of the entire email message and just downloads the header.\n\nVocabulary MIME : Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format of e-mail to support: Text in character sets other than ASCII Non-text attachments, Message bodies with multiple parts, Header information in non-ASCII character sets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1286,"Article Summary\n\nI chose an article called \"TE Data offers customers opportunity to pay bills via Fawry\".  It is located on zawya.com.  This article is about a data communications/internet thing called TE Data which is now using an electronic bill paying system called Fawry.  Apparently this provides the whole country of Egypt to pay their bills from ATM machines from various large banks, from medium to large grocery stores, post-offices, etc. \n\n\n\nFrom what I understand Fawry is a company that is a network for providing electronic payment of bills from various locations, as listed above.  TE Data is \"Egypt's largest IP based data communications carrier with a national network and a regional vision.\"  By combining the two of them TE Data customers will be able to use this billing system to pay for all services that TE Data provides.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI am a little concerned about the security of this bill paying process.  Yes, it adds convenience to paying bills but it also with that comes the risk of protecting all of that information.  I would not like to trust that big of a thing with all of my information.  But I believe the world is moving more in this direction, I believe that our security will become less important than convenience.\n\n\n\nVocabulary data communication : \"High speed data exchange between computers and/or other electronic devices via cable or wireless.\" (businessdictionary.com)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article is about an existing company that deals with virtual machine insurance.  Basically this company is dealing with other companies that have consolidated all of their important data on virtual machines.  CloudReplica's solution for security, by this I mean the ability for the company to keep functioning if systems are down, is to keep all the data in an off-site cloud location.  So the virtual machines can function from another location.  \n\n\n\nThis article from http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/CloudReplica-Announces-Unlimited-Virtual-Machine-Licensing-1378529.htm talks about how they are doing a new promotional thing where they are offering insurance for an unlimited number of virtual machines.  It just costs the company a monthly fee of $1,500.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI read this article because after the lab I realized how cool virtual machines were and I wanted to see how people were using them, or what was going on in the virtual machine world.\n\n\n\nI think this is a great idea (insurance for unlimited virtual machines), although the company may not make as much money it will probably be used more because of the publicity it is receiving for doing this unprecedented thing.  I am sure that CloudReplica's competitors will have to do the same to keep up with the Jones'.  I think that as the world becomes more technologically savvy they will learn how inexpensive it is to do things like insure 40 virtual machines instead of  four.  I feel that this is a turning point.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Business continuity (BC) : addresses organisational recovery following a disaster. It assumes that prevention arrangements have failed and that an incident has occurred which has interrupted normal business to the extent that corrective action is required. www.qgcio.qld.gov.au/QGCIO/RESOURCES/GLOSSARY/Pages/glossaryb.aspx\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read an article about the shortage of IP addresses and how it is going to be a problem very soon.  This article is to inform the public of why there is a need to change from IPv4 to IPv6.  It tells us how there is essentially no room to grow with our current version and with many people wanting websites this is an impossible situation with the current version.  It talked of how big internet companies, like Google, are already using IPv6.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnother aspect of this article is how the internet is evolving.  And how people can be traced through their IP addresses.  It also briefly mentioned that Germany thinks it is a crime for people to be traced through their IP addresses online (like Google Analytics) and is considering fining all companies who use tools like these.\n\n\n\n\n\n(http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/101125/20110114/internet-ip-address-dns-protocol-google-facebook-ipv6-ipv4.htm)\n\nImpact\n\nI had heard something about us running out of IP addresses in class and I thought this article was very informative about the matter.  I am glad that we can find solutions to our problems by creating a new protocol.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is important to the world, because the whole world of the internet is changing and they will all have to use IPv6.  This is an important concept to understand and be able to explain.\n\nVocabulary IP Address : Internet Protocol Address, in simple terms is just the unique name of your computer online. It allows people to identify you and the location you are based in. (http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/101125/20110114/internet-ip-address-dns-protocol-google-facebook-ipv6-ipv4.htm)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/_featured/article.php/3922496/DDoS+Defenses+Evolve+Along+With+the+Threat.htm\n\n\n\nThis article is about DDoS or distributed denial of service attacks. This article first explained how Amazon was much more respected because an attack group that did DDoS attacking was unable to even slow it down.  This was partially due to the fact that it was during the holidays and so Amazon was expecting a lot more traffic.\n\n\n\nFurther in this article it explains how with these attacks on Amazon, they are essentially attacking every web page that is used for business transactions.  This article is to inform business web page owners what harm can come from too much traffic, i.e. DDoS or ping of death.  It also provides some simplistic methods to protect the website from these attacks.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a great reference for businesses that are becoming more and more web based.  They will need to be aware of these kinds of attacks, and that a lot of traffic is not necessarily a good thing.\n\n\n\nI also thought that this article was important because I didn't really understand how pinging could be bad and why I was unable to communicate with one of my other computers when there was a firewall.  I am now beginning to understand the danger and why pings are blocked.\n\n\n\nVocabulary DDoS, Distributed Denial of Service : A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is one in which a multitude of compromised systems attack a single target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system. The flood of incoming messages to the target system essentially forces it to shut down, thereby denying service to the system to legitimate users. (http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci557336,00.html) \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article was really cool to read about it is called \"Why there's no such thing as an 'Internet kill switch'\" (http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9208283/Why_there_s_no_such_thing_as_an_Internet_kill_switch_?taxonomyId=167&pageNumber=1).  This article discribed the trouble in Egypt in an easy to understand way.  It also talked a lot about the internet and how the internet is made up of people, it cannot be shut down.\n\n\n\nIn Egypt, I guess, the government got the Internet Access Providers to cut off Internet access.  After that people were using there cell phones.  When their phones got taken out they used landlines and with a little help from Google they were able to tweet and send pictures (fax machines) all with out actually using a computer.  The internet works around damaged areas and we can too.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI read this article because I wanted to learn more about TCP but instead I got a surprise with this article.  This article not only talks about the internet, but it is a good lesson in life.  The lesson that I learned from this is that no one can stop you from doing something, even though they can severely hinder it.\n\n\n\nThe world impact is that the Internet cannot be shut down.  It is like a creature now, it can heal, grow, and change and people can too.\n\n\n\nVocabulary TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) : TCP (a protocol developed for the internet to get data from one network device to another) \"TCP uses a retransmission strategy to insure that data will not be lost in transmission\" (http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=tcp)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-20035698-266.html\n\n\n\nMy article was called Busting wireless bottlenecks with Wi-Fi.  This article is about the almost exponential growth of the use of the Internet.  We are using it more now than ever before and the use is expected 26 times between 2010 and 2015.  This article suggests the use of Wi-Fi hot spots in cities so that everyone can access the internet.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a problem that is growing around the world, that there may be so many gadgets that connect to the internet that a lot of people will feel frustrated.  In this article, they solved this issue through wi-fi hot spots.\n\n\n\nI wanted to learn more about wireless access points, but instead I found this article about wi-fi and how it is a solution.  I'll admit I didn't really know what it was, but now I do because I researched more about it.  The wireless in my apartment has been sketchy, so now I am learning more about the real issue.\n\n\n\nVocabulary wi-fi : trade mark name used to denote IEEE 802.11 standard wireless network. The basic system has 11 megabits speed over a medium range sufficient for use in buildings or a close neighbourhood but newer versions with suffix letters (such as 802.11g) have higher bandwidth. (http://www.atsf.co.uk/mim/glossary.php?letter=w)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/220954/networking_speed_boosts.html\n\n\n\nThis article is about increasing your network speed.  It lists four ways to do this: upgrade everything to 802.11n, tinker with the antennas, check with interlopers, and get your traffic in shape.  It was saying how you can use your DHCP client list to see if there are free loaders.  There were also some other things that we hadn't really talked about in class that sound cool like traffic prioritization.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is important for every one because it is so vital for people to be able to solve their own computer and network problems.  And everyone feels that their internet goes slow, so if they can fix it themselves it is a major confidence booster. \n\n\n\nI found this article because I wanted to learn more about DHCP and this is a really useful article because it provides basic solutions to fix the problems.\n\n\n\nVocabulary DHCP : (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) Dynamically assigns IP addresses to client stations located on a TCP/IP network at startup, and allows the addresses to be re-used when no longer needed. This allows a larger group of stations to share a limited pool of addresses. (www.cxrlarus.com/assets/glossary.html)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g7J3IIMXs3G93YPQp4IcD1bhpD_Q?docId=8921aae10cf54960a1207a5f161927a1\n\n\n\nThis article is called Auto Industry Guards Against Hacking.  I found this article very interesting it gave a few of the ways that a car can be compromised.  It said that \"they were also able to \"obtain complete control\" over the car by placing a call to the vehicle's cell phone number and playing an audio signal that compromised the vehicle.\" And it said that once they get into the car's system they can control the car without the driver being able to provide input.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is one of those future things that the auto industry are trying to protect us from.  It is a possibility and the public must be aware of this potential threat.  Every time something becomes automated there is a potential for it to be hacked.\n\n\n\nI personally found this interesting because we talked about it a bit in class and I am also looking to buy a car and it is important to know what is going on (or could go on) inside your vehicle.\n\n\n\nVocabulary hacker : In common usage, a hacker is a stereotypical person who breaks into computers and computer networks, either for profit or motivated by the challenge. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacking_%28computers%29#cite_note-crackdown-0)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.smallbusinesscomputing.com/news/article.php/3928231/5-Email-Security-Tips-to-Protect-Your-Small-Business.htm\n\n\n\nThis article was called 5 Email Security Tips to Protect Your Small Business.  This gave helpful tips for small business owners and their email systems.  One of the best pieces of advice that I noticed in this article was to have the company outsource their email security to another company.  This way they have the protection of a relatively safe email, someone to blame if it doesn't work, and they don't have to be experts on email security.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is vital for small business owners because it tells them why it is important to protect their email/information and it also tells them how to do it.\n\n\n\nI found that this was relevant to me because I was concerned with email security after the lab, because we could so easily read the unencrypted password.  I realized that email isn't secure but that there are things you can do to prevent easy hacking.\n\n\n\nVocabulary storage server : I discovered that a storage server is what you make of it, it is a server that is used primarily for storage. There is no real definition, but this is the closest thing I could come to one, \"Not so with a storage server. It is designed for a specific purpose, and thus configured differently. It may come with a little extra storage or a great deal.\" (http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/3585751/Definition-Storage-Server.htm)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.co.uk/reviews/cloud/2011/03/26/why-the-cloud-is-no-celebrity-diet-40092263/\n\n\n\nThis article is relating the Cloud to celebrity dieting.  Their biggest comparison is that we have to look at it in a long term way.  Not only can you save money by using it but with more people using it, it will keep getting better.  They also said that it is not like a celebrity diet because there is no magic pill, just like the amount of calories you need on a given day are different; so are the amount of resources needed for a Cloud.  They say that a Cloud can be programmed to adapt to its needs.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important to the world because everyone knows of celebrity diets, or has heard of them, and it is easier to understand a new topic through comparisons.\n\n\n\nI really like this article because I feel like I learned a lot more about Clouds.  I pretty much only knew that it stored data.  I learned that with using a Cloud you can share some of the resources better.  If you have heavy traffic and your neighbor doesn't you can use some of his resources.  I really think it is a good design.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Cloud computing : Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like electricity. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.mmail.com.my/content/68284-malaysias-first-enhanced-mobile-messaging-application-launched\n\n\n\nThis is an article about Malaysia getting security for their mobile phones.  This is an application, called Peanut, that adds encryption to data stored on the phone as well as transferred between users, password protection, and many other security features.  They claim that it doesn't disrupt the telecommunication companies' efficiency or other features.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a great thing for the people of Malaysia.  They now have an affordable security measure to add to their phones.  Phones can tell your life story and if you are not careful with it, then people can easily steal your identity among other things.\n\n\n\nI found this really interesting because I recently acquired a smart phone and I am interested in the security features that are available, not just to me but to those around me that are in the same position as me.\n\n\n\nVocabulary data : The term data means groups of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1358,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/what-do-we-do-when-all-wireless-securty-protocols-are-busted.php\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Information:\n\nhttp://www.airtightnetworks.com/WPA2-Hole196\n\n\n\n\n\nSynopsis:\n\nA W/LAN security company, AirTight brought to the lime-light a vulnerability in the WPA-2 wireless protocol. This vulnerability has been dubbed “Hole 196”, as it was actually written in the last sentences of page 196 of the IEEE 802.11 Standard describing WPA-2. The article proceeds to shortly analyze various alternatives to relying on WPA-2 to secure your wireless data. The article mentions VPN server/client configurations as being costly to set up and maintain; application security is unreliable, as administrators must then rely on 3rd-party developers to secure their applications properly; and WPA-1 has long since been cracked. WPA-2 (AES) is still relatively secure, as it does not possess the same vulnerability shared by the PSK variant.\n\nThe hole allows hackers inside the WPA network to pose as the router, using a special encryption key to encrypt and decode messages to clients. This allows them a level over interactions with the other clients that was previously thought prohibited by the WPA-2 protocol.\n\nImpact\n\nWireless data communication is large and growing market, both in business and personal use.  From credit card information to insider information, sensitive information is constantly being passed to wireless access points.  Any threat of that information being intercepted or changed is a big deal to data communication specialists.  Without secure lines of communication, businesses cannot thrive.\n\n\n\nVocabulary AES : Advanced Encryption Standard - An encryption cypher designed to add greater security to data communication. It is commonly used to secure traffic over wireless networks, and is the officially adopted security standard for wireless communication by the United States government.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberterrorism\n\nhttp://www.redherring.com/Home/26478\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/126600/Hacked_The_Rising_Threat_of_Intellectual_Property_Theft_and_What_You_Can_Do_About_It\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OWASP\n\n\n\nWhether labeled strictly as \"cyberterrorism\" or just plain old \"hacking\", penetration attempts are a very common occurance for any corporation. These corporations absolutely need methods for preventing and reacting to these threats. But corporations are not the only entities that need to guard against penetration attempts, governments and other very large organizations are big targets for cybercriminals.\n\nSome companies and countries are actively preparing for these threats.  Estonia, for example, has a volinteer staff of many software engineers and penetration experts who are prepared to mobilize in defense of their country's cyberspace. Unfortunately, not all countries are so fortunate or forward-looking, and these entities are in great danger from these cyber-based threats.\n\nImpact\n\nInformation systems are prime targets for hackers, as the Intellectual Property held there is often time a company's most valuable asset.  Therefore, information systems specialists must know a fair amount about security and penetration as well.\n\n\n\nVocabulary OWASP : Open Web Application Security Project - This is a non-profit organization that seeks to bring information vulnerability awareness to the masses, thereby increasing security generally.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSOURCE: http://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=32323\n\nSOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality\n\n\n\nNet-Neutrality\n\nThe article itself is somewhat of a summary of the actual rules approved by the FCC and Verizon's appeal against those rules. My summary of that summary is somewhat like re-compressing a compressed file - not much smaller than the original\n\n\n\nVerizon is contensting new rules dealing with net-neutrality as summarized in the following three rules:\n\n1. Transparency: All providers of broadband Internet access must publish accurate information regarding the performance of their networks and the company's management of those networks. The justification for this is so that customers can make informed choices in purchasing such a service.\n\n    Private companies have long been allowed a fair amount of privacy as far as their internal management is concerned. I don't believe that this rule is targeted (as it says) at increasing customer knowledge for wise purchases. Much information is already available to consumers from reviews of previous customers and third-party observers. I believe this rule is primarily in place to help ensure compliance of the other two rules.\n\n\n\nRule 2: No Blocking - ISP's will not be allowed to block content unless the content is deemed \"harmful\" to either property (ISP's or consumer's) or the ISP's ability to provide reasonable service.\n\n    The idea of \"open service\" sounds nice in general, but get's a little more complicated when applied to specific situations.  For example, Comcast traditionally blocks SMTP services on its consumer network.  Supposedly (and perhaps this is true), that helps to limit the amount of spammers who work out of Comcast's networks. I believe most people are in favor of less spam. However, that also makes life difficult for those who have a legitimate reason for opening that port. For example, my work requires the testing of various mail servers, which is currently disallowed by Comcast.\n\n\n\nRule 3: No Unreasonable Discrimination - I see this as being a very ambiguous rule designed to be flexible enough for government agencies to keep greater control over private communications networks. Meaning, it allows for greater governmental regulation without creating additional laws for greater government regulation. In the rules, the FCC specifically calls out a company's ability to provide \"priority\" delivery of packets (a.k.a. increased speed and stability) to higher-paying customers to likely violate rule 3. This forward-looking regulation is only one of many examples in which these rules could be interpretted to suit an individual or agency's designs.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI view private communications networks are the heart and blood of American e-commerce. And while the rules and regulations that the FCC has approved have the potential to improve these services, they also have an equally likely (at least) chance of degrading the overall quality of service provided by these private providers. Either way, the rules and regulations should be very important to anyone involved in data communications.\n\n\n\nVocabulary reasonable network management : As legally defined in the FCC's rules, reasonable network managment involves those actions required in order to acheive network security and integrity. In otherwords, only those things that are mentioned in the above rules.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSOURCE: http://www.eetimes.com/design/embedded-internet-design/4014401/An-IPv6-Refresher-Part-I\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 Addressing - IPv4 runs the risk of address exhaustion within the near future (with only 2 billion addresses available), while IPv6 can support up to 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,770,000,000 addresses. Honestly though, I think that the current problem faced by IPv4 is largely to due with some corporate entities having way more addresses than they can efficiently use; but I digress. IPv6 requires roughly 8 times the processor power to process (on 64-bit architecture), but this may be negligible in light of current (and future) processor speeds. Addresses can be optimized (the article was unclear as to whether this was just for human convenience or if computer received optimized addresses as well. You can essentially condense consecutive zero's to make the address shorter.\n\nThe unicast 128-bit address is composed of a 64-bit network portion, with a 64-bit device portion. The device portion is created to be universally unique, so each interface on the internet should theoretically be unique, regardless of scope.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWith available IPv4 addresses on the wane, datacom specialists need to understand the basics of IPv6 so they can cope with the limitations and plan for the benefits that IPv6 provides.\n\n\n\nVocabulary unique-local unicast address : ULA's are addresses assigned locally that allow devices to connect within a local network, but not outside of the domain boundry.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol\n\n\n\nTCP is one of two core protocols that run on top of the Internet Protocol.  TCP is unique in that it provides guaranteed package reception.  The protocol also accounts for duplicate, out-of-order packets, and lost packets.\n\n\n\nTCP receives a data stream from the application layer, segments it in to chucks, adds headers to them, and then passes them to the Ethernet layer for further processing.\n\n\n\nSyncing: Before a transmission can be started, two TCP clients need to sync with each other.  This happens through a 3-way handshake where the first client sends a SYN packet, the receiving client responds with a SYN/ACK packet, and the original sender sends a final ACK packet.  This is the \"connection establishment phase.  At this point, the clients are synced with each other (transmission protocol has been established), and they can begin communicating (the data transfer phase).  Each one client sends a data packet, he expects the receiving client to respond with an acknowledgement packet to verify that the information arrived correctly.  After all the data has been sent, the first client initiates the termination phase by sending a FIN packet.  The client typically needs only reply with a FIN/ACK packet to terminate the session.\n\nImpact\n\nTCP and UDP are the two most common options for data delivery of the Internet Protocol.  However, they function very differently, and are optimised for very specific opperations.  A working knowledge of TCP and UDP is necessary for anyone working in data communications in order to optimize communications, or make them function at all.  For example, TCP will be much too slow for most streaming uses, while UDP is much too unreliable for transactions requiring accurate data transmission.\n\n\n\nVocabulary data segment : Packets of data into which TCP will divide a data buffer. The max segment size (MSS) for tcp is dynamically set by the operating system in the intial SYN packets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSOURCE: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nWith the programming project due last week, I neglected to do the writeup for IPv6, so I am doing it this week.\n\n\n\nIPv4 address usage is still estimated at about 14% saturation, but the fact that such large portions of addresses are divied out to companies, and it’s a royal pain to transfer those rights, IPv6 seems the best way to go regardless of the difficulties involved.  IPv6 and IPv4 are totally incompatible with each other, requiring both clients and servers to use a “dual-stack” approach, where they support both either protocol.\n\nIPv4 has a lot of “reserved” addresses set aside for some future use, and a common question is, “Why can’t we use these addresses to stave off the IPv6 change a little while longer?”  Unfortunately,  the reserved address space cannot be used now for anything, because all routing hardware has that space blocked-off as “reserved.”  And realistically, it wouldn’t matter how long we postponed the transition, it’s not likely that we would be any more prepared than we are now.\n\nAs far as making the move goes, the biggest problem is that so little hardware is IPv6 complient.  For example, consumer-grade network concentration devices may not know how to pass along IPv6 communication.  Or, if they do, the ISP’s may not.  So the greatest inhibitor to mass adoption of IPv6 is that the hardware infrastructure is not widely IPv6-compliant, hence the “dual-stack” approach being adopted by most user’s and provider’s of IPv6 traffic.\n\nImpact\n\nAs an engineer dealing with data information, it's important to understand the limitations of IPv4, the pros/cons of moving to IPv6, and what needs to be done during that transition.\n\n\n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Named and Numbers (ICANN) was set up by the U.S. Department of Commerce and is responsible for regulating certain aspects of the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSOURCE: http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/isps-should-take-graduated-response-piracy-problem/2011-02-24\n\nThe writer's position is that ISP's need to take one of several different stances to help stunt digital copyright infringement (a.k.a. Piracy). \n\nThe question of legal responsibility of service providers to limit illegal activities on their services is a very deep can of worms, with far-reaching ramifications regardless of the legal decisions taken.\n\nLaying responsibility with service providers increases their overhead (and risk), by forcing them in to police caps and making them pay their own salary. On the other hand, it also clears up a lot of confusion that service providers current have concerning “Net Neutrality” and whether they can limit the uses of their service based on predetermined criteria.\n\nThe author's opinions of what should be done are relatively vague, expensive, and in some cases, unrealistic. Trusting/forcing ISP's to regulate all of the content that is served over their media is absurd to say the least, and creating socialistic entities to fight for small-time creative entities is also not the answer. Unfortunately, it seems that too few digital information are involved at the upper-levels of the debate.\n\nImpact\n\nIf too few information experts are involved in some of the more political discussions affecting the industry as a whole, then stupid laws get passed, and the industry suffers.\n\n\n\nVocabulary HADOPI law : Legislation originating in France that regulates access to the Internet and distribution of copy-righted works over the Internet. Used occasionally as a poster-child for further information-restricting legistlation in the West.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSOURCES:\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/493074/Novell_8217_S_SLED_11_to_Ship_with_Active_Directory_Gateway_Technology\n\nhttp://www.likewise.com/news_events/press_releases/pr_5192009.php\n\nhttp://it.tmcnet.com/topics/it/articles/56721-likewise-enterprise-offered-as-part-suse-linux-enterprise.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nAccording to the article, Novell is providing a technology in their enterprise desktop Linux operating system that allows administrators to “authenticate users, set access controls, manage settings and group policies, and create audit reports” for users running SLED 11. Microsoft has invested several millions of dollars into Novell to promote cross-platform and cross-directory integrations.\n\nIntegrations include the ability to tie Linux desktops into the Active Directory authentication/security policy structure, the ability to run Windows .NET software on Linux machines, as well as the ability to read and create Microsoft's proprietary file formats using Linux tools.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs prospective digital information engineers, we must understand that mixed environments exist, and what types of technologies exist currently to deal with them.\n\nVocabulary Mono : Mono – A software framework with which Linux-based machines can run some types of .NET code by use of translations (as opposed to emulation).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nsource:http://www.cio.com/article/675875/Cloud_Security_Symantec_CEO_Shares_Why_it_s_a_Game_Changer\n\n\n\nAccording to the article, the three biggest issues faced by companies today are \"cloud, virtualization, and the consumerization of technology.\" \n\n\n\nEnrique Salem (CEO of Symatec Corp) - We are currently in a transition from high-powered personal computers back into the age of low-powered \"dumb\" terminals that log in (at least partially) into a high-powered remote \"mainframe\" of sorts. At the same time, even corporate computers are moving into cloud-based technologies to leverage \"distributed computing\" technologies (where a computer's specs can dynamically change according to how much money/traffic you throw at it).\n\n\n\nCurrently, people are feeling a lot of pain because they typically need to use two different systems for their cloud-based services and their physical machine-based services.  Many companies are clamoring for this space, and there are options for those already working in distributed environments, but these next couple of years will likely show and explosion of corporate and consumer-facing solutions for managing distributed and physical work environments.\n\nImpact\n\nMany of us are going to be managing those distributed/physical environments, so it is vital that we begin to understand not only the potential problems, but also the viable solutions.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Distributed Computing : Allowing a virtual machine to expand its resource use based on utilization. Not only can the resources expand, but they can expand over multiple machines.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1283,"Article Summary\n\nI tried to save my assignment and it was lost.  So here we go again. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe upcoming release of the final version of the White House “National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace” highlights three key trends that face the world in 2011: online identity, privacy and security. Governments need ways to empower citizens to identify themselves online to realize both aspirational goals for citizen-to-government interaction and secure basic interactions for commercial purposes.\n\n\n\n\n\nSecuring online privacy and identity won’t be all technical or legislative. Improving the digital literacy of for online citizens would mean helping users know the danger of weak and repeated passwords. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe goal of the program is to create an identity ecosystem where individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with greater confidence, putting greater trust in the online identities of each other, and greater trust in the infrastructure that the transactions run over. The Government is quick to point out that they are not talking about a national ID card. The goal is to reduce or eliminate the need to memorize a dozen password through the creation and use of more trusted digital identities. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of the NSTIC could be quite large.  The US is not the largest user of the internet but many innovations and infrastructure start here.  If the Government mandates a change the world may have to follow.  If the system is simple and powerful it could positively affect many people’s online experience. \n\nVocabulary NSTIC : National Strategy for Trusted Identities in Cyberspace - A government program to establish and verify identities of online users thereby reducing fraud. It is in the finals stages of proposal. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nCar manufacturers are increasingly using wireless data communications for many systems on the cars.  Anything from tire pressure indicators to wireless engine start commands are being sent.  However, most manufacturers only use 40 bit or 48 bit encryption.  This is widely regarded as being completely ineffective. Only 1 car uses 128 bit encryption. \n\n\n\nThe latest exploit is using wireless antennas linked together to rebroadcast the key fob signal.  The accepting antenna only has to be within 8 meters of the key making the attack extremely hard to detect.  The cost of the hack is from 100 to 1000 dollars depending on the quality of the components used.  \n\n\n\nAs more and more cars go \"wireless\" car makers need to take security more seriously. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article impacts everyone in the fact that cars can be stolen even easier when car makers don't take security seriously.  Consumers need to demand stricter security measures and controls to protect their cars.  \n\n\n\nThis article impacts me in the fact that I need to always think about security.  Controls need to be practiced and thought about to protect future system that I will build from attack.  If there is an easy way to hack a system the hackers will figure it out, and the crooks will be right behind them. \n\n\n\nVocabulary 128-bit Encryption  : Symetric key using 3 block cyphers. The cypher was invented by 2 Belgian researchers. It is used by the Government. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe pool of Internet addresses has officially been drained. Four non-profit Internet administrative groups -- the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Number Resources Organization (NRO), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the Internet Society -- said at a press conference in Miami, Florida, on Wednesday that the supply of IPv4 addresses has been depleted.\n\n\n\nThere are still IP addresses \"available\" but the final blocks have been allocated. It is anticipated that the news will drive adoption of IPv6.  \n\n\n\nA World IPv6 day will occur June 8th as several major networks will activate IPv6 for 24 hours. \n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/policy/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229201157&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhile the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is taking place, speculators will try to exploit the situation, as happens when any resource becomes scarce. \n\nA member of the American Registry for Internet Numbers advisory board, acknowledged that there's an underground market for IP address blocks, even with legitimate transfer mechanisms. He anticipates that in the five to ten years it will take for the IPv6 transition to take hold, there's likely to be black market trade in IP addresses and that prices will rise. But he suggests such activity could actually accelerate IPv6 adoption, by making it more cost effective than IPv4. \n\n\n\nThe public might panic and say \"the internet is running out\" but in the end the biggest impact will be to speed the adoption of IPv6.  It is no longer if the IP's will run out it is when, and what are we doing to solve it. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Regional Internet Registry : A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization that manages the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a particular region of the world. Internet number resources include IP addresses and autonomous system (AS) numbers. There are 5 RIR's\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Citation - http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article was a more in depth look at what is actually happening behind the scenes with the internet running out of IP addresses. IPv4 with its 32 number address was chosen back when the internet was just an experiment.  The researchers and people who built the internet had no idea how many addresses would be needed. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article also touched on the point that IPv6 and IPv4 are incompatible.  Meaning that gear that works with only one will not work with the other. This makes the upgrading and supporting of the networks more difficult. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article also pointed out that for the average consumer, there will likely be no changes or special actions taken.  There might be some slow downs or small problems as the internet as a whole adjusts and adapts, but overall not much impact. \n\nImpact\n\nImpact for the average consumer, will likely be no changes or special actions taken.  There might be some slow downs or small problems as the internet as a whole adjusts and adapts, but overall not much impact. \n\n\n\n\n\nSmall businesses might need to take it into consideration when they are building or designing services.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe organizations that really have to take this seriously are ISP and telecom providers.  They need millions of IP addresses and these will be increasingly difficult to come by.  Companies that were assigned a /8 block in the beginning might begin to auction off or sell blocks of IP addresses leading to a market and a black market of IP addresses.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany devices and services will need to be rewritten, changed, or replaced in the transition, making it a difficult and costly transition.  \n\nVocabulary /8 or slash-eight block : One of 256 blocks of IP address the internet is divided into containing 16.8 million IP addresses. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20033940-64.html\n\n\n\n\n\nApple will introduce a new high speed connection technology.  Just as FireWire was originally an Apple networking technology and spurred the development of USB2, this new connector is expected to spur the next round of super fast data communication protocols. \n\nImpact\n\nMinimal at first but growing.  Faster speeds for all computers. \n\nVocabulary Light Peak : New connection technology based on fiber optics. Significantly faster than even USB 3.0, carrying data at 10 gigabits per second in both directions simultaneously Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20033940-64.html#ixzz1ETowCbei\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/supercomputers/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229219172&pgno=2&queryText=&isPrev=\n\n\n\n\n\nWatson, a supercomputer created by IBM scientists beat 2 humans in a round of Jeopardy.  Watson is a large bank of computers not connected to the internet. The clues were sent to Watson in text form and using thousands of threads the correct answer was determined. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article is very optimistic about the future of humans and computers.\n\nWhat (he) thinks Watson represents better than anything else is not a machine surpassing human intelligence so much as how humans will use computers to attack all sorts of problems, backed by the power to process masses of recently acquired, unstructured information. Big data, parallel processing, and the human mind are together engaged in a new era of data exploration.\n\nIt's not the human quiz show contestant who's in jeopardy. Rather, the target most likely to yield to this new power is the timeless problem that resisted solution by hiding in an amount of data formerly too large to grasp.\n\nImpact\n\nWhile many are calling this the end of humanity, I think that really this is a marvel of human ingenuity. IBM scientists created this amazing machine that takes in clues, looks through tons of data, and answers as fast or faster than humans. \n\n\n\n\n\nOne area that this could have huge impacts is in the medical field. A patient comes in and is complaining of some aliment. The doctors nurse takes their complaints (light headed, faint, hot) and takes some measurements (temperature 102, swelling in the hands) and Watson can look through billions of pages of medical records and books and suggest the cause (flu, internal bleeding, brain tumor)  The doctor can then use this information and make his own diagnostic.  When the cause is discovered, the correct answer will be entered and Watson has one more data point that he can use to help other patients.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe worry about a computer becoming self aware and reprogramming itself, or causing harm is still alive and well.  I don't know if we really can create a program that can think like a person.  However, researchers of course need to think about this and take precautions, such as Asimov's rules to protect humans. \n\nVocabulary Hadoop : Apache Hadoop is a software framework that supports data-intensive distributed applications under a free license.[1] It enables applications to work with thousands of nodes and petabytes of data. Hadoop was inspired by Google's MapReduce and Google File System (GFS) papers. Hadoop is a top-level Apache project being built and used by a global community of contributors,[2] using the Java programming language. Yahoo! has been the largest contributor[3] to the project, and uses Hadoop extensively across its businesses.[4]\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.businessinsider.com/naval-ravikant-2011-3\n\n\n\nAngelList is a social platform for angel investors and companies hoping to raise seed rounds or round A capital. Investors and companies are \"introduced\" to one another and are then free to raise money off the site.  The site mostly provides introductions. \n\n\n\nThis is a game changer because you can see, in one app, most if not all of the small deals and seed rounds going on with startups all over the world. Everyone wants to get on the list and everyone wants to know what other angels are doing on it.  \n\n\n\nSome high profile VC's and angels have blasted the service saying that it encourages a herd mentality, but most angel's want to be on it or are using it.  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nVC's that only have money are worried and might die off, because AngelList is commoditizing access to startups. It is not longer hard to \"meet\" the startups that want or need money and so if the VC doesn't have a brand or a message, or a reason that startups would want to go with them, they will get left out of a lot of deals. \n\n\n\nOn the business side this is incredible.  You have access to hundreds if not thousands of investors and geo-location matters a lot less.  AngelList has seen a flurry of activity in Estonia and China.  The world is flattening and AngelList is doing it's part to flatten the money raising game. \n\n\n\nVocabulary series A round : Series A Preferred Stock is the first round of stock offered during the seed or early stage round by a portfolio company to the venture capitalist. Series A preferred stock is convertible into common stock in certain cases such as an IPO or the sale of the company Series A rounds are a critical stage in the funding of new companies. A typical Series A round is in the range of $2 million to $10 million and is intended to capitalize a company for 6 months to 2 years as it develops its products, performs initial marketing and branding, hires its initial employees, and otherwise undertakes early stage business operations.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/221932/quake_damage_to_japan_cables_appears_small.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe large earthquake in Japan has damaged some undersea cables.  The APCN2 cable was damaged in two places, slowing or disrupting service to several parts of Asia. However, traffic is being routed around the breaks. \n\n\n\n\n\nEarthquakes have damaged undersea cables in the past. Last year, a major quake and aftershocks in Taiwan damaged four cables in six places, knocking out service for parts of two days. In 2009, an earthquake in Taiwan and undersea landslides caused by a typhoondamaged cables to China, disrupting access to some websites. In both cases, carriers eventually were able to restore traffic by rerouting it. Service providers typically use capacity on more than one cable to prevent outages.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe fact that the internet is still up and running while a majority of Japanese communication providers are down, or are throttling traffic to deal with the overload. It demonstrated the resiliency of the internet and the fact that it's decentralized design is working.  Japan is staying connected to the world through Facebook, Twitter, and other social networks.  Emergency Services and other sources of information are being spread on the internet to help the people of Japan recover from this tragedy. \n\nVocabulary APCN2 : APCN2 is a 19,000-kilometer (11,800-mile) cable that links China, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, according to Telegeography. Its capacity is nearly 2T bps (bits per second.)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_on_the_issues/archive/2011/03/18/taking-down-botnets-microsoft-and-the-rustock-botnet.aspx\n\n\n\nMicrosoft in cooperation with others takes down one of the \"largest\" botnets in the world. \n\n\n\nKnown as Operation b107, is the second high-profile takedown in Microsoft’s joint effort between DCU, Microsoft Malware Protection Center and Trustworthy Computing – known as Project MARS (Microsoft Active Response for Security) – to disrupt botnets and begin to undo the damage the botnets have caused by helping victims regain control of their infected computers. \n\n\n\nLike the Mircosoft's eariler \"Waledac\" takedown, their action relied on legal and technical measures to sever the connection between the command and control structure of the botnet and the malware-infected computers operating under its control to stop the ongoing harm caused by the Rustock botnet. \n\n\n\nThey worked with \"upstream providers\" to take down the IP addresses attached to the botnet, and then inform the computers infected that they need to clean their computer. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nUnfortunately for the general population taking down this botnet will not have much of an impact. There are still billions of spam messages being sent around the world and there are still millions of computers affected by botnets.  \n\n\n\nFor each successful action the bad guys will keep learning and changing.  Doing things legally is often harder, and slower than doing them illegally, so the good guys will constantly be playing catch up. \n\n\n\nWhat would make a definite impact, would be for many many service providers to start educating their customers about botnets, and malware, and how to protect themselves.  Worst case scenario, they would need to clean install their computer, but it can be done. \n\n\n\nVocabulary upstream provider : Virtually everyone who has any presence on the internet, from General Motors to your Aunt Edna's quilting club, is buying that presence from another provider. These services that sell to the lower services are called upstream providers. Or simply in spam fighting techniques as 'upstreams'\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.businessinsider.com/exclusive-qa-with-blekko-ceo-rich-skrenta-2011-3?op=1\n\n\n\nGoogle search results are getting worse.   Google recently re-factored how they rank certain things but the problem is they just reshuffled everything.  Mahalo went from #3 to #7 but eHow went up.  The same problem of lots of people writing fake reviews, and pasting fake comments is still the same. \n\n\n\nBlekko is taking a different approach and allowing you to ban certain sites from all future results.  By tallying up the results of those user bans, they have found the 20 most hated sites on the internet.  Blekko is still very very small. They get about 1 million queries a day, while google gets about a billion. \n\n\n\nBut they can be profitable with less traffic because they can offer very targeted ads verse the type that just try to target everyone. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nGoogle knows that they have a problem.  Their search results quality has gone down in the past 2 years.  Now, all companies need to have SEO in order to compete, whether or not they are legitimate or not.\n\n\n\nThe falling quality of Google search results is opening the door to other companies, like Blekko to beat Google at it's own game of search. \n\n\n\nHowever, this could open up a different set of problems.  What is to stop rival firms from clicking SPAM on each others search results eliminating them from future searches. This is bad.  In the end, anything that is human can be gamed, as more and more people are willing to work for low wages doing small tasks. \n\n\n\nVocabulary astroturfing : Hiring people to simulate a grassroots movement. Astroturfing is a form of advocacy often in support of a political or corporate agenda designed to give the appearance of a \"grassroots\" movement. The goal of such campaigns is to disguise the efforts of a political and/or commercial entity as an independent public reaction to some political entity—a politician, political group, product, service or event. The term is a derivation of AstroTurf, a brand of synthetic carpeting designed to look like natural grass. Astroturfers attempt to orchestrate the actions of apparently diverse and geographically distributed individuals, by both overt (\"outreach\", \"awareness\", etc.) and covert (disinformation) means. Astroturfing may be undertaken by an individual promoting a personal agenda, or highly organized professional groups with money from large corporations, unions, non-profits, or activist organizations. Very often, the efforts are conducted by political consultants who also specialize in opposition research. Beneficiaries are not \"grass root\" campaigners but distant organizations that orchestrate such campaigns.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/28/business/media/28social.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss\n\n\n\nSocial Sites face an ethical quandary. Do they censor things to protect their community while sacrificing the political or activists, or do they allow anything risking their community. \n\n\n\nTwo days  after Hossam el-Hamalawy used Flickr to display photos of police officers from Egypt’s feared state security force, they vanished, one by one. He thought he was being hacked, or worse, the government was coming after him. \n\n\n\nHossam had posted the shots from a CD found by activists found earlier this month.  He wanted the shots to be used by people to come forward with information about the police and bring them to justice. \n\n\n\nFlickr removed the shots because the were against the community guidelines which say that you \"can't upload a picture that you didn't take yourself.\"  Hossam says this is silly, as any user of the site comes across many many photos uploaded by people that obviously were not taken by them. \n\n\n\nI think this is the definite quote from the article \"That new role for social media has put these companies in a difficult position: how to accommodate the growing use for political purposes while appearing neutral and maintaining the practices and policies that made these services popular in the first place.\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAny and all web community or social site needs to consider the changes happening in the world.  More and more these sites are being used by activists to spread their ideas and messages.  Sometimes their use goes against the community guideline and when that happens friction is bound to occur.\n\n\n\nThe roles that Twitter, and Facebook shared in the recent revolutions is sure to be debated hotly for a long time, but the bottom line is that they played some role. These sites need to be careful that their policies don't negated the amazing influence these sites have on prompting change. \n\n\n\nVocabulary diaspora  : A diaspora (from Greek d?asp???, \"scattering, dispersion\")[1] is \"the movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland\"[2] or \"a people dispersed by whatever cause to more than one location\"[3], or \"people settled far from their ancestral homelands\".[2] Originally the word referred exclusively to the Jewish diaspora after the Babylonian exile, but recently the word has also come to refer to other historical mass-dispersions of people with common roots, often particularly movements of an involuntary nature, such as the forced removal of Turkish Armenians and the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade, or the century long exile of the Messenians under Spartan rule.[3] Recently scholarship has distinguished between different kinds of diaspora, based on its causes such as imperialism, trade or labor migrations, or by the kind of social coherence within the diaspora community and its ties to the ancestral lands. Some diaspora communities maintain strong political ties with their homeland. Other qualities that may be typical of many diasporas are thoughts of return, relationships with other communities in the diaspora, and lack of full assimilation to the host country. [3]\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1265,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nTopic: Information Security \n\n\n\nThis article begins by recounting a brief history of computing and the security issues which accompanied each “era” of computing. The following table highlights the evolution of computer security issues according to the article (I created the table from the article's text):\n\n\n\n\n\nPeriodTechnologySecurity Issues & MilestonesSecurity measures, devices, & milestones\n\nPre-computingPaper, telegraph, telephone, etc.Message interceptionCoded messages, encrypted messages. Prohibition of wire-tapping.\n\n1940s – 1950sMainframe computersPhysical security; loss of storage dataRestrict physical access. Use certified mail service (for data storage transfer).\n\n1960s – 1970sDumb terminalsRemote data access; sharing of passwords; password crackingRestrict physical access; Require authentication.\n\n1970sMini Computers, networks, time-sharingIncrease in number of people with computing knowledge.Access controls; Bell-Lapadula confidentiality model; digital signatures; public key cryptography; ARPANET; U.S. Privacy Act of 1974\n\n1980sPersonal Computers, Critical mass of networksSecondary data storage; 414 Gang; computer viruses and worms (spread through diskettes); HackersAnti-virus software; Computer Security Act of 1987; ARPANET became LANs and WANs.\n\n1990sInternetHackers; malicious code, distributed denial of service code;Anti-virus software, firewalls.\n\nEarly 2000sMobile DevicesFreely available hacking tools; denial of service  \n\nNow Hackers target people, not machinesChip-and-pin\n\n\n\n The authors conclude the “history” section by saying that “the goal posts are not only moving, but they also widen each time, making it very difficult to protect information and its infrastructure. The article also makes the observation that “Non-repudiation has since become a critical issue of the 21st century. (p. 191)”\n\nThe authors assess that the future of information security should be in preparing for an uncertain future, rather than fearing imminent attacks. The purpose of the article is to aggregate the results of data from several studies so that the reader can get a better picture of security issues for the future. The aggregation includes results from studies published in four academic journals. The authors note that because the studies were conducted by academicians, the results are probably not a reflection of the most recent trends in information security. The journals are more likely to be found in professors’ offices rather than the on the desks of security officers at corporations. However, the journals used are those whose primary focus is information security.\n\nThe authors point out some limitations of the studies they included in their research, including the limitations that study respondents are hesitant to report security breached due to legal liability and that successful cyber crimes are not discovered (or reported).\n\nThe article then analyzes the results of the studies. The top issues for two of the studies are “Data Protection,” “Policy and regulatory compliance,” “Identity Theft,” “growth in Smart phones and PDAs,” and “Laptop or mobile devices encryption.” The authors observe that top issues are no longer related to security of specific technologies; rather the highest concerns cover a broader scope. In the analysis, the authors assert that network security is a significant topic. \n\n\n\nThe authors conclude their analysis by describing some overlooked issues. Such issues include employee training and awareness, incident response and disaster recovery, and social causes of security breaches. The authors’ opinion is that information security is moving more toward a strategic approach and that information security “requires a multi-disciplinary approach (p. 197)”. However, in the final paragraph, the authors suggest that, “it is critical that we continue to strengthen the technologies.”\n\nCitation\n\n\n\nDlamini, M.T., Eloff, J.H.P., & Eloff, M.M. (2009). Information security: the moving target. Computers & Security, 28, 189-198.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI was hoping to find more information on network security, but the article is still relevant in that it helps me to understand how broad the topic of information security is. It is important for me to know that information security is multi-dimensional and that while focusing on technologies is important, having a wider perspective is also important. User training and preventing social engineering are also important components of effective information security.\n\nVocabulary Non-repudiation : A service that provides proof of the integrity and origin of data. An authentication that with high assurance can be asserted to be genuine.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle: Network Fundamentals (white paper) found at TechRepublic.com\n\nFile located at: http://www.symbol.com/assets/files/network_fundamentals.pdf\n\n This paper gives an introductory overview of Network fundamentals. Its abstract nature helped to reinforce for me the concepts of the prescribed reading for this week. The article summarizes the OSI model of networking, which seems very similar to the TCP/IP or Internet Protocol Suite model. Indeed, all layers of the TCP/IP model are included in the OSI model, and the TCP/IP model seems more concise, or rather, the TCP/IP model combines some layers of the OSI model.\n\n\n\nThe article also gives an overview of switching, VLAN Segmentation, VLAN Trunking, and routing. The segment on switching provided me with info on what bridges do and some of the pitfalls of expanding a network, which includes communication loops or broadcast storms.  “To counter broadcast storms, Ethernet switches and bridges implement the IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to prevent network loops (p. 4).” VLAN segmentation is what happens when switches split traffic into “user groups” or VLANS. VLAN trunks consolidate data traffic of two or more VLANs over a single physical port. \n\n\n\nThe routing segment of the article did not make clear to me the difference between routing and switching, which prompted me to do some further reading about it. Essentially, routing happens in or outside of a network and switching happens within a network. Routing offers greater network control because it “learns” the topology of ingress traffic. However, most switches include some routing capabilities and most routers now have some switching abilities so the difference between routing and switching is not as stark as it was several years ago.\n\nImpact\n\nThe article helped to reinforce some of the concepts acquired by this week's reading assignments. It also introduced me to the fundamentals of routing and switching. I am also left overwhelmed with how complex data communications can be. I'm really glad that we are starting at \"the firewall\" with this course so that I don't have to think to much (yet) about how information crosses corporate boundaries.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Network Stack or Protocall Stack : The amalgamation of the functional hardware and software layers, or protocol suite, that allows for data communications to occur.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBecause I am having a moderate amount of difficulty understanding the fundamental principles of the Internet Protocol suite, I decided to supplement my reading assignments by reading an actual book on the subject of TCP/IP, Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 Hours. I purchased the book yesterday and read the first two “hours” (chapters). This is helping to reinforce the basic principles that I miss in the lectures or from the assigned readings.\n\nThe first “hour” is entitled, “What is TCP/IP?” and covers the basics of TCP/IP at a high level.  The chapter also discusses a brief history of how the protocol came to be—it was primarily a military development. Also, companies had LANs based on varying technologies and wanted to connect LANs together so they found a solution with TCP/IP. Another part of the chapter talks about the various standards organizations which govern TCIP/IP.\n\nThe second “hour” provides a high-level overview of how TCP/IP works. It discusses the layers of the TCP/IP protocol stack and compares them to the OSI model. The most helpful part of the chapter for me is the discussion of data packets and the various encapsulation of data with headers which takes place at each layer (to ensure that the “new” data packet is compatible with the next layer ). I also learned that the IP layer is the layer which provides the logical addressing and routing. For some reason, this hadn’t clicked for me, so I was lost as to how everything is happening in the process. Another point that I had missed from the lectures is that of IP frames being created at the Network Access layer (or data link layer).\n\nImpact\n\nThis reading has helped me gain a greater understanding of the fundamental principles of the protocol stack we are studying this semester.\n\n\n\nVocabulary gateway : A router that connects a LAN to a larger network. The term gateway sometimes applies specifically to a router that performs some kind of protocol conversion.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor this reading, I chose to reread several chapters of Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hours as review for the mid-term exam.\n\nChapter 5 was a review of sub-netting and Classless Internet Domain Routing. Much of it was a review of the principles taught in the lectures and practiced in the homework. In chapter 6, the discussion of sockets and ports helped clarify some confusion I had about the material. Some new things that I picked up on were the concepts of multiplexing and de-multiplexing. The chapter also describes, in another way , the three-way handshake of establishing TCP connections. I also learned about passive and active open states of TCP ports.\n\n\n\nChapter 7 briefly outlined the Application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Although it didn’t go into too much detail, it discussed file services, print services, programming APIs, and various TCP/IP utilities. Even though it was mentioned in the lecture, the fact that the utilities are part of the network layer hadn’t really sunk in for me yet.\n\nImpact\n\nThis reading was a good (partial) review for me for the mid-term.\n\n\n\nVocabulary multiplexing : combining several inputs into a single output. Conversely, demultiplexing: Directing a single input to several outputs.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis summary is gleaned from Chapter 4 of the book, “Windows Server 2008R2 Unleashed”\n\n?  By: Rand Morimoto; Michael Noel; Omar Droubi; Ross Mistry; Chris Amaris\n\n?  Publisher: Sams\n\n?  Pub. Date: January 07, 2010\n\n?  Print ISBN-10: 0-672-33092-X\n\n?  Print ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33092-6\n\n?  Web ISBN-10: 0-672-33153-5\n\n?  Web ISBN-13: 978-0-672-33153-4\n\n?  Pages in Print Edition: 1680\n\n \n\nThe chapter discusses the difference between a forest and a domain (tree). Domains within a forest share a common schema, but do not necessarily share a common namespace. Forests are the main security boundary for the Directory Server. Also discussed is the concept of schema objects: users, groups, devices, etc. Queries can be performed upon objects and their attributes. When Exchange Server is installed, a number of custom attributes (or attribute possibilities) are added to the schema. The schema can be modified, but this should be done with caution.\n\nThe protocol which “drives” the AD DS is LDAP (standardized). The global catalog is an indexed copy of the AD DS; however, only attributes which are commonly searched are copied. The catalog allows users to search for objects in their domain and other domains. Domain controllers are what authenticate users; multiple controllers can exist and any changes made on one controller get replicated to other controllers. When sub-domains or domains trees are added to an ADDS forest, two-way transitive trusts are established. However, users must still have permission to access resources from one domain to another. Trusts can also be set up manually (explicitly) to allow trust relationships between unrelated domain trees.\n\nOrganizational Units are the way in which users and other objects are organized. An important consideration is that Organizational Units are not the same as domains. OU’s are primarily a way to organize the administration of objects within that OU. OU’s provide for a way to structure administration and users without having to add additional (unnecessary) domains. \n\nGroups are also an important component of AD DS. The chapter outlines several classifications of groups: Machine local groups, Domain local groups, Global groups, and Universal groups. Groups affect replication (size, etc.). The authors underscore the importance of groups versus organizational units: OUs allow for administration, groups allow for a hierarchy of security implementations; permissions given on groups apply to all users within that group.\n\nThe chapter covers much more and may be a future reading for me.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me gain a greater knowledge of Windows Server 2008 and Active Directory Domain Services. I'm not sure that I understand all of it, but this makes more sense to me than the TCP/IP business.\n\n\n\nVocabulary domain local groups : Domain local groups are essentially the same thing as local groups in Windows NT, and are used to administer resources located only on their own domain. They can contain users and groups from any other trusted domain. Most typically, these types of groups are used to grant access to resources for groups in different domains.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor this week’s reading, I’ll continue from last week’s reading (Ch. 4 from “Windows Server 2008 R2 Unleased”: ISBN13: 978-0-672-33092-6… gotta love BYU giving us access to most Safari titles).\n\nThe “.internal” namespace is reserved for private name addressing and using it is considered a best practice, but a company or organization can use whichever namespace they want internally (for unpublished namespaces).  When considering a namespace, thinking about remote users is important; an organization wouldn’t want them to be incorrectly routed to a published namespace of the same namespace as the internal addressing system of a company.\n\nDNS can be integrated directly into AD DS as objects therein.  DNS also works with foreign DNS as long  as the dynamic updates are supported by the foreign DNS. The authors note that sometimes AD DS DNS implementations sometimes coexist with other (Unix) implementations, primarily because of political reasons within and between organizations.\n\nThe next section highlights AD DS security and begins with the authors heralding the security emphasis Microsoft has put on their products with the past several product releases.  WS2008R2 uses the internet standard Kerberos to authenticate users; a method that allows for authentication without passing the password over the network. The authors’ make the analogy of the user having to answer a “riddle” about the password (it kind of blows my mind how smart these cryptographers are).  In addition to standard security measures, other specifications can be implemented to enhance security in Ad DS / WS2008RS.\n\nThe next section discusses changes and enhancements to 2008R2 over previous releases. I read through these, but I don’t have a frame of reference since I am not familiar with prior releases. However, the authors do mention the importance of WS2008R2 now having a “recycle bin” that allows for restoring or recovering “deleted” groups, permissions, and other objects. Password policy granularity is also a new feature to this release. Several points are listed, which were discussed in class, including: “Fine-grained password policies always win over domain password policy”, and “Fine-grained password policies applied to a user always win over settings applied to a group.”\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhile exhaustive, this chapter provided me with useful information that I will hopefully remember in the labs and in my professional life. Even though I will most definitely not become a network administrator, I will most likely come into contact with applications and systems that interact with or are integrated into ADDS. Having a better understanding of this ubiquitous technology will make me a better Isys professional.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Kerberos : From Wikipedia: a computer network authentication protocol, which allows nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. Its designers aimed primarily at a client–server model, and it provides mutual authentication — both the user and the server verify each other's identity. Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor this reading, I chose Chapter 18 from Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hours. Although the coverage is very rudimentary, it was a good abstraction of the basics of email communication.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe first section gives an history of email and an overview of the email process. The next section discusses the format of emails and the advent of allowing binary attachments, ultimately via the MIME protocol (RFC 1521, RFC 1522). Decoding of the MIME happens at the email client level. To further my knowledge, I searched to find out if webmail attachments are decoded via the browser or the webmail system, but I wasn't able to find out. However, I did find out that many programming languages, including Java, have built-in classes and interfaces for decoding or encoding attachments into/from the MIME format.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe next section discusses SMTP and the steps that happen within that process. I liked that the authors included a numbered, detailed list of steps for what happens when a message is sent. The chapter then covers the retrieval methods of POP3 and IMAP4. Email readers, Webmail, and Spam are also briefly discussed.\n\nImpact\n\nThe article was a good review of email concepts, but reading it also prompted me to research some other things. It's easy to see why there are so many disciplines in our field: being a mail server administrator or practitioner requires its own base of knowledge. The more we know, the more we realize what we don't know.\n\nVocabulary black/gray/whitelist : A list of servers that are (whitelist) or aren't (blacklist) allowed to forward email messages to the domain. Graylisting is a system for detecting spam servers by rejecting the initial delivery and waiting to see if the server resends the message.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor this reading, I searched Safari Books online for “Web Services” and found the book, Java Web Services: Up and Running. The first chapter gives a thorough (as far as I can tell) overview of what web services are.\n\nThe first section defines web service as “a kind of webified application,” typically delivered via HTTP. The next paragraph goes further into detail by defining two basic categories of web service: SOAP-based and REST-style, noting that SOAP is a specific case of REST. SOAP has W3C standards, toolkits, and libraries, while REST does not comply to a specific base of standards. REST also has few toolkits and libraries. A key feature of web services is language transparency, they key to interoperability of web services. Most clients of these services are GUI-less applications. This chapter emphasizes the following three features which distinguish web services from other distributed software systems: Open Infrastructure, Language Transparency, Modular Design.\n\nThe next section is headed, “What Good Are Web Services?” and discusses the need for new systems to work with “mission-critical” legacy systems. Few systems run in complete isolation. Ultimately, web services deliver XML documents (and can even produce binary results if needed), which can be manipulated and used however the client sees fit.\n\nThe next sections give examples of web services. After a web service has been created, an application needs to be developed in order to publish the web service, and then needs to be tested. The request/response pattern is used in these examples, as this is the typical patter for web services.\n\nImpact\n\nI didn't understand some of the more technical language of the examples that were given. However, I do understand better what web services are and how they work (at a high level).\n\nVocabulary SOAP : Simple Object Access Protocol. An XML dialect in which documents are messages. (The book points out that, by serendipity, SOAP may now stand for \"Service Oriented Architecture Protocol\".\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor this week’s reading, I chose to read Chapter 1 of “SQL Server 2008 Administration for Beginners”.\n\nThe first part gives a history of SQL Server. It began with a joint project between Microsoft and Sybase, but Microsoft saw the writing on the wall for growth in the database market and charted a new course. Eventually, the Microsoft ditched the code it generated with Sybase and created its own code. SQL Server 2005 was important, in that it offered many business intelligence (BI) tools that Microsoft knew businesses would find invaluable. Consequently (or simultaneously), Oracle offers BI tools with its range of database products. Present rumors indicate that Active Directory and Exchange will eventually rely on SQL Server 2008’s Database Engine.\n\nThe authors’ next emphasis in this chapter is on the database engine of Microsoft SQL Server, stating that it is the heart of the product. This section also lists some of the new features of SQL Server 2008, including: “Hot Add CPU”, “Option to Optimize for Ad Hoc Workloads”, “Resource Governor”, “Policy-Based Management”, and “PowerShell Provider.”\n\nAnother section briefly highlights Microsoft’s SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS), an enterprise level ETL tool.\n\nThe next section entitled, “Analysis Services”, provides an overview of the feature, which “provides a very robust environment for the detailed analysis of data.” These services, with the aid of OLAP, are optimized for “read” functions and queries. The authors discuss this feature as providing multi-dimensional information from an aggregate of sources, which makes me think of the “cubes” that we learned about in Isys 201. The authors conclude this section with the “strawberry Pop-tart and hurricanes” example that Wal-mart is known for; Analysis Services provided Wal-mart with the insight that strawberry pop-tarts sell much faster before a hurricane event.\n\nThe authors also included a handy table to compare the different versions of SQL Server, much like the one shown in class. Subsequent paragraphs highlight the essential features and limitations of each version. One thing that I continue to be impressed by is SQL Server’s Express edition – that it is a fully functional FREE version which can be installed on any machine. Oracle and DB2 do not offer such “growth oriented” planning—ideal for emerging companies.\n\nThe remainder of the chapter discusses more of the technical aspects of the product.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI admit that based on things I’ve heard in the past, I arrogantly and ignorantly underestimated the power of Microsoft SQL Server, equating it to being Microsoft Access for multiple users. After reading this section, researching online, and working with the product in the labs, I have resolved to learn the Express version of this product over the summer and become proficient in working with it as I’m sure it will make me more marketable as a professional. I still don’t know if SQL Server is competitive with Oracle or DB2, but I’m becoming more and more convinced that it is (or will soon be) with every additional exposure that I have with it.\n\nVocabulary primary data file : A primary data file is the first file created when a databse is created, and belongs to the primary filegroup. More data files and groups can be added, as well as be organized into logical structures. This improves performance if done correctly.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1320,"Article Summary\n\nThe article I read is called Networking Basics: Part 1- Networking Hardware.\n\nThe source is http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/Networking-Basics-Part1.html. The Author of this article is Brien M. Posey.\n\n\n\nThis is an informative article covering the topics of Network Adapters and Hubs and Switches.\n\nThe network adapter, commonly known as the Network Interface Card (NIC), is located inside\n\neach computer.  It is what connects the computer to the internet.  Each NIC has a unique identification number, known as the Media Access Control (MAC) address. \n\n\n\nEach NIC connects to the network and sends information via Ethernet cables.  Hubs and switches handle directing packets of information between computers on a network as well as between one network to another.  Switches are better than hubs because they allow a pc to establish a dedicated, logical path to another pc on the network with which it is communicating. This eliminates the problem of colission--packets crashing into each other and being destroyed--which is common with usage of a hub.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me better understand what a Network Interface Card is as well as the difference in a hub and a router.  I didn't understand before that the network card is what contains the unique MAC address for each pc.  I also didn't understand the difference between a hub and a router.  I was left with one question though from the reading.  The article stated that when multiple computers are on the network, connected with a hub, then every computer on the network receives every message sent by each of the other computers. Then, it checks to see if itself is the destination address, if not, then the receiving computer doesn't pay attention to the message.  So my question is, does the same thing happen when using a router? Does every computer connected by the router receive every message sent out by all the other computers?\n\n\n\nVocabulary Broadband : A type of network in which data is sent and received along the same wire.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read is titled \"TCP/IP Basics,\" from the website Tech-Pro.net.  The article does not have an author listed. \n\n\n\nThis is an informative article covering the following topics: TCP, Ethernet, Internet Protocol, Internet Addressing, IP Routing, and Traceroute.   The Ethernet protocol is designed for carrying blocks of data called frames, which have a header, trailer, and maximum transmission unit (MTU). Direct Ethernet becomes impractical when connecting multiple networks because ethernet broadcasts every message to every computer on the network. \n\n\n\nWith internet addressing, every network is uniquely identified  by an IP address. Three types of IP address exist: those for a small number of very large networks, those for a medium number of medium-sized networks, and those for a large number of small networks.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article reinforced several of the concepts we covered in class which were not exactly clear to me. The first point is that the term ethernet does not dynamically refer to twisted cable for connecting computers.  \n\n\n\nAfter our class discussion this past week, I was confused as to why TCP would become so popular and become the standard if it broke tradition with its formation of a 4-layer protocol stack.  The article I read helped me understand that one reason TCP is so valuable is that it provides reliability.  Before two devices send data, they must first establish a connection. An application that uses TCP knows that data it sends is received at the other end, and that it is received correctly. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Time-to-live(TTL) : The TTL field is a control field related to a packet. It is initialized by the sender to a particular value and decremented as it passes through every router. If it reaches zero the packet is discarded.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read is titled networking basics: part3-DNS Servers. The site is http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/Networking-Basics-Part3.html\n\n\n\nThe article explains that computers juse IP addresses much like humans use postal addresses.  The URL is equivalent to writing the name of someone on a letter--not enough information to get the letter to its final destination. An IP address is required to transmit data packets to the correct destination. \n\n\n\nMy computer stores an IP address for a Domain Name Service (DNS) server.  When I enter the URL of a website, my computer passes that URL to the DNS which looks up the URL on a table and returns the corresponding IP address for that site to my computer.  To improve efficiency, the IP addresses of commonly-visited sites are cached in my computer's memory.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWhen we discussed DNS servers in class, I grasped the basic concept ok. This article reinforced that understanding.  Also, it helped me understand more in depth how the DNS servers function.  \n\n\n\nNo DNS server can maintain a table which indexes all the IP address in the world wide web.  Therefore, DNS servers are distributed. The Internet Corportation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is responsible for all of the registered domain names on the Internet.  \n\n\n\nWhen my computer goes to its DNS server with an unkown URL, my DNS server sends the request to the ICANN DNS server, which routes the request to a more appropriate DNS server.  After several queries, the needed IP address will be located.\n\n\n\nVocabulary IP Caching : Storing IP address returned from the DNS server on the local machine's cache to speed up future access to those sites. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"How Network Address Translation Works,\" written by Jeff Tyson on howstuffworks.com.  The urls are http://www.howstuffworks.com/nat.htm AND http://computer.howstuffworks.com/nat1.htm.\n\n\n\nWith the explosion of the internet, we are running out of IP addresses (at least under the standard of IPv4).  Network Address Translation (NAT) helps with this issue because it allows a device like a router to be the go-between for a public network and a local area network. The result is that a single IP address can represent a whole collection of computers on a single LAN.\n\n\n\nSeveral forms of NAT include Static, Dynamic, overloading, and overlapping.\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me understand what Dr. Lindstrom means when he says that my home router is not routing at all, rather it is performing network address translation.  The article helped me understand one important point related to IP address on a netowrk--any computer that uses an unregistered IP address must use NAT to communicate with the rest of the world.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Port Address Translation : a form of dynamic NAT that maps multiple unregistered IP addresses to a single registered IP address by using different ports.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article  \"IP Addressing and Subnetting for New Users,\" from the cisco website.  The complete URL is\n\n  http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a00800a67f5.shtml.\n\n\n\nThe article begins by explaining how IP addresses relate to binary, and how to convert between the two.  An IP address is divided up into 4 octets with a total of 32 bits--8 bits for each octet.  An octet can have a value of 0-255 in decimal  00000000 to 11111111 in binary.\n\n\n\nThe article also explains that subnets are a way to take your Class network and divide it up into multiple logical networks.  To create a subnet you add a 1 or 1's onto the netowrk mask.The more host bits you use for a subnet mask, the more subnets you have available. The more subnets available, the less host addresses available per subnet. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me better understand the principles discussed in class this week about IP addresses.  The biggest take away from this reading was how to identify the Class of network by the first three binary digits.  If the very first digit is 0, then it has to be a class A network. If it is a 10 in the first two digits, then it is a class B network. If it goes 110, then it is a class C.  Professor Lindstrom had a slide about this concept, but I didn't understand it before reading this article.\n\n\n\nVocabulary prefix/length notation : the use of /\"some number\" following an IP address to indicate the network mask. The number represents how many 1's are in the netowrk mask starting from left to right.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nLast week I was so wrapped up in the programming sprint that I forgot to do my reading for this class and got 0/10.  I decided to read last weeks article and use it for this reading assignment in order to be caught up with the class.  I read Moving to IPv6 located at the following URL:\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703.\n\n\n\nThe article explains that no more batches of IPv4 addresses are available to be handed out and a move to IPv6 is inevitable. It seems many businesses and organizations are faced with a very difficult decision--invest resources into getting more IPv4address or better using their current address, or invest resources into making the jump to IPv6.  Both options have pluses and minuses. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article cleared up in my mind that even though we have \"run out \" of IPv4 addresses, they really are not all exhausted.  All that means is that all of them have been assigned at the regional level at least, and can still be assigned to various ISPs.  The article also mentioned that only 14percent!!! of addresses are currently being used.  However, its not all that easy to regulate usage and get more efficiency out of the current system. \n\n\n\nThis situation reminds me a lot of Y2K crisis. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)  : This is one division of the group ICAAN which is a non-profit group set up in the 90's by the government to assume control over the internet's inner workings. IANA holds the central supply of IPv4 address and assigns them to five other non-profit regional groups.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read is titled \"What you need to know about Network Access Control.\" The URL is \n\nhttp://www.itsecurity.com/features/what-you-need-to-know-about-nac-072607/\n\n\n\nThe article discusses the challenges of implementing Network Access Control, and it lists several reasons the project may be a success or a failure.  One issue will be that employees and IT personnel will have to go through new hoops to get onto the network.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nNAC is most often not used as a stand-alone solution to limiting network access to legitimate users--it is more an element of the whole security system.  The article recommends that if an Intrusion detection or prevention system is already in place, a NAC that will integrate with it is the best option.\n\n\n\nOne feature of NAC that I thought was pretty cool is that it can catch suspect host devices, quarantine them, and remediate the device before it is allowed to access the network.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Post-Admission NAC : Procedures to ensure that users and devices stay compliant once they are on the network(i.e., once they have past \"pre-admission NAC).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"Virtual Private Networking with Windows Server 2003: Overview\" at the following URL:\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb727041.aspx\n\nThe site gave me a word doc to download and read, which I did.\n\nI also watched a 5minute video on establish a VPN on You Tube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1s5JxMG06L4\n\n\n\n\n\nVPNs allow users to connect to remote servers over a public internetwork, while maintaining secure communications. In all of these cases, the secure connection appears to the user as a private network communication—despite the fact that this communication occurs over a public internetwork. VPN technology is designed to address issues surrounding the current business trend toward increased telecommuting and widely distributed global operations, where workers must be able to connect to central resources and communicate with one another.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article and demo was so compelling that I decided to give it a shot! I logged in remotely to my server which my group set up for the INTEX implementation. I configured my server to allow connections.  I also set up port port forwarding on the router to listen for port 1723 and then forward it to my server.  After configuring my personal computer here in my apartment I was able to establish the VPN connection to my INTEX server.  Just to make sure it was working, I created a new shared folder on the server. And BAM! i was able to access it on my lap top. \n\n\n\nThis stuff is SO AWESOME.  Im new to datacom this semester and it is completely rocking my world. I love it! I'm so proud of myself for learning on my own how to set up a VPN and actually implementing it.  I feel like a million bucks! :)\n\n\n\nVocabulary Tunneling : Tunneling is a method of using an internetwork infrastructure to transfer data for one network over another network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"Install and Configure the Email Server in Windows Server 2003 at the following URL:\n\n\n\nhttp://www.it-notebook.org/uncategorized/article/email_server_win_2003.htm\n\n\n\nThis article is a tutorial explaining how to add the role to the server so it becomes a mail server.  It explains different options during setup, such as which authentication method to use (i.e., local windows accounts,active directory integrated, or encrypted password file.)\n\n\n\nThe tutorial also explains how to set up email on the client side in outlook to use the new mail server.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI have only had hot mail and g mail accounts, so I have never had to set up an email account to interact with a server, such as Outlook Express.  This article taught me how that is done, and how that configuration is dependent on the way the mail server is setup and configured.\n\n\n\nThe only server I have ever set up is the virtual server we did in the datacom INTEX implementation last week.  I really enjoyed that. After reading this article, I remoted into my server at school to play around and see if I could follow the tutorial, but I couldn't find where to add the role of a mail server. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Secure Password Authentication (SPA) : sends the user name and password from the client to the server encrypted, instead of clear text. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read is titled \"11 Ways to Improve Performance in Windows 7.\"  The article is located at the following URL :\n\nhttp://mintywhite.com/windows-7/7maintenance/11-ways-improve-performance-windows-7/\n\n\n\nI read the article because my lap top has been running a little slower than normal and I wanted to learn what I could do about it. \n\n\n\nThe article provides the following 11 tips and explanations:\n\n1.Scan your pc for Malware\n\n2.Defragment your hard disk\n\n3.Detect and Repair Disk Errors\n\n4.Disable the search index\n\n5.Cut down on background applications\n\n6.Optimize visual effects\n\n7.Turn off windows Aero\n\n8.Disable blue tooth if not in use and wireless\n\n9.Keep your pc cool\n\n10.Uninstall unnecessary programs\n\n11.Check for bad memory sectors.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI followed step 1 and scanned for Malware using Microsoft security essentials.  I downloaded security essentials this week and got rid of my other anti-virus software.  The check came up clean.  I also used the analyzer tool to discover that 6%of my C: drive was fragmented. This article helped me understand why fragmentation happens and what it is.  \n\n\n\nI also learned that my computer keeps traces of all actions performed on it.  These traces can be deleted to improve performance.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary defragmentation : the reorganizing of files and free spacke back into continuous areas so files can be saved in one place.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read several articles about TomCat servers at the following URL: \n\nhttp://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/tutorials/j-tomcat/section2.html\n\n\n\nTomcat is an open source server from the Apache Software Foundation. It is a Web application server, so you can program using JSP's and servlets. \n\n\n\nThe articles were a tutorial for downloading tomcat and getting it running.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nYou can select the TCP port that the server listens on, as well as an administrator username and password. It is recommended that you leave the TCP port at 8080.\n\n\n\nUnlike Java programs, JSP programs need not be precompiled. Tomcat compiles a JSP the first time it is executed and keeps a copy of the compiled binary for subsequent execution. This allows for rapid development and testing cycles. \n\n\n\nVocabulary WAR file : In computing, a WAR file (or Web application ARchive[1]) is a JAR file used to distribute a collection of JavaServer Pages, servlets, Java classes, XML files, tag libraries and static Web pages (HTML and related files) that together constitute a Web application.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1327,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article Why the WiMAX vs. LTE Battle Isn’t a Battle by Robb Henshaw seeks to describe the place of each 4G technology in the future. Henshaw’s position explains that neither technology will over power or replace the other because they each serve different purposes. In addition, the article suggests that access to each technology will largely determine which will become more popular as public opinion often changes once the public can actually use the technology.\n\nHenshaw points out that WiMAX was designed for use in data intensive backhaul applications such as wireless surveillance and will probably continue to be used in similar applications (it is in fact already implemented as a backhaul technology around the world). Henshaw states that there isn’t really a battle between the two technologies, but that each will fill a different need which will further be determined by consumer access to each technology. Henshaw’s closing argument is that as an industry, we should “do away with sensational language that paints a picture of a one-technology 4G future”. It is apparent that each technology can serve specific purposes and we should adopt them in their respective strengths to build a better, faster, and more reliable technical future. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of Henshaw’s article is fairly large. Many carriers are spouting that their 4G network is the fastest, most stable, or most secure. It is apparent that when evaluating technology one must actually review the technology, not simply the promises provided by the company that is marketing it. One must also consider what the best applications of a specific technology are and apply it properly in order to get the best results. If one considers Henshaw’s advice, it becomes fairly apparent that we should choose the right tool for the job, not necessarily what we’re told is the “best” tool for the job. \n\nVocabulary Wireless Backhaul : Wireless transfer of data from end user to a network node. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImplementing the J1850 Protocol by D. John Oliver (ftp://download.intel.com/design/intarch/papers/j1850_wp.pdf) covers the communications standards and protocols (deemed J1850) which apply to ODBII and CAN equipped vehicles. The article explains how each frame is designed including start of frame, header field, applicable cyclical redundancy checks and end of data tags in each frame. \n\nIt is interesting to note that the J1850 protocol has an on vehicle network length of no more than 35 meters and off-vehicle length can be only 5 meters long. In addition, no more than 32 nodes may be attached to the network at any given time. In addition, standard network transfer speed is 10.4Kb/s and data output occurs over only one wire. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of the topic greatly as I’m a bit of a gear head in addition to being a computer geek. I’ve looked into various devices for “hacking your car at home” such as J1850 to RS232 converters but I’m not satisfied with them. Reading this article was very helpful in that I now have the needed information to build a proper J1850 network interface because this article breaks down how the protocol works. I don’t have all the skills and understanding yet, but through this class and further research I hope to be able to build my own J1850 interface. \n\nVocabulary Arbitration : Process that determines which network nodes can continue to transmit when multiple nodes are transmitting simultaneously. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article IPv6 Migration tactics by Scott Hogg (http://features.techworld.com/networking/3667/ipv6-migration-tactics/) covers two basic options for migrating existing IPv4 networks to IPv6: 1) Tunneling and 2) Dual Stacking.\n\nTunneling is more or less what it implies, using one protocol to carry another inside. The advantage is that older IPv4 networks can still work, but there are some issues with tunneling. Tunneling can be configured dynamically or manually. Manual configurations require setup on both ends. This ensures security but can be difficult especially for perimeter routers/firewalls as connections will need to be setup for every conceivable address Dynamic configurations ease the integration/connectivity processes but presents rather large security risks as connections from unauthenticated routers are allowed.\n\nDual stacking is essentially running IPv4 and IPv6 at once to ensure cross compatibility. Both are enabled on core routers, perimeter routers and firewalls, then server farm routers, and finally desktop access routers. After the network supports both protocols, both protocols can be enabled on servers and then desktops. \n\nBecause very few IPv6 devices are IPv6 only, dual stacking is preferred due to security concerns and ease of setup. In addition, most recently developed operating systems allow dual stacking. Hogg’s recommendation is that dual stacking be used if possible and tunneling be used a means if no other migration technique is available.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI didn’t know very much about how the IPv6 migration could take place until reading this article. It helped a lot to explain how transitions occur and what the best practices are in the migration. In addition, it explains why newer operating systems support both protocols which was also good to know.\n\nVocabulary Tunneling : Tunneling is the encapsulation of an unsupported protocol inside a supported protocol in order to cross an unsupported network. Essentially allowing you to cross \"IPv4 oceans\" to reach \"IPv6 islands\" because IPv6 is wrapped in IPv4.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: \"How Fiber Optics Work\" http://communication.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic-communications/fiber-optic.htm\n\n\n\nFiber optic cables are made of thin strands of glass bundled together in a jacket. The glass is used as medium to transport light and is surrounded by a reflective coating so that the light can reflect and travel properly through the cable. The light traveling across the cable is the medium of communication. Just as old naval vessels used to signal each other with light patterns in the night, fiber optic cable accomplishes much the same thing but by sending digital signals. Optical receivers on either end of the cable pick up the signal and then send it out over whatever medium they are connected to. Over very long fiber cables, there is some signal loss mostly due to impurities in the glass. To counter act this, optical regenerators are spliced along the cable to help boost degraded signals.\n\nSome of the benefits of fiber optics include:\n\n1) Lower cost when compared to copper wire\n\n2) Non-flammable (no electricity is passed through the cable, so they are safer\n\n3) Use of light signals instead of electrical signals means faster and clearer communication\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI really wasn’t sure how fiber optic cables/communications worked until I read this article. I was amazed to learn that it is simply light traveling across the cable which explains why they are so much faster and efficient when compared to regular copper wire communications. I also didn’t know about the process used to make them (drawing optically pure glass across flames and turning it on a lathe). All in all it was a great basic explanation of fiber optics and how they work. \n\nVocabulary Doping : Doping is a special coating surrounding the optical fibers in a fiber optic cable that acts as a signal booster.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n“Net Neutrality” Located at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality\n\nNet neutrality (or internet neutrality or network neutrality) is the concept that no given type information on the internet is treated differently than another. The idea being that if a user pays for a specific level of access, that’s the access they should get. In short, the idea is that no internet service provider, government, or other entity should have the ability to restrict internet access in any way shape or form.\n\nThe arguments for net neutrality include the need to block providers from creating artificial scarcity and using a tiered service model to control their pipelines and charge uncompetitive prices. The means to accomplish these tasks typically come into play in the “last mile” of service, being the network covering the distance from the end user to the providers switches. Net neutrality would require that all end users receive identical levels of service and guarantee no specific quality of services.\n\nCritics of net neutrality argue that in some cases, filtering network traffic is highly desirable. For example, if two end users are on the same network and one (User A) fills the pipeline with BitTorrent traffic, it might ruin the other user’s (User B) chances of having decent voice quality on his VoIP phone. Without net neutrality, service providers can throttle specific kinds of traffic making some faster and some slower. In our example, this means that User B gets great voice quality and User A sees slightly slower download speeds due to network throttling.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of net neutrality is wide spread. I had often heard it tossed around in conversation but I had not fully considered the implications of it until I researched it some. I feel that there is a significant point to having a free and open internet—it may very well be our last means of largely free and open communication. However, I do agree that it is necessary to provide certain levels of service, and that it is reasonable to charge people different rates for specific kinds of service. The biggest question I have is how to successfully regulate the pricing tiers for service levels. I suppose the obvious answer is to let the market regulate it, but as the debate stands now, government will have a large say in it, and personally I don’t like any government information at all. Another point this article brought to mind is the following; if we all have large enough connections for our needs, is there a purpose for network throttling? I believe that technology is getting to be such that very high speed connections are easily accessible and would altogether eliminate any need for the net neutrality argument.\n\nFor example, the connection I have at home is a 20MB cable connection through Comcast. I can use a VoIP phone and download a file at approximately 3 MB/s without any noticeable voice quality loss. I don’t know of many places on the internet where it is even possible to download at a rate greater than 3MB/s so why do I care about throttling the network I’m connected to? It works just fine for my needs. However, in certain situations throttling would be fantastic for providers like Qwest DSL who crowd their gateways with too many users and bring the network to its knees. In short, I think the entire debate could be eliminated with improved network design and infrastructure. Call me a hippy, but I’m largely for net neutrality as I think the internet should be a free and open means of communication, it would be sad to see it go the way of internet and television. \n\nVocabulary Data discrimination/prioritization : Data prioritization is the practice of prioritizing data frames by type so that certain frames travel through the network before others, thereby guaranteeing a specific quality of service for a given data type.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now the hard part (FAQ) http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nThe last Ipv4 addresses were handed out in a ceremony marking the end of the “internet as we know it”, according to the article, the change will affect all devices from the most central routers to smart phones. The article points out that even though IPv6 was standardized over 10 years ago, most equipment has not been compatible with it up until recently. This will require a major overhaul of all networking components that connect to the internet because the address on which they communicate will no longer be useful. NAT is a possibility for migrating but it introduces many more points of failure and configuration issues, especially where peer to peer networking is concerned. \n\nThe article states that we haven’t run completely out of IP addresses. Many firms have millions left of those they have been assigned and some have returned the unused portions, but most have held on to them. However, the good news is that most end users won’t be affected to strongly. Windows supports IPv6 since XP Sp1, and most UNIX based operating systems have versions that support it as well. Businesses that are web centric will notice a large change as “IPv6 is simply not as mature as IPv4 when it comes to product support”.  The article urges everyone to migrate as quickly as possible instead of trying to band-aid the problem as it will only get worse with time.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nHaving already reported on the IPv6 migration this article didn’t provide me with too much new information. It does however make a strong point that everyone should get on the band wagon as soon as possible because it won’t get any easier and it probably won’t get much cheaper. Its explanation of dual stack was pretty useful, it’s my hope that my ISP offers this for a while because my current cable modem doesn’t support IPv6 and I’m too cheap to buy a new one, but I guess the whole internet will just have to wait on me J.\n\nVocabulary Dual stacking : Dual stacking – creating a network that concurrently supports IPv4 and IPv6 connections through either multiple or a single network interface devices. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nURL: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/vpn.htm\n\nBusinesses today need fast, reliable and secure data communications between many different office locations in order to stay competitive.  Traditionally, businesses have leased communications lines (such as ISDN or OC3 connections) between offices at great expense. Intranets became a popular alternative as they were fairly cheap and simple to operate. Fairly recently, Virtual Private Network technology has made it possible for businesses to create secure virtual networks between locations using their regular internet connections. With the use of VPNs, even single employees can connect to their office network from anywhere they have an internet connection.\n\nThere are two basic types of VPNs: 1) Remote Access which allows a single employee to connection and 2) site to site which allows to networks to be statically connected via a VPN tunnel. VPN tunnels are encrypted using various encryption techniques depending on the associated hardware which makes them very secure. They can typically be setup with only an hour or two of work on a modern networking device. Connection types range from IPSec, to AAA, to RADIUS servers. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWhile VPNs are somewhat old news, they play a key role in allowing businesses to increase productivity while decreasing cost. They provide fast, simple, and secure connections between networks allowing scalable data communications for very little cost. Today almost every business has one as they are able to allow people to be productive from virtually anywhere.\n\nVocabulary IPSec : Internet Protocol Security Protocol provides enhanced encryption techniques for VPN security. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity\n\nODBC  stands for open data base connectivity. The objective of ODBC is to provide database connectivity that is not platform dependent, making it possible for any application to communicate with any database management system. The idea is that the application only needs to know ODBC syntax and the ODBC driver can then communicate with the DBMS. ODBC is essentially  a software API that was developed in 1992 by the SQL Access Group. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of ODBC is huge. Prior to the advent of ODBC, an application needed to have an interface for each database it sought to communicate with, adding significant amounts of programming and complication to the mix. ODBC works similarly to a standard software driver, as long as the protocol/syntax is known the application can use it to communicate with any database. \n\nVocabulary ODBC : Open Database Connection-- software driver that provides application layer interface to a database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS\n\nNTFS stands for New Technology file system. It is speculated that it is based largely on HPFS or High Performance File System which was a joint project between Microsoft and IBM as part of the OS/2 project. NTFS and HPFS even share the same partition type code. NTFS features include log files, USN (update sequence number journal) which tracks changes on the file system, Alternate Data Streams, encryption, volume shadow copying, and quotas to name a few.\n\nThe real magic behind NTFS is it’s ability to store metadata for all files stored on the file system. The metadata contains things like file size, type, name etc. but most importantly it contains the ACL or Access Control List. The ACL is used by Windows to allow access to specific users. At the enterprise level, the ACL is utilized by Active Directory to simply and speed user permissions to network and  local resources. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nNTFS has made enterprise network resource sharing with accurate and simple permissions possible. In addition, NTFS’s ability to allow for volume shadow copies has made backups and imaging a simpler task. Microsoft offers various tools to convert to NTFS from other file systems ad many operating systems are able to read and write to NTFS file systems as well because they have become so common place. \n\nVocabulary Alternate Data Stream : Alternate Data Streams are forks on a file system, ADS is a Microsoft term. A fork is all of the metadata associated with a file. ADS/NTFS allows for a file to have multiple forks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access\n\nWPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access) is a Wi-Fi protocol that was developed after significant security weaknesses were shown in WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) type wireless security. WPA uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) in place of the 40bit encryption key used in WEP. TKIP employs a 128 bit per-packet key instead of the single key of WEP. Most devices today support both WEP and WPA modes, including WPA2 and WPA-Enterprise which offer better encryption techniques for enhanced security. WEP remains an option largely for legacy devices.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWPA (especially WPA2 and WPA-Enterprise) offer largely secure wireless networks. They are however still able to be cracked using brute force attack methods to guess the key and gain access if they employ a PSK (Pre-shared Key). It is however seen as sufficient if a random key generator is used to generate the pass key as the odds of a successful brute force attack is very low.\n\nVocabulary Message Integrity Check : Replaces the CRC packet in a Wi-Fi packet which is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing, altering, or resending packets. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1296,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nOracle has greatly expanded their business in the last couple of years.  One of the most notable was when they bought Sun Microsystems for $7 billion.  After this expansion, Oracle is now responsible for more than 13,000 network devices and services.  \n\nIn order to monitor and manage this many services, Oracle decided to use an IT management system created by Monolith Software.  This software is important because Oracle successfully consolidated all of its various networks into one management system.  Monolith not only provides the tracking tools to monitor Oracle’s networks, but also automatically creates tickets when things are not where they should be.  The tool produces 4,000 tickets per month.  \n\nLink:\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/next-gen-network/oracle-consolidates-network-monitoring-management-onto-single-system.php\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article was especially interesting to me because I work with Oracle on a daily basis.  In 2004 Oracle bought Peoplesoft.  As a Peoplesoft programmer, it is very important that I receive prompt support from Oracle.  The software Oracle uses allows me to do my job more effectively as well as cuts costs for Oracle.  \n\nI did not realize it until reading this article, but Oracle has a lot more work to do than one might think.  They have expanded at a very rapid pace and need to be able to integrate and track all of their assets.  I often use Oracle support’s website to look up problems and solutions.  I am now realizing that the Monolith software affects me, almost on a daily basis.  I have greater access to past solutions and spend less time dealing with Oracle.\n\nVocabulary SNMP : Simple Network Management Protocol – an internet standard protocol for managing devices on IP networks. Supported devices include servers, workstations, printers, routers, modem racks and many more. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article has three main points.  The first point is that fixed line telephone services have dropped to 45 million in Russia while mobile service subscriptions have increased to 219.5 million.  Second, the femtocell market continues to grow worldwide and is expected to impact all areas on the mobile telecommunications market.  Finally, outsourcing of basic services is expected to continue to be outsourced and take a more cloud-based way of managing global enterprise.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs technology grows, the world will, in a sense, get smaller and smaller.  The many different ways of communicating are growing more popular worldwide and the quality of these communications is vastly improving.  With things like femtocell and increased availability everywhere in the world, people will be able to communicate in real time and with amazing quality.  As business continues to grow, no market will be isolated as businesses will have a global perspective. \n\nVocabulary Femtocell : Femtocell – a small cellular base station. Much like a wireless access point in the home or office, it gives cell phone devices the ability to connect to the network even indoors and in places where normal coverage does not reach.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nVerizon Wireless is appealing the Net Neutrality order that was approved on December 21, 2010.  Because Verizon Wireless is one of the major cell phone and mobile internet service providers, this Net Neutrality order greatly affects their business.  The article goes on to highlight three main points of the Net Neutrality Order.  They are transparency, no blocking, and no unreasonable discrimination.  The first has to do with publicly disclosing how a given network is managed.  Obviously, this affects Verizon.  No blocking prevents providers from blocking lawful content, applications and services.  Again, Verizon is affected.  Finally, no unreasonable discrimination deals with the transmitting of network traffic. \n\n\n\n\n\nArticle URL:  http://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=32323\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe net neutrality order affects everyone that uses the internet knows someone that uses the internet.  As a student of information system, I am on the internet several times a day.  I want to be able to access the information I need as fast as possible, without any security uncertainties.  I have heard the net neutrality order may lead to slower connection speeds, depending on who else is using the network and what they are doing.  While I do not know if this is true, I would like to be able to have the fastest connection possible.  I’m sure other people would as well.\n\nVocabulary Net Neutrality : a principle proposed for users' access to networks participating in the Internet. The principle advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and the modes of communication.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIt was reported that the network of the company that runs the Nasdaq Stock Market has been hacked several times over the past year.  The report is saying that these hackers have only been “browsing” and no data has been altered or stolen.  Also, the trading platform has not been accessed.  However, this is a cause for concern if the reports are true.  The US government considers this network to be on par with power companies and air traffic control operations in terms of national importance.  \n\nThe source of the hacking has not been determined.  Early leads point to Russia as having evidence of these hackers.  Obviously everything possible is being done to prevent further hacking.\n\n\n\n\n\nLink: http://www.670kboi.com/rssItem.asp?feedid=114&itemid=29629840\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nNot only is Nasdaq an important name in the United States, but it is regarded as one of the most powerful names worldwide.  If someone were to really hack into the network that runs Nasdaq, I believe many people would overact and major problems could result.  Data security is one of the most important things for any business.  No only can a company lose money because of the data that is stolen or changed, but the public reputation can be damaged as well.  For something like the Nasdaq to show weaknesses like this can only lead to more wide spread fear and pessimism from the general public.  This type of attitude would only turn the economy downwards once again, making it even harder on everyone.  \n\nVocabulary Nasdaq : National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations: a computerized data system to provide brokers with price quotations for securities traded over the counter\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article includes ten tips for increasing security when using public wireless connections.  The ten tips are:\n\n1) Pick the securest network\n\n2) Set network Location to \"Public\"\n\n3) Use a VPN\n\n4) Harden your data defenses\n\n5) Avoid Banking\n\n6) Opt to not save passwords\n\n7) Use HTTPS and SSL\n\n8) Remove Sensitive data from your laptop\n\n9) Use a Firewall\n\n10) Keep your OS and Apps patched and updated.\n\nImpact\n\nI like to think I am a smart internet user and do my best to keep my information private.  For the mot part I try not to use unsecured networks but sometimes I have no other choice.  I learned several important things in this article.  The first being that WPA2 is the most secure.  I checked my home network and made sure I was using this in my apartment.  \n\nI also learned that VPN's provide additional security.  I do not know a lot about how to actually use them, however, I will look into using them more.  \n\nI was familiar with most of the other tips but I had never though about saving passwords.  I found it interesting that saved passwords serve as a potential security risk.\n\nVocabulary WPA2 : Wi-Fi Protected Access is a security protocol and certification program developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to secure wireless computer networks. WPA2 uses complex algorithms to encrypt data sent on the wireless network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.com/blog/networking/libya-turns-off-the-internet-and-the-massacres-begin/711?tag=content;search-results-rivers\n\n \n\nSummary\n\nThe country of Libya has decided to disconnect the entire country from the internet.  It started with simple sites like facebook and news sites and eventually led to a total disconnect from the internet.  Business people around the world have been concerned about this because of the amount of e-commerce that occurs on sites using .ly domains.  Fortunately, of the five name servers used, only two of them are actually located in Libya.  Two are located in Oregon and the fifth in the Netherlands.    \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhile the authoritative servers located outside of Libya will continue to provide services for some time, they are reliant on updates that come from within the country.  The maximum TTL is 28 days.  This means within 28 days servers will have to be updated in order to prevent data path errors.  While I do not see this effecting my life personally, there are many people within the United States and other parts of the world that use .ly domains for a majority of their business.  To them, it is very important these servers continue to run so that their websites remain accessible.\n\nVocabulary TTL : time to live. The amount of time a server can go without updates from its source and still provide services.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213859/Tests_find_security_tools_failures\n\nSummary:\n\nThe title of this article is “Tests find security tools failures.” However, I didn’t think it really explained what these failures are.  Two main security threats are discussed.  This first is the possibility of receiving a virus through an email attachment.  The study found that many virus protection programs do not check for malware upon receiving an email.  Instead, it would scan the attachment if the user decided to save the attachment.  This improved the average protection rate to 74%\n\nThe second possibility is malware on file servers.  The study found that files are not adequately scanned upon placing files on file servers, but rather rely on scanning them when a user downloads them.  It mentions that most security programs lack the ability to detect malicious payloads that are written only to memory.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nI doubt this article will impact my behavior very much, but the principle behind the article impacts everyone who ever uses a computer.  No one wants to get a virus so they depend highly on antivirus software and other programs that scan for malware, virus, etc.  I have never really trusted these programs because I knew they were not perfect, however, they do help protect from many malicious files.\n\nLarge corporations and other entities with important data should always be concerned with the security of their systems.  Knowing some forms of attacks are less likely to be caught should affect the way they protect this data.  More can always be done to reduce the risk of being attacked.\n\nVocabulary DDL : file of functions, compiled, linked, and saved separately from the processes that use them. Functions in DLLs can be used by more than one running process. The operating system maps the DLLs into the process's address space when the process is started up or while it is running\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/\n\nSummary\n\nThe article breaks down how a url works into 10 easy to understand steps.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.       <!--[endif]-->You enter a URL into the browser\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.       <!--[endif]-->The browser looks up the IP address for the domain name\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.       <!--[endif]-->The browser sends an HTTP request to the web server\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.       <!--[endif]-->The website server responds with a permanent redirect\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.       <!--[endif]-->The browser follows the redirect\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.       <!--[endif]-->The server ‘handles’ the request\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.       <!--[endif]-->The server sends back a HTML response\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.       <!--[endif]-->The browser begins rendering the HTML\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.       <!--[endif]-->The browser sends requests for objects embedded in HTML\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.   <!--[endif]-->The browser sends further asynchronous requests \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is very pertinent to what we are discussing in class right now.  It is good to have a listed reference like this to help understand everything better.  The most interesting part to me was the permanent redirect.  Search engine rankings seem to be a pretty big deal and I’ve never really thought about it.  The fact that a website with or without the “www” will end up going to the same place is pretty cool.  \n\nWith firefox 4 being released, this article also helped me understand why a browser is so important.  The majority of the work seems to be done by the browser, so I may as well find one that I like and that works effectively.\n\nVocabulary Round-robin DNS : is a solution where the DNS lookup returns multiple IP addresses, rather than just one.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1363,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle: Tips for Public Wi-Fi Hotspot Security by Samara Lynn\n\nFrom: PC Magazine\n\nSurfing the net could be very risky when using hotspot or Wi-Fi connectivity. Using a public network is usually very unsecure. For hackers, hotspots are just the perfect place to get private information from other users. Sometimes, we as the users don’t really care about how we use a public network, but in fact, we should be aware of the risks associated with this, and be able to prevent them.\n\nSome of the tips that can be followed to avoid risks are very simple. For example, it is important to use a firewall to prevent anybody from entering in your computer. Use “HTTPS” or “SSL” in your browser directory. Avoid online banking in public networks. It is also important to not save passwords when using a hot-spot. Remove confidential or sensitive information from your laptop computer. These are some of the simple steps that one can follow to avoid any type of risk while using a Wi-Fi connection. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important because, in the real world we’ll be working with very sensitive information and so we need to keep this information secure. Using hotspots could be dangerous if we don't follow some few security tips. Information can be stolen and hackers can have a feast.\n\nVocabulary SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) : It’s a secure technology that allows encryption between browsers and web servers\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMigrating to IPv6\n\nAuthor: Samantha Bookman\n\nAs the demand in the use of IP-based communication increases, many providers are worried about the problems that may arise once IPv4 addresses are issued. These IP addresses are drying up, and the only real solution to this problem is to move on to the IPv6 protocol. For many, moving to IPv6 is just option, but in reality this is becoming more a necessity.\n\nMajor providers are using both protocols at the same time, but others are staying behind the curve. By the end of this year 2011, many consumers won’t be able to receive an IPv4 address. Since these users will have only IPv6 protocols, companies who haven’t switch will fall into a competitive disadvantage. They should have at least their public content in IPv6. Enterprises need to start thinking about this issue seriously.\n\n\n\n\n\nURL: http://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/crossing-great-divide-migrating-ipv6 \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is very important because the lack of IPv4 addresses will cause some problems in the current network. It might not seem as a big thing, but eventually will affect companies that have not made the switch to IPv6 protocol. \n\nVocabulary IPv4 : This is the current standard Internet Protocol use for network communication. The \"v4\" means version four, which has been out for more than 20 years\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Clock Is Ticking: Give IPv6 a Test Drive\n\nBy Keir Thomas, PCWorld\n\nMany big websites are making preparations to start testing entrances of IPv6. Companies like Google, Yahoo, and Facebook are among the Websites preparing for this event on June 8. The time to really start using this protocol has come. \n\nAccording to the Internet Society, this event will help them see the readiness in the internet for IPv6. At the same time, it will encourage companies to upgrade their software and hardware to IPv6, or at least to make preparations to make the necessary plans.\n\nDoing this test, will also help find bugs and any problems in IPv6 traffic. It will also help understand some major needs in the new implementation. Many websites are using dual-stack technology which allows to use IPv4 and IPv6 protocols at the same time.\n\nURL: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/216601/the_clock_is_ticking_give_ipv6_a_test_drive.html\n\nImpact\n\nSince many major websites are having the testing for IPv6, the final implementation will be a lot better. The intention is that many companies start to make the changes necessary to update their systems.\n\nVocabulary Dual-stack technology : It's a technology that implements the migration to IPv6, making it possible to use both IPv6 and IPv4 protocols simultaneously\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSolving the Web Address Dilemma \n\nby Hayden Walles\n\n\n\n\n\nInternet use is growing at a remarkable speed worldwide. A lot of things have been said about this tremendous growth, especially with the use of IP addresses. Since the demand for IP addresses is big, we could be running out of them this year. \n\nSeveral solutions have been presented to solve the issue.  In the past, one of the fixes available for the problem has been the use of the Network Address Translation (NAT). The NAT allows private networks that are small to share the same internet address. This is a great idea and very clever, but it will not stop the fact that we are running out of IP address. \n\nThe NAT will help to keep the extra use of addresses in small networks, but at the end of the day what really is going to solve this great dilemma will be the switch to IPv6, which allows for 340 undecillion addresses. That will keep it safe for a while.\n\nURL: http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/digital-living/4552175/Solving-the-web-address-dilemma\n\nImpact\n\nNAT is a great way to help small networks with a more organize way to use addresses. As information system students, we will setting up networks like this in business or small companies\n\nVocabulary NAT : Network Address Translation allows to set up the same internet address in small networks\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNext-Generation of Firewalls\n\nby Patrick Sweeney\n\nFirewalls have been one of the greatest ways to protect networks in business environments. Private Networks in small business have controlled really well their security and the data that it’s transmitted within the network. With the introduction of cloud-based applications, organizations found another service to rely on in order to do business.\n\nSince cloud-based applications provide services to everybody, it is necessary to improve the next generation of firewalls. We now have to worry about the information is transmitted over the cloud. Firewalls need to be faster and be able to secure higher volumes of inbound and outbound traffic; here we are talking of speeds of 10GB and even more. Next-generation of firewalls will require real-time processing and analysis of what comes in and what goes out.\n\nURL: http://www.technewsworld.com/story/71769.html?wlc=1296957052\n\nImpact\n\nFirewalls are a great part of learning how to use networks. If we understand firewalls better, than we can be able to solve more network problems in real-time.\n\nVocabulary Cloud - base applications : Computing that is independent, where shared servers provide software, data communication to other computers or devices in the network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6 becomes a reality every single day.  IPv4 addresses are about to come to an end, then IPv6 is the only solution for this dry up. Since the transition might take a lot of time, this movement to IPv6 could be painful. Many large companies are already changing their infrastructure to handle the next generation of IPv6. Many companies will have to spend a lot of money in making the necessaries changes, especially in hardware. \n\n \n\nCommunication will definitely improve by decreasing the delay rate. IPv6 is not compatible with IPv4 then communication between them will not be functional. Many machines are already programmed to handle both IPv4 and IPv6, to support good communication. The truth is moving to IPv6 is a reality, and companies have to start making the changes they need to support this new protocol.\n\n\n\n\n\nURL: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWe need to start understanding how to work with IPv6 because we will be handling problems related to these protocols. In order to have networks to work properly, we will have to understand the whole functionality fix any kind of problems.\n\nVocabulary IANA : The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the one in charge of issuing IP address, and other Internet protocol resources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMetroPCS a mobile provider restricting the mobile web\n\n \n\nMetroPCS has a lot of influence in cell phone service companies, especially in the charges they give. MetroPCS is a company offering a slower (LTE) 4G network service compared to the big competitors such as T-mobile. On the other hand, with MetroPCS customers don’t need contracts.\n\n \n\nMost of their plans provide unlimited talk, text, “Web browsing” and YouTube at a very low price of $40 per month. In order to add other features such as mobile instant messaging or access to audio downloads the customer needs to request for a higher plan, paying a total of $10 or $20 extra. Some of the drawbacks are that users can’t access some services like Skype, Netflix and other popular consumer Internet services. \n\n \n\nURL:\n\nhttp://gigaom.com/2011/01/04/metropcs-lte-plans-charge-more-for-skype-and-streaming/\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe big cell phone providers such as Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile are changing their plans to keep it up with the competition. If consumers are able to choose the content they want in their plans, they will have more freedom to move around their plans and have better rates for their current plans.\n\nVocabulary LTE  : 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest standard in the mobile network technology tree that produced the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network; LTE is often marketed as 4G technologies.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nResidential Routers are Vulnerable \n\nHome “routers” are not so secure after all. There has been a claim by an engineer from a security firm, Seismic. He has developed a plan to show how a million residential wireless routers can be hacked. This presentation on how to hack a million routers is supposed to help us see the vulnerabilities in this type of routers. Seismic has already tested about 30 routers and about half of them were able to be hacked.\n\nThe technique use in this attack is called DNS rebinding. This is actually an old technique utilizes through the web browser. Every browser comes with a protection that restricts the scripts and HTML that is accessible. Through the DNS binding, the attacker takes advantage of the browser by making requests of it. Using Java code the browser thinks that the web page comes from the same origin as the computer, so the hacker can now take control of the router play around with the user’s network.\n\nBest thing to do, change passwords in your routers or get a better router to limit the access of hackers.\n\nURL:http://www.pcworld.com/article/201655/security_claim_most_home_routers_vulnerable_to_hack.html\n\nImpact\n\nAfter working in the Intex implementation of the network, I've found \"routers\" very interesting. As students in the field of information Systems, we all need to be aware of the danger in our technologies and learn how to fix them. \n\n\n\n\n\nNetworking is a very extensive area of study, but if we do an effort to learn the basics of it and understand it at least in a very superficial way, we will have an advantage when it comes to fix our own networking or router problems \n\nVocabulary DNS rebinding : The protection that every web browsers has to limit what HTML and script can do\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n “Eyeing energy trends, GE goes shopping”\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article describes the great dependency on energy of new technologies such as, wireless and cloud computing. GE, believes that the more these markets grow, the greater will be the demand for energy. According to the article GE has already bought a company that makes technologies to regulate the control aspects of gas and fuel distribution, and another company that makes high-proficiency power conversion products and services used in telecommunications and data centers. The article also, explains that GE’s CEO of energy services said that it is expected that by 2013, there will be 1.1 billion smart phones sold globally. He added that each of these new mobile devices plugs into a network that will require more cell towers, routers, servers and circuit board electronics. These new and future acquisitions will allow GE to move from the electronic grid to data centers and the categories mentioned above.\n\nFinally he added that “the growth of in high-bandwidth mobile internet applications and cloud computing is accelerating that demand.”\n\n\n\n\n\nURL: http://www.greenbang.com/eyeing-energy-trends-ge-goes-shopping_15994.html \n\nImpact\n\nThe more technology evolves, the more we as consumers become addicted at acquiring new gadgets. All these new smart phones, tablets (such as the IPad), portable computers and many other technologies consume energy; not only do these technologies consume energy, but also they plug into networks that have to be powered. This need to power the networks that provide the means to share communication is becoming an ever increasing factor in our daily lives. I believe the impact of this article is that not many people think about the energy we consume when we use our electronic devices. \n\nVocabulary Bandwidth  : When talking about computer networks, bandwidth is described as the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a certain period of time. This is measured in seconds. In electronic communications, Bandwidth is the width of the range of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium. It is measured in hertz.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1341,"Article Summary\n\nThis article explains the trouble of storing digital data longterm and that a pair of acedemics suggest that we use microfiche to store data long term.  The microfiche will use a 2D barcoding system in order to index the data.  The author of this article then explains the different mediums that are used for long term storage, such as hard drives, CDs, DVDs, and tape drives.  The author also proposes that this may not be the best idea, since the barcodes may be very outdated by the time the microfiche are accessed again.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-protection/scientists-suggest-microfiche-for-long-term-archive.php\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think that this is an issue especially for our church which relys heavily on storing data for genealogy.  Currently the best alternative is to constantly replace old drives with new drives and keeping different raid configurations so no data is lost in the process of replacing drives.  This works fine, but I think this article is suggesting that there is data out there that just needs to be archived for historical purposes.  Unless google or some other company wants to store the history of the world, we'll just have to rely on Wikipedia and other internet sites for generally good, but not quite perfectly relyable information.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary DLT Tapes : Digital Linear Tape (DLT) (previously called CompacTape) is a magnetic tape data storage technology developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from 1984 onwards\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article explains ways to make your laptop more secure when connecting to a public wifi hotspot.  Some of the reasons include the following:\n\n\n\n- Use the most secure network.  They recommend to avoid networks that are labeled as \"unsecured\" because the data traveling on the network is not encrypted, meaning anyone can read it as long as they have the right tools.\n\n\n\n- Set your network location you connect to as public.  When setting a network to public it disables file and printer sharing.\n\n\n\n- Avoid banking via public wifi.  This is more a behavioral issue, but it can keep intruders from knowing vital bank information.\n\n\n\n- Don't store passwords on websites.  This information can be shown much easier if it is stored on the site making it easier for intruders to access.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2368802,00.asp \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think this article is important for everyone to know.  It's very easy to retrieve packets from a public access point and I feel it's important for everyone to know what you should do to protect yourself.  If at all possible, people can avoid using public wifi hotspots since most phones today have internet already on them.  Also many of the smart phones today can double as a private wifi hotspot for laptops.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary SSL : Secure Socket Layer: The leading security protocol on the Internet. SSL is widely used to do two things: to validate the identity of a Web site and to create an encrypted connection for sending credit card and other personal data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article first explains how NAS is becoming more important not only in the workplace, but in a home network.  It essentially is a lightweight file server that often times acts as a switch in order to share data with multiple machines.  The author mentions how most of them are very relyable on the market today, but the price generally determines the amount of features that are available on the NAS.  For example some can not only serve as a file server, but also as a web server for your files.  There are also other NAS machines that can have RAID configurations set up in case a hard drive fails.  \n\nThe article then explains many different popular models of NAS machines.  Some are designed strictly for Microsoft operating systems, and some work for both Microsoft and Apple operating systems.  Many can also support Linux operating systems, but like all Linux items, often require more technical know-how to set up the system.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2354173,00.asp\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI enjoyed this article, because I think as we get into more of an age of mobility, it becomes more and more cumbersome to store all of your data on the mobile or portable device.  When large amounts of data can be stored on these machines, it makes for a very convienient way to store it on a local network, or set up a web port to access the information wherever needed.  \n\nI have been very interested in purchasing a NAS device, and it's good to understand the features that I would require for my own system.  I find that more and more businesses want to be able to have remote access to data to keep business connected in all places and at all times.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary NAS : Network-Attached Storage is file-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to heterogeneous clients.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article talks about the dwindling number of available IPv4 addresses that are available and what is being done to prevent the world from exploding if they do eventually run out.  First, this article mentions that there are 3,706,650,000 address available through IPv4, and it does not state how many of these are actually used.  I'm assuming most of this number since the number is closely running to 0.  It then mentions that most consumers won't be effected by this, but businesses that have dedicated IP address for their businesses should be aware of the situation.  \n\n\n\nThe article then says that the way to solve this problem is to switch to IPv6 and that Google has been doing a large amount of work to get this movement going.  This is important because IPv6 can support 360 Trillion addresses and will take a long time to run out.  This isn't going to be a terribly hard switch since most Microsoft machines are already supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 along with most industry standard operating systems.  Really when the switch is made, not many will be effected by it, but there may be a few small ISP's that won't be able to make the translations.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376887,00.asp\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis was a good article that helps me to understand that technology is moving forward even if the current standard is about to be changed.  Most machines are ready for this and it's really only a matter of time before the big wigs (Google) really switch everything over to the new protocol.  I think most people won't even know the switch happened since most industry standard operating systems can already support IPv6.  It's important for us to know in case we run into any enterprises that may need help making the switch.\n\n\n\nVocabulary ISP : Internet Service Provider which is a company that offers its customers access to the internet, such as Comcast or Qwest.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article explains what cloud computing means for most consumers.  Most people who have documents to store often may run into problems with failed hard drives or CDs that degrade over time.  Cloud computing offers places to store documents, such as dropbox, or a place to create documents, such as google docs.  These come in handy because (as the article states) the documents stored here will never be lost or erased.  Many IT professionals however have issues with security and how these organizations are handling these documents.  \n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/218764/what_cloud_computing_means_for_the_real_world.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think this is a great concept, but has limitations.  It's nice to be able to store everything in one place and even roll back documents that were saved over, due to excessive backup procedures that are put in place for cloud computing.  However,  most of these companies who offer free cloud computing do not offer any sort of support if your documents are deleted for one reason or another.  Things happen that can't be prevented 100% and we as consumers and professionals, can either leave that in the hands of companies that do not offer any sort of support, or invest in hardware and keep documents ourselves.  I think this is one of the main points that this article failed to mention.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Cloud Computing : Location-independent computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand, as with the electricity grid.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article explains what will be required for the switch from IPv4 to IPv6 and that the switch is essentially inevitable.  For the most part the switch will be fine, but the problem is this change will effect EVERYTHING that touches the internet.  The change is unavoidable because the 4.3 billion addresses that IPv4 offers are almost completely used up.  A fellow who received one of the first 32 bit addresses back when IPv4 was still in testing, mentioned that there was no way to know how popular it would become and that's why they never did things differently.  \n\n\n\n\n\nA very interesting point was that John Heideman, who studies networks at the University of Southern California, mentioned that only about 14% of the addresses are actually in use today.  One of the biggest draw backs of making the switch will be the support available to troubleshoot issues when problems occur.  This is mostly due to the fact that people just aren't as familiar with IPv6.  So the main point of this article is to encourage people that are in charge of their networks to become familiar with IPv6.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nImpact\n\nI enjoyed this article especially since the author is really trying to encourage network administrators to become more familiar with IPv6.  I think this is important, because like he said, for the most part things will run smoothly, but I think network administrators will start to see issues that they are not familiar with.  These issues will most likely be due to these changes and if they are accustomed to using IPv6, then they will be able to better support their network.  \n\n\n\n\n\nMost consumers will not have these problems, mostly due to the fact that consumers use newer technology that already supports IPv6.  But some people who have older operating systems (i.e. Windows 95) will not be able to use this OS and browse on the internet since it will not support the new IP protocol.  Also, people that use open source operating systems will have to figure out how to troubleshoot one more thing on their OS.  If we as students this will be important for us to familiarize ourselves with IPv6, but as consumers, it's really not going to matter a whole lot.\n\nVocabulary tunneling : Contrasts with a layered protocol model such as those of OSI or TCP/IP\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn this article, it summarizes the national broadband map in six interesting facts gathered from the data of this study.  What this map is essentially, is it shows all of the broadband internet available throughout the US and plots it on a map, much like google maps.  It also provides data showing available ISP's in the areas, connection speeds, etc.  The map and data used to create it were funded by the economic stimulus package in 2009 by the US government.  The map can be found at this site: http://www.broadbandmap.gov \n\n\n\nSome of the interesting facts include the following:\n\n\n\nThere are 8 counties that offer 100 Mbps download speeds and 5 of those 8 are located in New York while the others are in New Jersey and California.  If you want to always have high speed internet, don't move to Wyoming because it's harder to come by in this state due to the rocky terrain and difficulty in putting in these types of lines.  DSL is the most available wireline technology, where 87% of the US population has access to it, while only 14% have access to fiber.    \n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021711-broadband-map.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI found this article very interesting and I even went to the map website to take a look at the map.  In the future I would like to live in Seattle Washington, so I looked a locations I would like to live in the surrounding areas to see which had fiber and which did not.  I found out, some of the nicest areas around Seattle do not have fiber, while other \"not so nice\" areas did have it available.  It makes me wonder how this graph interprets the demand of high speed or higher speed internet where in rich areas it's not offered, but it poorer areas it is.  \n\n\n\nI also liked how in this article they mentioned how this map is going to be updated every two years, which I hope they show historical data over time to see what has become popular over the years and sort of connections have not been popular.  It makes me happy to know that DSL at least, is available to most of the population since dial-up was quite a pain back in the day.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary ISP : An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article talks about 5 threats in cloud computing that are often overlooked.  The first issue is DIY (Do It Yourself) Security.  They explain that most companies take care of the regular consumer threats, but this is often times not enough on the cloud.  If you share an infrastructure with a higher profile organization, your network can be collateral damage if the higher profile organization is not taking proper precautions.  \n\n\n\nThe fourth threat is the poorly secured hypervisor and overstressed IPS. Every new technology brings with it new vulnerabilities, and a gaping cloud/virtualization vulnerability is the hypervisor.  Hypervisor is essentially a network on a single machine, and often times the traffic within this network is not being monitored and no security is in place.  Once these networks are developed, it is essentially too difficult for one overworked IT person to handle, so the recommendation would be to outsource and perform frequent audits on these networks to ensure security compliance.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me to realize how I should approach cloud computing in the future.  Much of the industry is virtualizing their entire network.  This means that on one really powerful computer, it will have many operating systems running on it at once.  This cuts down a lot of cost for hardware, and makes the physical networks much easier to manage.\n\n\n\nHowever, this makes the virtual network much more complex, and this complexity tends to lead to holes in the security.  Whether this is a private or a custom cloud of virtual machines, this article seems to stress the importance of getting help when you need it and that it's a good idea to look to outside sources, such as 3rd party IT firms to help manage the network.  As the industry moves in this direction and the technology continues to change, I think we will find that there are more vulnerabilities that are highly overlooked.\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/features/article.php/12297_3926361_2/5-Overlooked-Threats-to-Cloud-Computing.htm\n\n\n\nVocabulary IPS : Intrusion Prevention System: also known as Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network and/or system activities for malicious activity.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis is an article about how the ISACA is launching an audit program for social media.  With social media as popular as it is, there are potential threats and governing principles that need to be in place for companies to continue.  This policy includes training, awareness, and monitoring for companies as well as certifications for IT professionals within organizations. Today, social media has been a high ranking concern among employers in the professional world.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe reason social media is so different than regular marketing is because someone can be apart of discussions and groups and participate in what could be private information, while almost being entirely anonymous.  And today in order for a company to do marketing they must have a social presence and therefore must be able to provide auditing to those who are listening, but more importantly the employees that are communicating.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/security/isaca-launches-audit-program-social-media-governance-074\n\nImpact\n\nI feel that this is the way the industry is going as far as marketing and advertising is concerned.  It's much cooler to get your news from Twitter or Facebook than from some Google ad on the side of some website.  Because of this organizations are moving in the social media direction and those providing the advertisements can give out more information than necessary.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI find that this is a fairly thin line to manage, especially if employees have their own social media accounts and contradict what they are saying representing the company.  If this is the case, I'm not sure there would be a way to monitor or audit everything that may cause risk to the company.  I believe the \"best practice\" would probably be training for the employees on what company policy's would be in these types of situations.\n\nVocabulary ISACA : Information Systems Audit and Control Association is an international professional association that deals with IT Governance.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article explains how a particular used car company was able to survive during the recession, while many of their competitors were not doing so well.  This company relies heavily on Business Intelligence and was able to identify what cars sold best and which cars to avoid.  As the economy grows worse, more companies that rely on BI for their business are turning to a much more agile approach to understanding their business.\n\n\n\nWith BI, it requires a lot of help from the IT professionals, however, the author explains that there are other tools available which allow business owners and decision makers to attain needed reports without pestering the IT group.  One company named OraSure was able to get the information they needed by creating ad hoc dashboards with newly developed self service modules that don't require IT experience to get the reports running.  Now that the company has these tools, the next steps are incorporating Web 2.0 and social networking in order to enhance needed data to make decisions.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/353327/Self_Service_BI_Catches_On?taxonomyId=18&pageNumber=1\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think Business Intelligence is a great thing for professionals in our industry to learn.  While many of us will be heavily involved in the IT decisions, many of us will also go on to be involved in the business decisions.  BI is to way that a company can slice and dice the data needed to make business decisions and show them in easy to read \"dashboards\" or reports.  \n\n\n\nOne thing I have been interested in is using OLAP or cube reporting to extract data.  I have liked it because, once you set up your data source, the reporting is extracted through pivot tables.  I have also been interested in web tools in order to extract BI, because it gives the reporting a much cleaner look and as silly as it sounds, it's trendy and that's generally what business professionals gravitate towards.  Essentially if you want to impress business people, make their dashboards look nice.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary BI : Business Intelligence - refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments, or by associated costs and incomes.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nWith the ipad and tablet technology available, this writer expresses how for most services people with smart phones and tablets, are being double charged.  If a person has a smart phone and wants a subscription to the New York Times, they have to pay a completely different subscription fee if they want the app on their tablet.  The app itself isn't any different, but many users feel that this is unfair.  \n\n\n\nThe same thing is happening with data plans.  If a consumer wants a data plan on their phone, they can't share that same plan on their tablet.  The concern that data providers have is that consumers will start to use more than they have signed up for.  For example if someone who has a data plan on their laptop, will use more than the plan on their tablet, and someone with a smart phone will use less than their tablet.  The end arguement that this writer makes is that the plan should be based on the information or data used, and not based on the number of devices.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/mobile-technology/mobiles-looming-money-problem-000?page=0,2\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI tend to agree with this writer, however, I have yet to see a family plan where the family shares their minutes.  The general reason why families get a discount on their plan is because more than one person is signing up for a plan at a time.  However, not everyone consumes the same amount of minutes or data.  This is where I agree with the writer.  If data providers are concerned about how much data is being consumed and this effecting the speeds, then limit the amount of data given to consumers.  \n\n\n\nMost devices now have built in Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi is heavily available in most places.  This does not eat into data plans and it's easy to switch between the two.  This way a single consumer can have multiple devices that \"share\" the allotted data for a given span.  I think data providers need to also learn to budget how much data they can allow to consumers without effecting speeds.  This will help determine how much they can offer and find ways to speed up their connections.\n\n\n\nVocabulary MiFi : A line of compact wireless routers produced by Novatel Wireless that act as mobile Wi-Fi hotspots.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1304,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read an article from HowStuffWorks.com entitled “How Web Servers Work.”  This article is a basic overview of how we access websites through the Internet.  It goes through all of the fundamental aspects of the Internet and networking, including protocols, IP addresses, clients and servers, etc.  To summarize, when you type a URL into your browser, the browser breaks it into three parts: the protocol (“http”), the server name (“www.byu.edu”), and the file name (“index.html”).  The browser communicates with a DNS server to translate “www.byu.edu” into an IP address.  The browser sends a GET request (following HTTP protocol) to the server at that IP address asking for the requested file name, which returns the HTML text back to the browser.  The browser then reads the HTML tags and formats the page onto the screen.  This is basically how websites are brought to our computers.  The article also explains the individual components of the Internet, like IP addresses, DNS servers, and ports.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe URL of the article is http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-server.htm\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI read this article so I could understand the fundamentals of the Internet.  I expect that we will be going into a lot of detail in this class about networks, etc., and I don't have a lot of background knowledge of how all of this works, so I wanted to start getting a better foundation on servers and the Internet.  With a better foundation, I will be able to better understand and apply the principles we learn about in class this semester.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Protocol : A pre-defined way that someone who wants to use a service talks with that service. Protocols are often text, and simply describe how the client and server will have their conversation.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAfter our lab this week, I began thinking about virtualization and what uses it could have in the corporate world, so I read an article about desktop virtualization.  This article describes all of the pros and cons of desktop virtualization in a corporate setting.  There are many interesting benefits of using virtual machines instead of individual desktop machines.  It better supports mobile workers, enhances security, reduces help desk calls, and can cut software licensing costs.  It just seems easier to manage a virtual desktop infrastructure because it gives the administrator more control over what software is on corporate machines.\n\n \n\nHowever, there are also some negative factors of desktop virtualization.  In order to virtualize remote machines, the servers need to have faster processors and more memory.  Initial infrastructure costs could be high if the organization's servers, etc. are not sufficient.  Also, while \"going virtual\" could save in software licenses, companies have begun to charge one-time fees for software being used in virtualization.  And finally, many are turning to cloud-based solutions because it provides similiar benefits without having to worry about network maintenance.\n\n \n\nIn summary, desktop virtualization is an intriguing idea, but I think will take a back seat to cloud-based solutions.  It could still be useful for certain situations, and will probably be more of a niche technology in the future.\n\n \n\nArticle URL: http://www.networkcomputing.com/virtualization/virtualization-moving-from-data-center-to-desktop.php\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI primarily read this article to delve a little deeper in the topic of virtualization.  But this article is important because it explains a new idea in the world of virtualization.  Server virtualization has become almost a standard in the industry in the past several years, and now corporations are thinking of how to continue to cut costs by virtualizing desktops as well.  This, along with cloud computing, is likely the future in computer technology.  \n\nVocabulary VDI : Virtual Desktop Infrastructure; companies replace desktop PCs with devices that do not house application software in an effort to better support remote workers, enhance security, reduce calls to their help desk, and cut their software licensing costs.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article about subnet masks.  Since I didn't completely understand what that meant based on discussion in class, I wanted to get a better grasp.  \n\n\n\n\n\nA subnet mask accompanies an IP address and the two values work together.  The subnet mask splits the IP address into two parts: an extended network address, and a host address.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is always a series of one bits, followed by a series of zero bits.  Knowing the subnet mask helps to know what IP addresses are being assigned to devices connected to a that network.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe link to my article is:\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/a/subnetmask.htm\n\nImpact\n\nSubnet mask is a concept that is very important for anyone troubleshooting or administrating a network.  In order to know what IP addresses are available to your network, you need to know what your subnet mask is.  It is just as important as understanding IP addresses.\n\nVocabulary subnet mask : a subnet mask splits an ip address into two parts: the host address and the network address. knowing the subnet mask allows you to know what ip addresses will be assigned to your network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article about white space.  White space refers to the unused television frequencies that was recently made available for use in data communications like cell phones, Internet, etc.  This white space has a great capacity to improve upon Wi-Fi technology.  While Wi-Fi transfers data between about 160-300 megabits/second, white space is expected to be able to transfer data at a rate of 400-800 megabits/second.  Wi-Fi also has a range of about 100 meters, while white space's range could have ranges measured in kilometers.  Microsoft is using 2 white space transmitters that cover all of their headquarters in Redmond, WA, a facility that covers about 200 hectares.  Consumer products with white space technology are expected to release towards the end of 2012.  There are still some technical problems to be worked out, but they will be soon resolved.  The implementation of this technology will be just as big, if not bigger, as the introduction of Wi-Fi a few years ago.  It will revolutionize the way we live and use technology.\n\nImpact\n\nThis is an important article because white space will change the way we communicate when it becomes mainstream.  We will be able to use the Internet at much faster speeds, and one white space transmitter could cover an entire neighborhood.  People will become even more connected than they already are, and information will be more readily available as ever.  \n\nVocabulary White-Fi : A nickname for white space, since it is the successor of Wi-Fi. It will use the previously unused frequencies of analog television to transmit data faster and further.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIPv6 will provide the world with more IP addresses  As of a few weeks ago, we are out of IPv4 addresses.  You would think 4 billion IP addresses would be plenty, but with the way our Internet is structured, it isn't enough, even though only about 14% are actually in use.  The difference between IPv4 addresses and IPv6 addresses is the amount of bits.  IPv4 addresses are 32-bit, while IPv6 addresses are 128-bit.  This allows for more combinations of bits, and thus more addresses - 340 undecillion to be exact.  IPv4 is generally shown in dotted decimal format, while IPv6 is generally shown in hexadecimal.  The transition is not easy, though.  Experts expect several years before most people start using IPv6, and much longer until it completely replaces IPv4.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis will change everything about network communications.  IP addresses are a central part of networks, and when IP address formats change, networks will also change.  Administrators will have to start from scratch, learning how to do calculations on IPv6 addresses rather than IPv4 addresses.  They will have to manage the transition from one protocol to the other.  Many more addresses will be available, too.\n\nVocabulary IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Association : They are the central authority of IPv4 addresses. They assign address ranges to regional internet registries, which handle certain regions.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nURL for this article:\n\nhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/dns.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nI read about DNS servers and how they work in order to solidify the concepts from our lab this week.  So web servers all are assigned IP addresses, just like any other device connected to the Internet.  In order to make it easier for people to remember, each web server has a domain name that translates into its IP address.  When the user types in a domain name into their web browser, a request is sent to a domain name server to retrieve the IP address for that domain name.  Domains are divided up into different domain name servers in order to spread the requests.  For example, all .com domains are managed on several top-level servers, all .edu domains on others, etc.  When a site is accessed, its IP address is stored in the device's cache so that it won't have to go through the DNS every time.  It stays in the cache until the site's \"time to expire\" runs out.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nDomain name servers have everything to do with the Internet.  If you have a website of any kind, your visitors have to go through a DNS to get there.  DNS can be used for other things, like content blocking, security, etc.  It is important to know how this stuff works in order to have a complete understanding of the Internet.\n\nVocabulary distributed system : domains are distributed into levels, and each level manages its own domain. For example, .com manages all domains that end in \".com\", .edu manages all that end with \".edu\" etc.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article about how cell phones work, specifically how 3G works in our cell phones.  3G stands for third generation, for it is the third generation of cellular technology.  3G uses cellular towers for data transfer.  3G allows for greater bandwidth and is built to support web applications and web audio and video.  Transfer speeds are as high as 3 Mbps, whereas the max transfer speed on a 2G device is 144 Kbps.  3G can even be used on laptop computers by way of a 3G network card.\n\n\n\nThe link to the article: \n\nhttp://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone9.htm\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n3G and its successors will likely be the future of wireless networking.  With the rise of smartphones and tablet computers that emphasise mobility, more and more people will be using 3G as technology continues to progress.  It is important that we understand how these technologies work so we can be ready as it becomes more and more mainstream.\n\n\n\nVocabulary 3G : third generation; coming after the 1st (analog) and 2nd (digital/PCS) generations\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week I read an article about fiber optics.  Fiber optics is a new technology in communications cables that looks to soon overtake the market.  Instead of using copper or another metal medium to transmit digital signals, fiber optics uses thin strands of pure optical glass. And instead of sending electrical signals across the wire, fiber optics sends infrared light signals. There are many advantages to fiber optics, which is why many believe that it is the future of its industry. It is lighter, thinner, more reliable, and faster than traditional cables.  The only problem right now is that the conversion to traditional cabling to fiber optical cabling is expensive, since they use different equipment.  Nonetheless, the quality of our Internet, cable TV, and other communications will only improve as the use of fiber optics continues to grow.\n\n\n\nArticle URL:\n\nhttp://communication.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic-communications/fiber-optic4.htm\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important because fiber optics is becoming a big part of the communications industry.  When making business decisions about your corporation's network setup, it is important that you know what options are available and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each one.  Knowing how these technologies work can help network administrators in their efforts to constantly maintain and improve the quality of their data networks.\n\n\n\nVocabulary total internal reflection : a fiber optic strand is coated with a cladding layer, allowing the light to bounce back and forth through the strand without interfering with the light from other strands in the same cable.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week I read an article about the network inside of cars, since Prof. Lindstrom has referred to that a few times in class. Car networks were first designed to allow cars to comply with emissions and fuel economy standards established in the past 15-20 years. They monitor the functions performed by components throughout the whole car, receiving messages when certain components fail or are not working properly, and thus are very useful in diagnosing intermittent problems. They also minimize the required wiring in cars, since a module can manage a group of switches instead of thick wires. Car networks allow safety functions to be included, like ABS and air bags. Computer networks inside cars have improved the safety and efficiency in all cars and will only continue as the technology advances.\n\n\n\n\n\nURL: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/under-the-hood/trends-innovations/car-computer.htm\n\nImpact\n\nThis topic is important because as a professional, it is good to have a broad knowledge of all aspects of your field. Technology is continuing to advance, and we can see signs of computers and cars becoming more and more inter-involved with stories like Google's self-driving car. These networks work like any other, really - various devices communicating data to improve overall performance and efficiency.\n\nVocabulary ECU : engine control unit; uses closed-loop control, a control scheme that monitors outputs of a system to control the inputs to a system, managing the emissions and fuel economy of the engine (as well as a host of other parameters)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week I decided to learn a little bit more about how email works to help give me some more background information about our recent lab. Emails are simple text messages sent from one email client to another. Even photos and other documents attached by email are represented by text in an email. There are several protocols involved in sending and receiving email to/from and email server. The SMTP protocol handles outgoing mail, while the IMAP and POP3 protocols handle incoming mail. IMAP more widely used because of some shortcomings of the POP3 protocol. Email was really the reason that the internet started in the first place, and continues to be very important as it advances.\n\n\n\nLink to article:\n\nhttp://communication.howstuffworks.com/email.htm\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEmail is a huge topic for data communications, so important that we covered it in class. This article helped me get a good foundation on email and email servers. Much of what a network administrator does for a corporation is handle email accounts and email servers for that corporation, and that administrator better have a good handle on what is going on to make those things work.\n\n\n\nVocabulary SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol; the protocol that handles outgoing mail. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1259,"Article Summary\n\nThe article talks about Sprint introducing a new enterprise-grade Cloud service for a businesses communications. It talks about all the benefits of easy access and updated information. Supposedly it would be able to integrate with the existing system, so you would not have to spend all the money to replace entirely the old system.  Sprint's solutions is that you can integrate it at a pace that you can afford. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAfter reading the article and all the benefits that the Cloud system gives to a companies communication I would say that more and more businesses are going to make the transfer now a days. The article did not talk much about the security issues that it would have. So if there is not much security maybe this will be a huge failure. But if it is a success I see many other companies copying this idea of sprints. \n\n\n\nVocabulary PBX, private branch exchange : Is a telephone exchange that serves a business instead of contracting on of the normal telephone companies to do it. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/smb/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000910\n\n\n\nit is about malware doubling in 2010, talks about the impact it will have businesses and that the most increased area is social networks and such. Spam from email and social network is up 10% from last year. We need to do something about it\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe more the world is connected the more the hackers are connected as well. A lot of malware happen because of lack of security. Networking has so many areas that it has to secure it is hard for it to be full proof. We are going to see more and more problems with this in the future and need to make sure we do not let our network security slack. \n\n\n\nVocabulary AUP - acceptable use policy : a set of rule applied by the network manager to restrict the access of users. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/six-ways-to-fail-in-the-cloud.php?type=article\n\nStates that in a survey done by InformationWeek shows a 67% increase in the companies that are using cloud services. It states that many companies see the benefits of cloud and are trying to use it more and more. without seeing the security risks. \n\nAlso it states about the companies that want to use cloud services but are not comitting enough resources to it so that it is not effective and is maybe even worsening their company. \n\n\n\nthe six major errors that a company can make has to do with integration, security, connectivity, monitoring, continuity planning and long-term staffing.\n\nintegration talks about the importance of fast and cheap integration and the need to be able to scale to the needs. security talks about all the guidlines that are changing with the new cloud and how you need to cover all the sides. connectivity talks about the bandwidth needed and that we should do theses calculations before trying to implement the new system. Less than half of the companies polled monitor thier cloud vendors. We need to know the dataflow of the system and have cloud apps to monitor other cloud apps. Continuity talk about the need for a backup and a plan if there is an outage. Finally long term staffing talks about the need to build your own support team. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nCloud is were I see alot of things going. This article explains a lot of the benefits of cloud but also talks about the needs to be careful. There is always a cost for improvement. There are alwasy going to be security risks and the quote from the article \n\n\" 'We won't be involving our security team in this project until the last possible moment, because the answer will be 'no.' That from a VP at one of the largest retailers in the world. \"\n\nAfterwards the article explains the importance of security and how it should not be viewed as a barrier but a helper. I think that security does take a lot of time and money and can be quite a hassle to setup. I think that a lot of people do have a negative view on security but it is so important in the Information world to keep secure that data.  \n\n \n\n***Note to TA***  hey I know you just talked about reading more tech oriented articles in this weeks lab. This is more of a business oriented one that I had done before the lab,but next time I will try and read more Tech articles. thanks. \n\nVocabulary PCI DSS : Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard is a set of rules that the information system has to follow to hold, procees or exchange cardholder info. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/news/article.php/3923391\n\n\n\ntalks about how the ipv4 addresses are gone. they allocated the lasts 5 blocks of ipv4 addresses on Thursday in Miami.talks about how that marks the end of ipv4 and the beginning of ipv6 and that it will be a slow transition to ipv6. The ipv4 will still work normally it is just a \"generational change\". the change is needed and the change will not effect the internet now it will continue to work normally the change is important for the future and the opportunities that this change will bring. The article states that there is no mandate to change to ipv6 but that we have to get there on our own and together.\n\nImpact\n\nThe change to ipv6 has been slow because we still had ipv4 but now that that is done i think we will see a bigger push for and faster movement towards ipv6. in order for the internet to grow corporations will have to move to and adapt the ipv6. if not they will have to deal with annoying work arounds. So there is a cost of moving to ipv6 but there will also be a cost for not moving to ipv6 in the end since the rest the world will be moving to ipv6. \n\n\n\nVocabulary NRO number resource organization : organization uniting the five RIR's. RIR is a regional Internet registry which is an organization in charge of allocating and registering internet number resources like ip addresses. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nthis article talks about the way ipv6 addresses. ipv6 supports 128-bit address space and  the article explains the need for more ip address.Has a nice chart that shows the difference between ipv4 and ipv6. ipv6 address notation that is in hex and really hard to understand. but i read on. then about Network notation and it seems to be similar to that of ipv4 in the way that they have subnetmasks. And then of course they talk about the special addresses that we will have to memorize probably. Also that the ipv4 address cost will rise until we get ipv6 in. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\none awesome thing that the article brought up is that with the new ipv6 it will have a massive amount of ip addresses and should last us a while. something like 3.4 *10^38. The notation of hexidecimal is going to throw me off for awhile even after reading the part in this article about the notation a couple times i still am hazy. We will still have our loop back address but it also looks like there are quite a few more \"special addresses\" that could be useful. ipv6 supports AnyCast which is pretty interesting as well. \n\n\n\nVocabulary AnyCast : communication between a sender and the nearest of different receivers in a destination group. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/t/dns/why-you-should-use-stealth-master-dns-575\n\n\n\nTalks about DNS and the need for it and when the DNS doesnt work you are in trouble. this has a solution that is not just outsourcing it but half and half. it talks about the benefits of having it be more reliable. \n\n\"All you need is a DNS server running on one of your own hosted boxes and a hosting provider that supports stealth master configurations.\"\n\nwhat this does is make it so that your DNS queries are handled by your hosting provider but you get to still control domain records. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is just a safer way to handle the needed DNS. There are still some risks though. if your hosting provider crashes you are out of luck. but since our own server is more likely to crash than one from a host. it is still better odds. \n\nThe way the article is written it seems like this is better than outsourcing it all or keeping it all on your end. which is what most people would think to do either one of those options this introduces a third option that looks good. Hopefully people take advantage of it. \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary stealth DNS : AKA split DNS. which means DNS that provides different sets of DNS information depending on who the request is from. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.datacottage.com/nch/troperation.htm\n\n\n\nI picked this article because it explains how token ring works. (since the teacher has referred to it multiple times and i had no idea what he was talking about).\n\n\n\nThere are computers set up with a ringed network. there is a free token going around the ring. if a comp wants to send data it captures the ring and put the data in it along with the destination information. then it passes it to the next comp on the ring. that comp will either not be the destination and send it to the next or be the destination and send an acknowledgment or receiving the data.  that ack would go around the ring until it found the sender. Once the acknowlegdement is received the comp release the free token again to be used. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI realized that token ring is probably on older form of networking. because if you had a lot of people on the same network it would not be that efficient. But i guess you can still use token ring on smaller networks and have it work just fine. Especially networks that are 2 machines. Also the built in self maintenance features are nice. I will most likely not use token ring but it is nice to at least know what the heck he is talking about.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary NAUN : Nearest Active Upstream Neighbour - the computer before you on the ring. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/mobile-technology/solving-its-mobile-app-deployment-dilemma-993\n\n\n\ntalks about the security of the mobile apps. How there was a problem with IT because they could not make it secure the way they wanted it. The article talks about all the new tools that are coming out. Along with HTML5 and some other ways to do apps so that they let you use these tools to make you app more secure and efficient. Now there is no excuse that to support mobile apps and that we need to jumb on the band wagon or get left behind\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThese tools make it easier for the developers to make sure that they are more secure and can be more effective use of their time. Also that now IT does not have as good as an excuse to not support mobile devices. So now we will need to know how to develop mobile devices if we are to build any system that has end users. \n\n\n\nVocabulary MDM : mobile device management - new tools that help manage your mobile application\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.petri.co.il/understanding_administrative_templates_in_gpo.htm\n\ntalks about the abilities and benefits of using active directory such as\n\nManage desktop environments and lock them down to reduce support calls and TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) \n\nInstall, update, repair, and remove software \n\nManage security settings including account policies, auditing, EFS, and user rights \n\nControl running state of services \n\nRedirect My Documents folders \n\nConfigure Internet Explorer options and security settings \n\nAutomate administrative tasks using log-on, log-off, startup and shutdown scripts \n\nAlso talks about making templates for different functions that you want in a GPO.\n\nTalks about the templates that the resource kits have and their uses. \n\nImpact\n\nThe use of templates the resource kits have are awesome. Active Directory has a lot more things than i know what to do with so having a template for certain things would be awesome. Also it is a very strong tool that will continue to rule the market. There is way to much for me to learn in this class but trying to use the templates should be helpful. \n\nVocabulary Unicode-formatted text files  : unicode is an industry standard that makes it consitant for encoding. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/\n\n\n\nthis is the article that the professor told us to read. It was long, but interesting. \n\n\n\nSo i just explains what goes on when your browser looks for an url. First it checks all the caches. Then goes to DNS and they have about the same diagram that Prof. has on his slides, but also explains different types of DNS. Then the article explains about the request and response between browser and web server. then talks about how they keep at it with requests and responses and how different webpages act differently. Like with the use of ajax and such. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI have kind of been ignoring the cache in the projects we are going now in other classes but They seem to really make a difference. I noted this because one of the first things that happens when we go to find a url is that is checks 4 different caches. (at least it says that in this article.) If I am going to be worth anything in programming I need to understand cache better. Also I will never take my browser for granted again. It takes care of so many things. I never type the www. infront and it just redirects it. so awesome. \n\n\n\nVocabulary long polling : is an technique to decrease the load on the server (in a chat type scenario). If the server does not have any new messages when polled, it simply does not send a response back. if a message for this client is received within the timeout period, the server will find the outstanding request and return the message with the response.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5\n\n\n\nTalks about the new HTML and how it has a lot more features for graphics and other types of multi media. Some of the new things are tags like <video> and <canvas>. video lets you post clips of video and canvas lets you do a lot of different things with drawing and different graphics. also some of the old tags have been altered and they have added new features that will help developers as well. They still need to standardize the format of the video or audio because each browser (firefox, chrome, ei7) is still trying to promote their own. Also improving the parsing to have more flexibility. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nLess Flash dependability. which is good because you do not want a company owning the entire market. Also there are going to be able to have simple game just in HTML5. One of the other effects is that now i actually want to learn html. and because of the new flexibility in handling incorrect syntax it will make my life a lot easier. \n\n\n\nVocabulary W3C : W3C = World Wide Web Consortium. They are the people who are in charge of the standards of the Web. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1280,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/nsm/2011/010311nsm2.html\n\n\n\n\n\nMy article is entitled Where network and systems management is headed next. It is an interesting article that discusses some of the advances in technology that will affect systems management and data communication. Some of the advances and changes include application performance management, change management, cloud management, end-user monitoring, open-source monitoring, and service governance. Some of these are particular to data communications including cloud management and end-user monitoring\n\nImpact\n\nThis article talks about some important data communications topics, including end-user management. The idea behind this is that the user is provided with solutions for problems in real-time so that productivity doesn't decline. This will begin to become an integral part of a company's IT infrastructure. Another important impact is cloud management. The impact is that companies will find that legacy software will not meet all the demands of employees and customers and will have to adapt to the change in infrastructure.\n\nVocabulary end-user monitoring : End-user monitoring … solutions will be utilized in a greater capacity as they provide the ability to see end-user interaction with applications in real-time, to detect issues with applications that aren’t performing well, and react accordingly to reconcile any issues facing applications so end-users don’t experience a dip in productivity. … as organizations begin to rely more and more on applications to drive their businesses, \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.serverwatch.com/news/article.php/3918126/Grid-vs-Cloud-Whats-the-Difference.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read was a very interesting article on the differences between Cloud and Grid computing. In the earlier part of the 2000's grid computing was very popular. Cloud computing has taken lessons from grid computing. Cloud computing \"isn't a batch system and has its roots in the web application delivery space as opposed to data centers and server farms.\" Cloud computing prevents the need to build large infrastructures and networks to compute one or two applications.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article talks about Cisco's Unified Computing System, which is  a cloud platform, 'but has a myriad of switching products that are cloud enablers.\"\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important to data communications because cloud computing has evolved from the data centers and the need for expensive networks to run applications. With simpler networks, companies can rent and use cloud operations or develop their own. It can be a cost-effective and efficient method of transporting and using data.\n\nVocabulary grid computing : A network designed for powerful batch computing.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/cnews/article.php/3910766/IT-Survey-Spotlights-Cloud-Computings-Potential-Misconceptions.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is on the importance and misconceptions of cloud computing. Many companies underestimate the security concerns. A surprise was that the IT department was the advocate of cloud computing and also the biggest driver of misconceptions.68% of the survey respondents said that the majority of their applications will be in the cloud within the next three years.Cloud computing is a valuable but disruptive technology.\n\nImpact\n\nCloud computing is very important for companies to adapt for. It will affect the networks and infrastructure of companies. Companies need to prepare and adapt for these disruptive changes to application software.\n\nVocabulary Cloud Computing : A disruptive but valuable technology that is becoming more popular in enterprise computing.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012811-internet-blackout-egypt.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read was on how Egypt blacked out all internet coverage in the country. It was really interesting to see how the government could essentially shut down all business and communication in the country by killing the internet. The Egyptian government essentially forced mobile and ISPs to stop providing coverage. \n\nImpact\n\nThis has great ramifications for the business network. If the government is able to shut down the internet, it would essentially stop all business in the country since almost all business is dependent on the internet. Businesses should be prepared for failures in their networks.\n\nVocabulary Internet Kill Switch : A proposed \"switch\" that would allow the President of the United States to shut down the internet during civil unrest or mass attacks on the internets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020311-enterprise-mobility-keeping-apps-and.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read for this week discusses the need to maintain control over the mobile network in an enterprise setting. The article discusses the fact that because the mobile sphere is so prevalent enterprises will need to develop CRM, ERP, expense management, inventory management, and time management apps. The mobile sphere unleashes a whole new animal on corporate networks. One of the solutions suggested by the article, and that is being pursued in many large companies, is private app stores. A company's IT department will select and develop approved apps and put them in a private app store for staff to select and download onto their company issued mobile device. This helps maintain some level of security by selection of approved apps. These approved apps can reside within the company's firewall.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are also many complex problems: company issued phones or personal android or iphones? how to slim down complex data apps into mobile apps? what network to run? \n\nImpact\n\nThe article explores a new development into corporate networks-mobile software. This is a very real issue as smartphones become more and more popular. Companies have realized the benefits as well as the security issues associated with these devices. They can travel anywhere and can be exposed. I think the private app store is a very good solution. This is a new development that should be monitored closely be network managers.\n\nVocabulary mobile security : A new field that is being actively developed. As smartphones become more and more powerful, and have access to confidential information, security needs to be developed to protect that information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week's article is on the switch to IPv6. The final IPv4 spaces were given out and that means the industry must now make the switch to IPv6. IPv6 uses 128 bit hexadecimal numbers compared to the old 32 bit decimal addresses. It means the transition won't be simple. The switch means that 340 undecillion unique addresses will be available as opposed to the mere 4.3 billion that ipv4 offered.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe transition will be slow thanks to the routers and modems that most people currently use. However this will impact everyone as the changes get made. Most software/hardware that people use today is compatible but people need to be aware of the changes that will be made.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt will also be harder for network architects to remember the IP address of the computers they are working on. It will also make it hard for me to remember which IPv6 IP address is on Win7A and Win7B.\n\nVocabulary Network address translation : lets a group of computers share the same publicly visible IP address \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021811-security-departments-not-prepared-for.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is on how corporate security departments are not prepared for new technologies like mobile, social media, and cloud computing. One of the summaries that the author of the study stated said that the info security profession could be on a dangerous course to be engulfed in their current duties and not have the time or resources to prepare for further threats. This could endanger the organizations they secure.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany security professionals believe that facebook and social media are personal platforms and are not managing the threats that come with it. Most of those in the study said that application vulnerabilities represent the number one threat to corporate networks and organizations. The adoption of cloud computing brings new threats that network administrators need to deal with as well.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article presents the problem with rapidly advancing and changing technologies. The corporate security professionals often end up playing a defensive game and need to bolster their corporate networks to adapt to the these emerging technologies. This is very relevant to network administrators and network professionals.\n\nVocabulary social media applications : The applications within facebook and other social media outlets that present vulnerabilities to corporate networks. These need to be closely monitored by network administrators and network security personnel.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/022411-virtualization-on-mobile-devices-whats.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read is on virtualization on mobile devices and why it hasn't taken off yet. One of the main reasons for this is the basic fact that there aren't a lot of products that offer virtualization at a quality level that businesses need. To accomplish this, low-level programming is needed and with the rapid pace at which modern software is phased, it makes it hard to stay on top of the game. The bottom line is that the lack of standardized hardware and software on mobile devices makes it hard to put out a quality product in timely manner. Virtualization works well on PCs because across the board, the basic hardware/software is consistent.\n\nImpact\n\nUntil the mobile realm settles down, it will be hard for developers to create a virtual machine for mobile devices. They can be very handy for businesses, especially businesses that have mobile staff. Network administrators should be on the lookout for products from VMware and other developers to implement on their networks.\n\nVocabulary virtualization : Accessing the desktop/contents of a different computer/mobile device from a separate mobile device/computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031111-quake-and-it-shaking-in.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read talked about how the earthquake in Japan is affecting IT. It is very interesting because a lot of IT data centers are based in Japan, as well as a lot of the tech industry. It will be very interesting to see how the tech world rebounds from this catastrophe.\n\nImpact\n\nThis earthquake has great impact on network professionals all over the world. Network admins need to prepare their networks for natural disasters. One good control is diversifying the location of data centers and network tools. It is very important for admins to prepare for these events.\n\nVocabulary Disaster Preparedness : Preparing the network and business IT for natural disasters.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032311-cloud-cio-3-private-cloud.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read is on private cloud implementations and use case scenarios. The article talks about in what cases a private cloud would be useful. The cloud can be expensive to implement and disruptive to existing systems that work. If it ain't broken don't fix it.\n\nImpact\n\nThis technology has the potential for disruption in the corporate network sphere. It is expensive. It would be easier for agile companies to implement as they are best suited for quick adaptation. Companies need to identify whether or not this technology is something they need and if it is nescessary to change.\n\nVocabulary agile development : A project management style that is adaptable to changing demands or requirements.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1258,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article “FCC Boss Takes Spectrum Shortfall Warning to the CES, “ as reported by Datamation. In this article the Federal Communication Commission Chairman, Julius Genachowski is reported as having made a speech at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas. In his speech he talks about what is happening in the current debate over what should happen with the spectrum of frequencies. He advocates that incentive auctions be used to re-allocate the the frequencies.\n\n\n\nThe idea of re-allocation is disconcerting to many in the broadcasting community. This is because of the plan for those frequencies. The FCC plans to re-allocate 500 MHz for broadband use across the nation. 120 MHz of the 500 are to come from broadcasters who, though they are not currently using those frequencies are reluctant to have them taken away.\n\n\n\nGenachowski recommends that incentive auctions be use so that those who do want to sell their rights to frequencies can and those that don’t wont have to.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article is that greater portions of the spectrum allocated for use by broadband networks means faster connections and greater connect-ability for cell phones, Wi-Fi and all other wireless devices.\n\nVocabulary Spectrum : The invisible airwaves that power the wireless networks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nScott Hunter\n\nSection 1-7\n\n1/22/2011\n\nIsys 404\n\nAssignment3 \n\n \n\n \n\nArticle title: “Really fast broadband DOESN'T require Gigabit Ethernet”\n\n \n\nURL:_http://blogs.computerworld.com/17672/really_fast_broadband_doesnt_require_gigabit_ethernet\n\n \n\nSummary:\n\n \n\nThis article describes the situation when speeds are not up to the speeds advertised by the providers. The author of the article, Richi Jennings, investigates the story of Scott Mueller. Scott purchased Comcast’s ultra fast Internet service that was advertised as 50Mbit/s downstream and 10Mbit/s upstream. However being the super nerd that he was, Scott decided to test the speed of the network. He was only getting 27Mbit/s.\n\n \n\nThe article goes on to explain that there is more involved. Comcast told him that it was the router that he was using. (The router that he was using was rather old.) Richi, however, explains that it may be even more complex than that. Some of his reasons include that companies often advertise speed burst speeds saying “speeds up to….,” he also suggests that perhaps auto-negotiation fails. \n\nImpact\n\nMany people are disappointed with the speeds that they get from their providers, but as people read this article and other articles like it, hopefully they will appreciate how much goes into their lovely Facebook page that comes a little slowly. ;-)\n\nVocabulary Auto-negotiation: : an Ethernet procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, such as speed, duplex mode, and flow control. In this process, the connected devices first share their capabilities as for these parameters and then choose the fastest transmission mode they both support.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206998/How_Apple_and_Google_will_kill_the_password_?taxonomyId=16\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the how some of the leading problem solvers in the computer industry are tackling a long annoying problem--Authentication. Mike Elgan talks about what leaders Apple and Google are doing that may eventually make authentication obsolete. He reports that both are planning on doing it through cell phones.\n\n\n\nApple- Will likely have the first fully integrated authentication system. He argues that it will be easier for them to integrate where they control the software and the hardware. It will work by having your cell phone near your computer. It will sense that it is near and will allow you to roam to various sites without even asking about a password or user ID.\n\n\n\nGoogle- Will likely do similar things in similar ways, but will offer a wider range of devices that authenticate a person’s identity on the computer, It at least initially will be done through an app that will have to be opened and run near your computer.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this is that eventually user names and passwords will become less important. I think that all of us have experienced the annoyance of not knowing what the password is for a program or website that we have entered. So all of us will appreciate when this becomes mainstream, and help desks everywhere will shout for joy. \n\nVocabulary NFC : Near Field Communication. This is the technology that allows two electronics to know they are near one another.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nDNS Root Name Servers Explained\n\nhttp://www.isoc.org/briefings/019/\n\n\n\nI felt like I need to understand DNS and root name servers so I found this article that explains them in simple terms.  The main points are:\n\nName resolution is done though the root name servers and DNS.\n\nNo packets are routed by the severs.\n\nThe server basically contains a list of names and corresponding IP addresses.\n\nThere is a root zone file on each of the twelve root server operators.\n\nThere are twelve organizations that manage these twelve servers.\n\nThere are root names for many countries which define a network with in the country.\n\nThe root names are cached on users’ computers so that it is not necessary to go to the root severs every time information is sent.\n\nOne of the brilliant parts of the design of the system is that nobody has authority over the Internet. It is distributed throughout the world.\n\nAlso, you can only break your portion of the system. It is hard to mess up other parts of the system.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere is a great system in place for the purpose of name resolution on the Internet. The system is very robust in that the same lists are available in multiple locations. And I guess the biggest impact is that without this system we would have to be a lot better with numbers.\n\nVocabulary IANA : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nActive Directory on Wikipedia\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory\n\n\n\nThis article describes what Active Directory is and what it does. Honestly a lot of it is over my head, but from what I understand, AD is directory service created by Microsoft that is pretty much the industry standard when it comes to networks supports such as authentication, and saving of objects.\n\n\n\nOther features according to Wikipedia include:\n\nCentral location for network administration and security\n\nInformation security and single sign-on for user access to networked resources\n\nThe ability to scale up or down easily\n\nStandardizing access to application data\n\nSynchronization of directory updates across servers\n\nAD creates organizational trees at the mid level, and “forests” at the high level. A forest made up of a number of organizational trees.\n\n\n\nDatabase is limited to 16 Terabytes and 2 billion objects\n\nImpact\n\nActive Directory is the industry standard. That essentially is enough said, but what that means is that if we are going to be working with databases in the corporate world we will be working with AD. \n\nVocabulary Forest : The highest level of organization in the Active Directory. It consists of groups of organizational trees.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSummary\n\nhttp://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51567.html\n\n\n\nIt was initially proposed that the pornographic materials industry be given its own domain over six years ago. The issue has been debated and gone back and forth as a politically tough issue. Recently the organization responsible for assigning domains, ICANN, has issued the domain .xxx to the industry. \n\n\n\nInterestingly enough, one of the major groups that were in opposition to the issuance were religious groups. The groups argued that giving them their own domain would add legitimacy to the industry. I guess those groups are operating under the “if we can’t see them, they don’t exist.” mentality. I think this also shows a lack of understanding as marking pornographic sites with an .xxx domain will make them a lot easier to filter.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe .xxx is just the latest issuance of domain by the ICANN. Though there are already a number of domains issued, there will be many more issued as people start to be more comfortable with urls that don’t end in .com. All will add to the complexity of the Internet  as a whole and require more BYU ISYS students to manage it. ;-)\n\nVocabulary ICANN : a non-profit corporation headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, United States, that was created to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks such as domain assignation. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMicrosoft Buys IPv4 Addresses From Canadian Nortel\n\n\n\nhttp://www.dotspress.com/microsoft-buys-ipv4-addresses/771505/\n\n\n\nThe Canadian Company Nortel declared bankruptcy earlier this year. As part of bankruptcy Microsoft will pay 7.5 million dollars for 666,624 IPv4 addresses. \n\n\n\nThis move by Microsoft, many experts believe, is an indication that there will be a battle for the last remaining IPv4 Addresses. Most large corporations that have had websites for sometime now have large and complex systems that are all running on IPv4 addresses. The reason these are becoming more and more valuable is because if they have more addresses, they can further delay upgrading to IPv6. Many corporations don’t want to upgrade yet because they fear what might happen.\n\n\n\nThe article also mentions that Microsoft might very well be doing this now to avoid regulations passed by ARIN applicable in the future.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIPv4 addresses will likely become more and more expensive causing corporations to slowly convert to IPv6\n\nImpact\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIPv4 addresses will likely become more and more expensive causing corporations to slowly convert to IPv6. Also when setting up networks from scratch now, USE IPv6.\n\nVocabulary ARIN : American Registry for Internet Numbers- an organization that is partially in charge of regulating IP Addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMass-injection attack (yawn) infects 1.5 million Web pages\n\n \n\nhttp://gcn.com/articles/2011/04/01/lizamoon-mass-injection-attack.aspx?admgarea=TC_SECCYBERSSEC\n\n \n\nAs data comm professionals we must be concerned with sql injection. Recently there was a massive sql injection attack on the Internet. Websense dubbed the attack the LizaMoon attack.  What this sql does is it redirects the user to a phony software site.  It is estimated that as many as 1.5 million web pages were affected by this attack. Luckily most of the sites affected were sites that have not been maintained for quite some time.\n\n \n\nThere were some site that were affected that are more notable sites such some of the iTunes pages. The attack would enter sql through RSS and XML into the site.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact \n\n \n\nThis is just  another lesson that we must create systems that resilient against many different types of attacks. The web server must scrub data before it hits the database or our data could be in jeopardy.\n\n \n\nVocabulary SQL injection : a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1351,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nMotorola has just released a new smart phone called the Motorola Atrix the cool thing with this phone is that it has the ability to be connected to a larger screen and display windows applications and function as a laptop.  While the technology is new a special dock has to be acquired for it to work on a computer but in the future it could grow to that business men will be carrying these around rather then a laptop computer especially when they are traveling.  \n\n \n\nTo accomplish these new abilities the phone uses Citrix systems' Nirvana environment.  Citrix paired up with another company to make this phone so that it could be used on a larger screen such as a computer or TV.  Although this is the first phone of its kind Citrix hopes that it will not be the last since it is their system that is keeping the phone running.\n\n \n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/software/soa_webservices/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000284\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis has the possibility of having a great impact on business men in the future.  Up to know people have had to take their laptops home or to work with them but with something like this the person could simply take the phone home and hook it up to a computer at home and have all the necessary information.  This has great potential to succeed in the future. \n\n \n\nVocabulary Hypervisor : In computing, a hypervisor, also called virtual machine monitor (VMM), is one of many virtualization techniques which allow multiple operating systems, termed guests, to run concurrently on a host computer, a feature called hardware virtualization.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis Article is talking about the benefits of a laptop verses a tablet like the Ipad and vise versa.  One argument he makes for the Ipad is that is can be used in a business situation when you want to show them something and you can quickly show them and not have the barrier that a laptop creates.  One thing he says against  tablets is that they usually cannot multi-task very well and many of the applications that people use in business  are not designed for a tablet. He also had views from other people who talked about their experiences. One was very negative toward the tablet and said it is just a Big PDA.  \n\n \n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/interviews/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000553\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis has a very big impact in the world of data communications because they make it so business men don’t have to carry lots of big bulky things around to have the information.  They can pull up the information on the I pad or a laptop and show it to clients or customers.  Many of these devices can also do texting and email which provide even another means of communication.\n\n \n\nVocabulary Content consumption : Hardware platform and software applications primarily used to receive and to view content\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nApple launched its new Ipad in 2010 and were able to sale about 14.8 million of them in just 1 year.  This is a significant number for them and they were very happy with it.  All of Apples competitors were not able to come out so quickly with a product so Apple was able to take the first mover advantage into the market and really bring tablets into presence.  Apple feels that many of its competitors don’t stand a chance to really compete with them because many of the operation systems used on other services were not really designed to be used as a tablet.\n\n \n\nMany competitors are going to be launching new tablets this year which should provide some competition for the Ipad.  Apple is not worried about the competition especially since it has its Ipad 2 on the way.  Last year the Samsung galaxy tab was the closest competitor with just over 1 million sales.  RIM believes that they will be able to compete with the Ipad and will be launching a tablet of its own this year.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis has a very strong impact on Data communications as is evident by the fact that there really wasn’t a market for tablets a year ago and now apple has sold 15 million of them.  These devices make it easy for people to get access to the internet and share information in a quick way that was not available only a year ago.  This is a new development and it will be interesting to see what new technologies and ideas will be thought up next.\n\nVocabulary First mover advantage : advantage gained by the initial occupant of a market segment. This advantage may stem from the fact that the first entrant can gain control of resources that followers may not be able to match.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nthis article talked about how arp works its explained how the process that ARP uses to get the mac address for a computer and then make it so that the computer can talk to one another\n\n\n\nit also has a cash so that it doenst have to ARP every time it wants to talk to another computer on the network\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/gorry/eg3567/inet-pages/arp.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nthis is very important because without being able to find the the MAC address of another computer data communications would not be possible.  this protocol helps computers talk to one another more efficiently\n\n\n\nVocabulary unicast : message sent to a single computer\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWhat, me worry? No need to fret about IPv4… yet\n\n \n\nThe IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority assigned its last portion of IPv4 addresses last Thursday.  End users this isn't really a big deal and not really a time to get worried. However for Internet service providers it is something that need to be worrying about.  The internet service providers are going to need to make a lot of decisions and spend a lot of money to make sure that the transformation goes smoothly.\n\n \n\nThe article talks about some people that say that it doesn’t cost anything more for sites to turn on the IPv6 ability.  Although in some sense this is true for the internet service providers they will have to spend lots of money to make sure that they have everything upgradeable and able to support the IPv4/IPv6 combo and then eventually only IPv6.  this will be very costly because not only do they have to change equipment but they have to make sure there staff is trained on all the new protocols and procedures that go with IPv6\n\n \n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/what-me-worry-no-need-fret-about-ipv4%E2%80%A6-yet/2011-02-03\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nBecause of the cost to internet service providers to do this the cost of the internet for the end user has the potential to go up in the future and the Internet service providers attempt to share the costs of the upgrade with their customers. Also because they are running out the Internet service providers and end users are going to be forced to go the IPv6 system.\n\nVocabulary IPv4 : is a protocol the uses 32 bits to uniquely identify computers that are on the Internet so that information can be sent to the correct destination\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article talks about how we are coming to an end of the internet as we know it the age of using IPV4 addresses will will eventually come to an end. The problem is that the IPV4 is 32 bit so there are about 4.3 billion address that are available but with the last batch being given out the new IPV6 addresses will need to be used. IPV6 uses a 128 bit addressing system so there are a total of 340 undecillion addresses possible.  \n\n\n\nthe article answers many questions about why we don't use the reserved address, which is because to configure networks to use them it would be more worth it just to convert to IPV6 because  the amount of addresses gained is so much more than that gained by those IPV4 addresses.  \n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nFor consumers this isn't a big deal at the moment but for large corporations this is something that is a very big problem many corporations have not initially paid out the money needed to support IPV6 so they need to be thinking about it so that they can get their businesses moved over smoothly to IPV6.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary NAT : lets a group of computers share the same publicly visible IP address \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nKEMP Technologies Launches Geographically Intelligent, DNS Load Balancer Appliance\n\nThis article talks about how KEMP Technologies has announced he launch of its GEO Loadmaster this new device  can direct web-facing traffic to the closest and fastest performing data center and if there is a crash at one data center can reroute traffic away from that sever to another working server.  also they have been able to bring this system at an affordable price, whereas competitors products are very expensive\n\n\n\nthe article also said that this new technology integrates seamlessly with KEMP's Load Master server ad provides low cost and higher performance to any sized business.  the price is 3990 which includes the first year hardware maintenance and support at no additional cost. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/electronics-products/electronic-product-releases/analog-products/4204280/KEMP-Technologies-Launches-Geographically-Intelligent-DNS-Load-Balancer-Appliance\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis system is extremely beneficial to large companies that have many data centers and want to make sure that the traffic is being sent to the correct data center and be able to get traffic away from an overloaded server or a shutdown server without a user having to direct the traffic.  this provides better flexibility to people running the DNS servers and takes some of the load off of them by allowing the computer to take care of directing traffic\n\n\n\nVocabulary DNS : a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the internet or private network, it converts names which are easier for humans to remember to IP addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nInfoblox Brings IPAM To Microsoft's DNS And DHCP Servers\n\nInfoblox has released a new module that makes it easier for businesses to manage their DNS and DHCP servers.  to do this it has a web based interface. it also helps prevent against errors from IP errors.  with IP phones and IP cameras it is getting more and more difficult for IT managers to manage the Network Infoblox helps them to manage these issues.\n\n\n\n\n\nRight now Infoblox only supports IPv4 but one of the directors of Infoblox said that shouldn't be a problem at the moment since most businesses aren't moving to make changes to IPv6 because of the cost.  right now their module starts at about 7495 and on top of that you need another device from Infoblox that costs about 6100.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/infoblox-brings-ipam-to-microsofts-dns-and-dhcp-servers.php?keyword=dhcp\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a nice feature for small and medium business that are running IPv4 at the moment but I would be worried if I were an IT administrator that they have made no move at the present time to support IPv6 with the last of the addresses being handed out it is only a matter of time before regardless of the cost businesses are going to need to invest the money to change to IPv6\n\n\n\nVocabulary DNS : Domain Name System - it makes it possible for a computer to take a name such as www.google.com and convert it to the appropriate IP address since computers can only talk to each other by IP address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nXO adds security to its growing cloud service portfolio\n\nXO has just released a new cloud-based security system that allows the businesses it serves to put the management of their networking security into the hands of a service provider by doing this they believe it will allow the businesses to focus on their key points of the business.  Because this is done in a cloud based system the articles says it helps businesses so they don't have to spend all the money on the equipment to manage security of their systems.\n\nThe new system has the includes the following features: network based firewall  for intrusion detection and prevention, a web gateway for web and content filtering, and remote access to the corporate network.  It will also provide web and content filtering as needed.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/xo-adds-security-its-growing-cloud-service-portfolio/2011-03-14\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis new system could help businesses that have many locations so they don't have to maintain several security systems they will be able to pay this company to take care of it for them.  Then because they can easily access the information from many locations they can change security features as needed.  It seems like this would be a good solution to medium size business that don't want to pay the expense of maintaining their own equipment.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)  : mechanism in high performance telecommunications networks which detects and carries data from one network node to the next.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to Cloud to Gain Agility: 5 Lessons\n\nthis article talks about when biogen idec  was considering to move to a cloud system. the article meantions 5 lessons to be learned.\n\n1. first wins will be quick - the time to create a new server can be less than ten minutes.  so it can save time\n\n2. paying for could can be tricky - one down side to many could services is the relatively inflexibility in terms of payment. many don't allow Credit card payment\n\n3.per server cost savings add up - the average cost of a virtual server was about half the cost of a physical server over a 3 year period.\n\n4. protect against accidental shutdown - if a company doenst pay its bill or is late on the bill the cloud can be shut down meaning that the employees will not have access to the important data\n\n5. security not all good or bad - there are good aspects of security as well as bad aspects of security.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/67668/Moving_to_Cloud_to_Gain_Agility_5_Lessons\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nthis article seems to give some good ideas of what can be expected from cloud based systems.  it seems like because of the cost savings that many small or medium sized companies would choose to have these cheep types of systems.  one downside I see is that a company is turning all its data over to another company.  if the other company is somehow compromised many many companies are all compromised at the same time.  This could definitely cause some problems.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Wikileaks : an international non-profit organization that publishes submissions of private, secret, and classified media from anonymous sources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCisco, IBM And Other Top Vendors Push Smart Networking Standard\n\n\n\nSeventeen major companies such as Cisco, IBM, Google, Verizon, and Microsoft have banded together to develop a new approach to networking called Software-Defined Networking (SDN) this is supposed to make network data handling more efficient.  This can do many different things like reroute data flows dynamically during particularly busy times, it could also be used to detect denial of service attacks.\n\n\n\nthe SDN feature will help networks evolve and improve more quickly than in the past.  They also hope it will help make networks more secure and reliable. there are however, people who have been against this feeling that it will give two much power to the top ISP's so they can continue to push their businesses farther.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/cisco-ibm-and-other-top-vendors-push-smart-networking-standard.php\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nthis could have a large impact on networking in the future.  with so many companies teaming up to make a product most likely the product will work well. the only possible downside i see at the moment is if like some have criticized it gives two much power to ISP's and helps them drive the prices of services up.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary nascent : beginning to exist or develop\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1379,"Article Summary\n\nThe article that I chose to read was the Wikipedia article on firewalls. \n\n\n\n\n\nFirewalls, are a component of a computer network that are implemented to improve security for a network.  These devices get there name from firewalls in construction, which where used to confine a potential fire. These firewalls (either hardware or software) are designed to prevent data that is not approved from entering a network. There are four main types of techniques that these components use: Packet filtering, Application Gateway, Circut Level Gateway and Proxy Server.  \n\nImpact\n\nI know that over the course of this semester we are going to be learning about firewalls. While this article was only an introduction to the concepts of a firewall was good place (in my unlearned opinion) to start from. I read further to find out what some of the other associated topics were, like proxy servers and NAT. \n\nVocabulary Proxy Server : A server that acts as a middle man between requests from clients and from other servers. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nURL:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch\n\n \n\nNetwork switch, also known as the packet switch, or switch is a network device that connects network segments together. Typical switches are operational on many levels of the OSI model. One such layer is the data-link layer, where the network switch operates to create different collision domains for each port. This provides a decrease in potential collisions across a network.  Most switches function in default in full duplex operation, meaning that at any given time they are able to send and receive data. Some operate in half duplex (can only send or receive at any given time) to support other devices.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSince we are not going to be covering a whole lot about switches and the purpose of such devices I thought that it would be a good idea to learn about them when we have an open reading assignment.  I now understand why it is important to have switches in a network. \n\nVocabulary Collision Domain : A physical network segment where data packets can collide with one another when being sent on a shared medium, in particular the Ethernet Internet Protocol. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping\n\n\n\n\n\nBasically a Ping network diagnostic tool that is part of the iternet control message protocol. It sends a abitrary data to another device and request a return. This is often used in diagnosing connectivity but is not conclusive. It is interesting to not that one can also ping using UDP.\n\nImpact\n\nWe have been learning a lot about pinging but it has been a little shaky in my mind what a pig actually is. I thought at first that it was a protocol within itself but now I know that it only uses the ICMP protocol to work. (I suppose that one could argue that it is a protocol to)\n\nVocabulary Internet Control Message Protocol : One of the core protocols of the internet protocol suite. It is mostly used by computers to send error messages.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_number\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article that I chose to read this semester was the wiki article concerning port number. \n\n\n\n\n\nSummery:  Both the UDP and TCP transport layer protocols use a source and destination port number in each packet. Using both the IP packet and the port number  processes on the computer create something called a socket, which is the software structure that is used for sending and receiving data. \n\n\n\n\n\nPorts, which are a 16 digit identifier range from 0 to 65535. Of the total ports some are know as well known ports, these ports are reserved for supporting high use services. Small port numbers, typically less that 1024 are typically for core network services while larger port numbers are typically used by other applications or processes. \n\n\n\n\n\nSome examples of ports are port 25, which is reserved for SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol, POP (post office protocol) which uses port 110, Port 67 and 68 are used by DHCP. Sometime when a website uses another port besides the norm, port 80, the URL of a site will include the alternative port that the server is using.\n\nOther common ports\n\n21 FTP (file transfer protocol)\n\n22 SSH (secure shell)\n\n23 Telnet\n\n53 DNS (domain name service)\n\n443 HTTPS HTTP with SSL\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDuring Chatter I was really confused about the purpose for using the port number. But after the class discussion and reading this article I understand that it is a way of further specifying within the computer what location you would like presses to listen for data. I was thinking that without having a port number that you would basically have to have each application be listening to all the data entered a computer and then have it sort through it to find what was important to that specific application. By using ports we are able to specifically target certain applications and software. \n\nVocabulary Socket : an endpoint of inter-process communication flow across an IP based computer network, such as the internet. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBasically some of the last IPv4 addresses where given out. This has been something that has been anticipated for quite a while but the first signs of the end of IPv4. There are a total of 4.3 possible addresses in IPv4, there are 340 undecillion addresses for IPv6. While that many addresses will handle the networking needs for many years to come, the transition to IPV6 will be hard to handle because the two systems cannot easily run on the same network. Another challenge is that there hasn't been a major push to upgrade to IPv6 because of the cost it would take to change to the new technology. \n\nAnother interesting point is that just because we are running out of these assigned addresses doesn't mean that they are in use. Some estimates of actual usage are around 14%. \n\n\n\n\n\nProjections estimate that there will be IPv4 address on the retail level available to 2012. When this happens the internet as we know it will not come spiraling down, but there are expected to be loss in speed and intermitent problems.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWow I really didn't understand that it would take so much to move to IPv6. I have seen it for years on my personal computer and computers at work but haven't had to do anything with it. I only thought that it would be as simple as selecting different numbers for the IP addresses and changing a few settings but according to this article it is going to be an expensive and complicated process for everyone involved. \n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a non-profit group that was setup by the government to manage the internet, including IP addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLink: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation\n\n\n\n\n\nNetwork address translation is the process of modifying network addresses in a datagram. It does this while the packet is in transit across a traffic routing device to remap from one Ip address to another.  Today this function is used in pair with network masquerading which is a method to hid an IP address space.  Basically it uses map to map all the ip addresses that they want hidden to a single IP address. \n\n\n\n\n\nUnlike port address translation, Network Address Translation is done on packet that do not have port numbers. Some of these packets include packets from the ICMP protocol.  There are many types of NAT such as : \n\n\n\n\n\nFull Cone Network Address Translation \n\nRestricted Cone Network Address Translation\n\nPort-Restricted Cone Network Address Translation\n\nSymmetric Network Address Translation\n\n\n\n\n\nPort Address Translation is similar to NAT but it changes port addresses to coincide with data being sent to different ports. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhile this article didn't help a whole lot it was good to get an overview of Network Address Translation. I was not familiar with the relation between Network Address Translation and Port Address Translation. I was also not aware of all the possible complications and effected applications that are involved when using NAT.  It was also evident after reading this article as to why Port Address Translation. I had thought I understood it in class but this really solidified it in my mind. \n\nVocabulary Session Traversal Utilities for NAT : (STUN) protocol that allows applications working with NAT to discover the presence of a network address translator and to obtain the public and port number that the NAT has allocated for the application's UDP connections to remote hosts.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLink: http://www.seminars.apple.com/contactme/pdf/L334436B_ActiveDirect_WP.pdf\n\n\n\n\n\nSummary: \n\n\n\n\n\nSince MacOS X 10.3 Apple has incorporated an Active Directory plugin to increase the ease of managing Apple computers in an Enterprise Environment. When this integration is complete each user will be:\n\n\n\n\n\n-fully controlled and abide by AD policies.\n\n-be configured for single sign-on access to the AD using Kerberos\n\n-use network home directories, local home directories, or directories similar to roaming profiles on Windows\n\n\n\n\n\nThis integration is also available on Mac OS X Server\n\n\n\n\n\nHow to get started (I read the article but the direction to the resoures were wrong, the following instructions are what I was able to find. \n\n\n\n\n\nopen accounts,\n\n-Under the admin account select network account server.\n\n-In this menu select AD\n\n-Enter in the correct AD Domain information.\n\n-click bind\n\n\n\n\n\nBinding can also be done through script. See the article for this stuff. \n\n\n\n\n\nTesting: In order to test to see if the service are working. Apple recommends that you do a packet examination trying to capture traffic for the following ports:\n\n\n\n\n\n- UDP 53 DNS\n\n- TCP 88 Kerberos\n\n- TCP 389 LDAP\n\n- TCP/UDP 464 Kerberos Password Changes \n\n- TCP 3268 Global Catalog\n\n\n\n\n\nFor common problems, deployment strategies, and directory questions see the article, But they were very helpful.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI have just took on the responsibility of heading mac support at my work. This includes getting each Mac setup on our the Active Directory at work . It is really interesting that Mac works with a microsoft product, but is not surprising at all. While Windows in the titan of enterprise there are many things that macs are used for in businesses and therefore it is important that Mac play nicely with the leader of enterprise, especially when it comes to providing features that make them easier to support. \n\n\n\n\n\nI was able to understand how the Mac OS X is able to use our current AD domain and was able to make some changes to a few of the machines that I am currently testing. The Command Line and testing information was very helpful. \n\nVocabulary Kerebos : a computer network authentication protocol, which allows nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to on another in a secure manner.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nIMAP is one of the two most prevalent standard protocols for email retrieval. The other is POP3. Almost all modern email clients and mail servers support both POP3 and IMAP for transferring email from a server, however IMAP is less popular than POP3. \n\n\n\n\n\nIMAP is an application layer protocol that allows an email client (email management software, like outlook or apple mail) to access email from a mail server. IMAP is generally used to access email, leaving the actual data on the computer until an email is explicitly deleted. \n\n\n\n\n\nSMTP is for sending email and POP3 and IMAP are for retrieving email messages from a mail server. Outlook also works with the exchange server, which uses its own protocol, but can be configured to use POP3 and IMAP.\n\n\n\n\n\nIMAP advantages:\n\nUses a continuous connection to the server in order to have on demand communication to the server. POP3 uses brief connections to the server to retrieve information. \n\n\n\n\n\nIMAP supports simultaneous connection of multiple clients to the same email box. POP only allows one connection to a client at a time. \n\n\n\n\n\nIMAP includes the tracking of message states, or rather includes notifying others if a message has been opened, replied to or deleted. This allows for better access when being viewed by multiple clients. \n\n\n\n\n\nIMAPS main disadvantage is that it is inherently more complex to support. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n I have often wondered what the different features of IMAP are compared to POP3. I wasn't even sure if they were for the same purpose or if they were for different parts of sending email, if they worked together or if it was one or the other. I now know the difference and know why my work suggests that we use IMAP. I also realized a little more about why exchange is so complicated and why it is that we don't setup and exchange server for the lab, it is because Exchange is the most complicated out of all of them. \n\nVocabulary MIME format  : Multi purpose internet mail extensions: allows email to include characters other that ASCII, non text attachments, message bodies with multiple parts, and include header information not in ASCII.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIIS is an application created by Microsoft that runs on windows. This application is a  web-server which supplies data to a requesting browser. IIS proves 21% of all websites. The most popular web-server is apache.\n\n\n\n\n\nIIS supports the following:\n\nHTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP and NNTP\n\n\n\n\n\nThe current version of IIS, IIS7 is a complete redesign and rewrite o the IIS server in response to growing requirements in supported protocols, security, and efficiency. It was also written to coincide with the Windows 7 and its partner server operating system, Server 2008. \n\n\n\n\n\nOne major change is the modular structure of IIS7. This modular structure provide greater simplicity for simple service, with the capability of expanding to the full functionality of the web-server. While there is a main installation for the IIS7 service,   all functions need not be installed at once but rather from the base installation, one can pick and choose the components that they need to instal based on the requirements of there service. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI am working on a system at the MTC that will replace the current ticketing system the that the IT department is using. Often I am required to make changes to the Notification servers in order to make customizations to the service to fit the MTC's needs. When any of these changes are made it often requires that I restart the IIS service in order for the changes to take effect. While I am still not sure why this is required I now understand better how IIS is used to facilitate the website. \n\nVocabulary Code Red worm : A infamous worm that was discovered in July 13, 2001. It was a worm that specifically attacked servers running IIS\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1352,"Article Summary\n\nD-Link, Netgear and several other companies unveiled new routers at CES this week that are designed to work with Verizon's 4G LTE network. Verizon's 4G network supposedly has speeds 10x faster than it's 3G network, and these new routers are designed to take advantage of the increased speed, offering (theoretically, at least) speeds of 100mbps/down and 50mbps/up. These new routers would greatly extend the reach of mobile wireless, expanding into such areas as mines, construction sites, sea vessels, trains, etc. Most of the new routers also feature 'always on' technology, allowing for redundant connectivity and backup in case of power failure or other events. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs mentioned above, this will greatly expand the access points to areas such as trains, mines, construction sites, ships, rural areas, etc. that may currently not have wireless network access. The increased speeds and always-on features will also improve existing 3G connections, allowing for faster throughput and more assured connectivity.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Router : after telling us last week that none of us know what a router is, I looked it up. From what I understand, a true 'network router' takes all incoming packets and forwards those packets to the next network in line. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\narticle: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011311-rim-plans-cloud-based-blackberry-enterprise.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\nThis article discusses RIM's plans to launch new cloud-based capabilities for it's Blackberries Enterprise Servers by the end of this year. It hasn't been announced yet if RIM will host the servers, or if partner companies will continue hosting as they currently do. Blackberry service is known for it's data security, and moving to a cloud-based system will extend the accessibility to that service to more potential customers. BES is widely used by financial and other industries because of that security. There are currently 250,000 BES worldwide. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs stated in the article, this move to a cloud-based system will make the BES more accessible to small- and mid-range companies who cannot afford to provision their own physical BES server from RIM, as well as allowing large corporations to move some of their infrastructure on the cloud. Moving to the cloud will also allow third parties to create small variations on the BES to suit their needs. All in all, moving to a cloud will help RIM continue to be a major player in the corporate smartphone world, and shore up market share against advancing Android and iOS phones. \n\n\n\nVocabulary cloud infrastructure : According to the NIST, a cloud infrastructure is the capability provided to clients to use processing, storage, networks and other basic computing resources while not needing to manage the underlying infrastructure but can still control the OS, and select other components. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\narticle: http://www.infoworld.com/d/networking/yahoo-ipv6-upgrade-could-shut-out-1-million-internet-users-875?page=0,2\n\n\n\nYahoo, the fourth most visited website on the Internet, is upgrading to support both IPv4 and IPv6 users sometime later this year. They are ready to roll out the IPv6 support now, but are concerned (along with many other large internet companies) about how it will affect IPv4 users. Reportedly, supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 can cause issues for up to 1 million, or 0.05%, of internet users who have their networks configured incorrectly. This inability to reach IPv4/IPv6 sites is referred to as \"IPv6 Brokenness.\" Currently, the 3 web sites more popular than Yahoo! (Google, Facebook, and YouTube, respectively) all support IPv6 on separate websites from their main page. In order to better gauge how the transition will affect internet users, several large Internet companies have agreed to participate in 'World IPv6 Day,' in which they will switch on IPv6 for the day and see how many users are actually affected. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nReportedly, IPv4 has less than 5% of total possible IP addresses remaining to be allocated. This means that internet companies will be forced to either switch to IPv6, or find a workaround to maintain IPv4 functionality. As sites like Yahoo!, Google and Facebook switch to support IPv6, many users will also be forced to reconfigure their networks in order to be able to continue accessing popular sites. The impact of these upgrades will be widespread, and could lead to headaches for a lot of people and companies - not only those involved in the upgrades, but customers/clients who will have to reconfigure networks to access those sites.\n\n\n\nVocabulary IPv6 Brokenness : a behavior where bad IPv6 connectivity is chosen over functioning IPv4 connectivity, meaning that all of the IPv6 connections must time out before the IPv4 connection is used. This means long load times, or inability to connect for the user. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\narticle URL:http://www.itnews.com.au/News/246154,huston-address-shortage-threatens-the-open-internet.aspx\n\n\n\nThis article focuses on a presentation given by the Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC) chief scientist Geoff Huston to attendees of the Linux conference in Brisbane, Australia. He explains that all of the 4000 million possible IP addresses will be claimed by midyear, and that Network Address Translation (NAT) is not a long-term solution to the problem. According to him, ISP's do not see the issue related to running out of IPv4 addresses, as they all believe NAT solves the problem. It also allows ISP's to charge a premium for static IP addresses to premium customers, while utilizing NAT for all non-premium customers. He also explains that NAT is not at all standardized, and that will create issues as NAT is relied on more and more. Unfortunately, he says, only 0.3% of users who visited google are IPv6 ready, and companies are not being pressures to support IPv6. He concludes by urging attendees to pressure large firms like Google and Apple to improve IPv6 software. His closing plea was, \"[They] need to see motivations as to why they should continue with open networking. Somehow you need to prevent a multi-trillion dollar industry falling flat on its arse.\"\n\nImpact\n\nAs Huston makes very clear, the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses and woeful lack of IPv6 preparedness is a major issue facing every internet user worldwide. As he points out, ISPs are not feeling pressure to move to IPv6, as they are relying on NAT to allow them to assign multiple machines to an IPv4 address. In addition, the vast majority of users are incapable of accessing IPv6. As Huston states at the close, it is necessary that major companies begin adopting and improving IPv6 software. Only by doing so will the open networking of the internet be preserved.\n\n\n\nVocabulary APNIC : Asia Pacific Network Information Centre - a non-profit organization responsible for the registration and recording of IP addresses and the regional Whois database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle URL: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020311-the-internet-kill-switch-that.html\n\n\n\nAfter Egypt's move to shut down all internet and mobile communication during the early days of rioting, the \"Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act\" from 2010 is receiving more attention in the USA. Many think that it will be reintroduced this year, and allow the President to order that parts of the internet be shut down or quarantined if there is a cyberattack on important cyber-infrastructures, and forbid it to be used as a means to curb free speech (supposedly). Critics, however, claim that the language of the bill is too vague, and could easily be manipulated to in essence be used to censor the internet without requiring congressional approval. While it is not a 'kill switch' for the entire internet, many are worried that it is a step towards toward government control over the internet. \n\nImpact\n\nWith the events in Egypt, Americans are highly sensitive to anything that feels like censorship or government interference in free speech. This bill has been dubbed the 'internet kill switch' by some in the media, and while it isn't technically a 'kill switch' for the entire internet, the fact that the President would be able to order parts of the internet shut down or quarantined without needing congress' approval is very disturbing to many. The bill claims to allow it only during an 'ongoing' or 'imminent' cyberattack, but that could be construed from almost any form of dissent - the President could ostensibly claim that he was afraid that Tea Partiers were going to attack, and therefore shut down sites. \n\n\n\nIn all, it reminds me of the quote \"Free speech cannot be limited without being lost.\" Any attempt to control, police, or censor the internet by any government turns the internet into a propaganda tool instead of a medium of communication. I hope this bill does not pass, as I would bet the majority of Americans do as well. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Communications Act of 1934 : Even though it was passed well before Al Gore invented the internet, the act created the FCC to oversee radio and wire communications with the stated purpose to 'to make available, so far as possible, to all the people of the United States a rapid, efficient, nationwide, and worldwide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense.' The Telecommunications Act of 1996 extended control over the internet as well.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe way the internet works is going to change now, because the last IPv4 address was allocated this month. Since IPv4 address are 32-bit, there are only 4.3 billion possible addresses, compared to 340 'undecillion' (whatever that is) addresses for IPv6. And even though only about 14% of all assigned IPv4 addresses are currently being used, it is too hard to reassign those unused addresses to new users. Also unfortunately, there hasn't been a big push to standardize/upgrade to IPv6 for most companies/websites. This could also mean that companies not using all of their IPv4 address space could hold on to them, and try to turn around and sell them for a profit instead of returning them for reallocation. Most consumer computers and phones are equipped for IPv6, however, most home networking products do not, and that's where the issue is. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere's going to be a fundamental shift in the way data is transferred over the internet. Companies and websites are going to need to start having dual-stack support for IPv4 and IPv6 users, home networking hardware providers like Netgear, Belkin, Linksys and Cisco are going to have to begin supporting IPv6 in their home products, and ISPs are going to need to make the transition as well. Since the IPv4 addresses have already run out, and nobody's really made a full transition to IPv6 yet, pretty much the whole world's been caught with their pants down, unprepared to switch to IPv6 because it still hasn't been fully ironed out. The internet could start experiencing minor issues in the proximate future until the whole IPv6 transition gets figured out\n\n\n\nVocabulary dual-stack : a network node that runs both IPv4 and IPv6, and is capable of translating between the two, so as to facilitate users with either IPv4 or 6\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nsource: http://www.networkcomputing.com/virtualization/ibm-offers-new-software-for-managing-virtualization-cloud-systems.php?type=article\n\n\n\nIBM unveiled new software that is capable of creating virtual server images in minutes, as well as automate much of the management of those virtual environments. Industry forecasts say that the number of enterprise managed virtual machines is expected to grow tenfold between 2008 and 2012. This software dovetails with the open beta program IBM has that allows business to easily create and deploy a cloud environment, which also provides 'image management' as far as scalability of the virtual image sizes. Finally, IBM has also announced the Tivoli Storage Manager which makes backing up and storing data much simpler and integrated if using VMware products in the virtual environment, as well as offering disaster recovery and archiving services. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nClearly IBM is taking seriously the forecast that companies are going to continue to grow their virtual services very rapidly in the near future. With these offerings, IBM is competitively positioned to offer the best all-around virtualization programs in this rapidly growing industry. Not only that, but automated management of those virtual environments means that control/security need not be sacrificed in order to keep up with demand growth. \n\n\n\nVocabulary server sprawl : a situation that occurs in data centers when a lot of physical servers are being used at very low capacities, but still using a lot of power, cooling, and internal resources of the machine itself. Virtualization is seen as a good way to minimize this wastefulness. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle source :http://www.networkcomputing.com/virtualization/virtualization-moving-from-data-center-to-desktop.php\n\n\n\nAs companies have moved toward data center/server virtualization and storage, some companies have also begun moving towards desktop virtualization. This allows them to replace desktop PCs with devices that need not run any software (i.e., displays only, with a mouse and keyboard attached). Companies see this as a way to enable more mobility as far as where the employees work from. Employees essentially can work from any computer, as very little (if any) software needs to be installed since it's all virtualized. Updates and patches can be applied more quickly too, because of the centralized nature of the 'workstations.' Security is also enhanced, as users can't install/download programs locally. Software licenses can be consolidated, and help center calls can be reduced and/or shortened. However, the high cost and time associated with moving to desktop virtualization is slowing down this movement.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs companies have moved to server/data center virtualization, firms and users have had to make huge adjustments in the name of efficiency and eventual ease-of-use. With this new trend of moving towards virtualized desktops as well, companies are making it much easier for employees to log in and get work done from wherever they are. However, there are going to be huge changes needed for this as well - upgraded/restructured data center, and hardware upgrades, for starters. However, as more and more companies move towards this new paradigm, other companies will feel the pressure to do so as well, especially from employees who want this kind of flexibility. It could also mean more jobs for people like us. \n\n\n\nVocabulary utility based computing model : packaging of computing resources like computation, storage and services as a metered service (by use or by user, usually). Acquiring the resources is cheap, then the company essentially 'rents' the software/hardware/storage needed over time.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle URL: http://www.infoworld.com/t/iphone/picture-proof-times-square-video-hack-cleverly-orchestrated-hoax-623\n\n\n\nThere is a viral video on youtube showing a guy with an iPhone and homemade device supposedly 'hacking into' the screen advertisements around Times Square. Many assumed the stunt to be real at first, but experts are now saying it's a hoax - that the guy is part of a publicity firm that bought the ad space on the billboards and timed their video to be in sync with what was being shown on the billboards.\n\n\n\nExperts claim it is fake for a few reasons. First, there is a part in the video where you can see the guy on a screen an entire block away - supposedly the device is only able to hack screens much closer. Second, the transmitter is connected to the headphone jack, which has no video output (though some claim it could be hacked to have video output), as opposed to the bottom port. Third, they'd have to hack the network supplying the wireless video to the screens, which would be very difficult, if not impossible, using only an iPhone. Last, there is no power source for the transmitter,which would require a very strong signal to break through. Though it is fake, experts admit it IS within the realm of possibility, but just barely.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nUsing this as a publicity stunt (for a yet-to-be-named service or product) shows that the general public interest in networks and device capabilities is growing, and that people are becoming more aware of the possibilities with these tech devices. It also may inspire honest hackers to try to develop this technology/software for real, leading to new highly mobile threats from hacked mobile phones. Lastly, it shows (or at least purports to show) the vulnerability of networks broadcast over highly accessible places like Times Square.\n\n\n\nAlso, it's a pretty awesome hoax.\n\n\n\nVocabulary wireless repeater : a device set up to receive a wireless signal and then transmit it again (repeat it) after augmenting the signal to allow for further wireless range. In this case, the repeater attached to the iPhone got the signal then sent out a modified signal to the displays (or it would have, if it were real)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle URL: http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229301361\n\n\n\nGoogle is having problems in China again, this time accusing the Chinese government of interfering with their client-server communications. They claim that the interference is designed to make it look like the failure originates from Google's servers, but that they company has checked their end multiple times and found no issues. This also results in problems when Google tries to send targetted ads to the gmail screen, or even just mark a message as read. Last time Google accused China of attacking the company it was denied, however recent WikiLeak documents show that China was in fact overseeing the attack designed to censor certain sites from the Chinese public. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe old issue of Google's (and all web services, therefore) duties to provide services to the public versus being used as a tool of the government arises again. This has issues because it shows just how far the Chinese government is willing to go - as far as censoring individual emails - and Google's response will be very closely watched by all other major online players. In addition, Google maps currently has a limited version available in China, but as per government regulation all of the data is stored and retrieved off of servers located IN mainland China. The limited features have upset the Chinese government, who may use this latest attack as leverage against Google to improve their service. Or, Google could just quit China altogether - losing a large, fast-growing market but making an 'ethical' or political statement in the process. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Global Transparency Report : An interactive map created by google to show the number of government inquiries for info about users as well as requests for Google to remove/censor content. Pretty much done to piss off the Chinese government, and it's actually pretty awesome and interesting - http://www.google.com/transparencyreport/governmentrequests/\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: http://www.informationweek.com/news/government/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229400618\n\n\n\nAn audit of NASA's servers found they were at high risk of cyber attack and vulnerable to hackers. This is after hackers stole 22GB of restricted info - which probably should have tipped them off in the first place. The network was accessed from locations as far away as China (duh), Saudi Arabia (our 'allies') and Estonia (they just bought their first computer!). The servers that were accessed conrol the Int'l Space Station and the Hubble telescope, among other things. The hackers were able to steal protocols, passwords and encryption keys. As part of the audit they used open source network mapping and a tool called nmap to discover that 54 separate servers were accessible over the internet. Sever of the servers had been set up improperly, leading to the vulnerabilities. The CIO pledged continuous monitoring of the network and other moves to mitigate the risks, but no word on if patches have been released to close the holes.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a big deal, since access to NASA could allow hackers to get sensitive data that they could then use in attacks on other, more sensitive government databases (though wikileaks seems to have done all the PR damage that can be done). In addition, accessing servers that affect the ISS potentially puts the astronauts on board at risk. Individual personnel files could be compromised as well, leading to identity theft, blackmail or other personal attacks. In true government fashion, they promised to monitor the issue... but not necessarily 'fix' it.\n\n\n\nVocabulary nmap : A free, open source tool that can be used for network exploration and/or security auditing. It uses raw IP packets to determine hosts on the network, as well as what application that host is offering, OS they are running, firewalls they are using and many other characteristics. It's designed for large networks, and sounds awesome.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1274,"Article Summary\n\nI read the tutorial on the website: http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe tutorial gives a basic overview of data communications. The article discusses the different methods of data transmission over different lengths as well as different channel types (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex). I also learned about serial communications and the structure of data packets and bits. \n\nThe ASCII character set was introduced and explained. The tutorial then continued by discussing parity bits, check sums, and data compression. The article concluded by discussing the methods of data transmission over varying distances and what interference does.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was great for me, providing a good introduction to the course material. I now have a better idea about how data is physically transferred and stored. I feel like this basic overview will help me put the pieces of information together better as I learn throughout the semester. \n\nVocabulary Bit-serial transmission : A transmission type that conveys one bit at a time through a channel. The individual bits are broken up and then reassembled on the receiving end. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPCI To Drive IT Budgets In 2011 - \n\nThis article from networkcomputing.com discussed the role the PCI needs and compliance will play in 2011. The security standards, which were 5 years old, were recently updated, and many companies will need to spend money to comply.\n\nA survey was done that revealed that many companies are not secure. Many are compliant in certain areas, but still need to improve.\n\nImpact\n\nAs a result of the compliance with PCI security standards, many companies will be more secure against threats. Increased security will result in lower costs in other areas, such as correction after a security breach. The increased security may also lead hackers to find new ways to break into the systems of companies, which may result in even higher standards in the future.\n\nVocabulary point-to-point encryption : A protocol to encrypt data used in a VPN. It does not compressed data, but is often used together with Point-to-point compression, which will compress the data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCisco, Panda Identify Cybercrime Trends,  http://www.networkcomputing.com/data-protection/cisco-panda-identify-cybercrime-trends.php?type=article\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discussed a handful of tactics that are becoming popular among cyber criminals, and that SMBs need to be aware of in 2011. The article pointed out that the mobile devices open up a whole new world to thieves. Smaller screens allow phising scams to go undetected, and a variation of platforms give scammers a wider base to rob.  \n\nThe article also discussed the increased use of money mules - innocent people who are duped into laundering stolen money. \n\nThe black market for the resale of financial data is growing, with an increasing number of organizations making profit by selling credit cards, cloning machines, and fake ATM machines. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article brings attention to the growing problem of data security. Companies, especially small and medium businesses, cannot ignore cyber threats. Management needs to be ready to make an appropriate investment in order to protect information and guard against threats. They should also ensure the they stay up to date on developing security, training, and controls to guard against the most current cyber crime. \n\nVocabulary advanced persistent threats (APTs) : ATP refers to the group of threats that have to do with the loss of sensitive information, such as financial data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMicrosoft calls for 16-core server SoCs\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4212631/Microsoft-calls-for-16-core-server-SoCs\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article explores the possible for Microsoft data centers. It explores different SoCs to replace the ones on its servers. ARM is not likely to be widely implemented in the close future, but the next version of windows will support it. Microsoft currently uses a version of the x86, but is looking upgrade.\n\nImpact\n\nThe more powerful servers will allow Microsoft data centers to process larger amounts of information. The adoption of new SoCs by Microsoft may sent a trend for other companies like Google, and then continue to implement new innovations. \n\nVocabulary SoC : System on a Chip - Integrates all of the systems of a computer onto a single integrated chip.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTech giants to enable IPv6 on \"World IPv6 Day\" in June\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/02/tech-giants-to-enable-ipv6-on-world-ipv6-day-in-june.ars\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article outlines the plan of the Internet Society to enable IPv6 on June 8, 2011. Google, Yahoo, and Facebook are all participating in the event. Experts expect that .05 percent of users on that day will experience delays because of the new protocol issues. At the same time however, because so many people will be using IPv6 on that day, tech support will be readily available.\n\nEven though IPv4 blocks are running out (the last one is expected to be assigned on Thursday in Miami), the Internet Society plans on turning IPv6 back off after the June test day. The article suggests that the Internet Society should rethink their plan and make a permanent switch. \n\nImpact\n\nThe switch to IPv6 is a large processes that has been in the works for some time. This article points out the urgency and need to abandon IPv4 addresses and make the switch to IPv6. The switch to IPv6 will open up more IP addresses and allow the internet to continue to grow at its exponential pace. \n\nVocabulary 6to4 tunnels : a system whereby a computer or a home gateway can create IPv6 addresses from an IPv4 address and connect to the IPv6 Internet by encapsulating IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nThe sky is falling! Well, no not really, but this article sheds light on the details of the IPv4 address exhaustion and what it will take to switch over to IPv6.\n\nOn Thurs February 3, the last five /8 IPv4 blocks where assigned. Because many current smaller IPv4 addresses can still be assigned, we probably have until sometime in 2012 before IPv4 are longer available to the public. \n\nIPv4 addresses were poorly allocated in the beginning, and some companies have far more addresses than they need. Some companies are freely giving back the unneeded addresses, and others are hanging on to them to capitalize profits when the supply becomes short.\n\nThe transition to IPv6 will be difficult because of current network configurations. Many servers are only configured to handle IPv4 and will not easily be able to handle the IPv6. Currently, NAT is being used to provide more IPv4 space, but it does not solve all problems. The transition will be bumpy, but is no on it's way.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWith the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses, companies will need to configure their networks with IPv6 in mind. For a certain amount of time, companies will need to be aware of both IPv4 and IPv6 needs. Support for IPv6 will need to be developed at companies that are currently only using IPv4. \n\nEletronics companies will also need to start selling consumer-level networking equipment that is capable of handling IPv6.\n\n\n\nIf the transition does not happen smoothly, some organizations will have a hard time obtaining new IPv4 space. Prices for IPv4 addresses may skyrocket if the transition to IPv6 is not made in time. \n\nThe arrival of IPv6 will allow for better management of organization of internet space. \n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers - the highest level organization that was set up in the 1990s that handles the inner workings of the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTablets, smartphones force Cisco to rethink how security works\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021511-rsa-cisco-securex.html?page=2\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article outlines the advances that Cisco is making in order to make virtual systems on wireless devices more secure. Cisco is developing a product called SecureX that will give firewalls the ability to scan and tag user identities in order to have real-time security policies. SecureX will track what device the user is using, what applications it is running, and its organization. The system would also allow Cisco to record more security information in its cloud, resulting in better security operations.\n\nSome people feel that SecureX is nothing special. They feel that Cisco is going off on a tangent and that the technology really won't go anywhere.\n\nImpact\n\nWith the rapid increase in cloud computing and virtualization, security is rapidly changing. Whether it be Cisco or someone else, a solution must be designed to prevent fraud and theft when wireless connections are so widely used. \n\nIf Cisco is successful in developing the system, the wireless world will be safer for those using SecureX. \n\nVocabulary software-as-a-service : Pay-as-you-go software agreements. Allows the user to use the software for a limited amount of time, usually on a virtual or wireless device\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nRSA 2011: Top attacks business will face in 2011\n\nhttp://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2011/02/21/245510/RSA-2011-Top-attacks-business-will-face-in-2011.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article outlines the major upcoming threats of which businesses need to be aware this year. The article identifies social networks as a major target for hackers and other attackers. Social platforms are easy targets because they provide an open space to post malicious links and users easily give up their information. Businesses need to provide proper training in order to protect against this threat.\n\nData breaches also pose a threat. Many attackers are using browser history in order to create links that appeal to the user's interests. Businesses should invest in DNS monitoring in order to protect against these threats. Data breaches are also a threat when data is decrypted and read by an application. Even if a businesses uses encryption end-to-end, the information may still be vulnerable when it is read by the application. \n\nIPv6 poses another threat. During the transition phase, many businesses do not have adequate means to prevent and detect IPv6 attacks.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article shows the constant need to stay up-to-date with the different methods that are employed by hackers and other malicious users. Businesses need to be vigilant about investing into security and new technology. During the switch to IPv6, businesses need to develop a plan in order to ensure that they don't leave themselves exposed to attacks.\n\nBusinesses should establish good security practices, such as regular employee training, in order to protect themselves against attacks. \n\nVocabulary DNS monitoring : A service that maintains a list of website, information about them, and their potential threats. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMajor New DNS Vulnerability Discovered\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/major-new-dns-vulnerability-discovered.php?type=article\n\n\n\n\n\nA weakness in the BIND protocol, the most widely used protocol for DNS, was discovered to have vulnerabilities. The Internet Systems Consortium issued a warning regarding versions 9.7.1 through 9.7.2-P3 that may allow attackers to use denial of services to shut down servers. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe vulnerability was discovered to cause problems during the incremental zone transfers that occur on the transport layer when data is being transferred using TCP. During this data transfer, BIND allows for a small window of time that could result in deadlocks that will stop all processing requests. \n\n\n\n\n\nLuckily, no reports of exploiting this vulnerability have been reported yet.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article highlights the fact that technology isn't perfect. Even the most widely used protocol for DNS has vulnerabilities that could cripple a business. This article serves as a warning to those businesses who are using the BIND protocol versions that are at risk. Businesses need to take special care to ensure themselves against denial of service attacks. \n\nVocabulary BIND : Berkeley Internet Name Domain - the most commonly used DNS server on the internet. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIntel cloud computing program on the rise\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4213797/Intel-cloud-computing-program-on-the-rise\n\n\n\n\n\nIntel is planning on doubling its implementations for cloud computing. Intel has a program called Cloud Builders that it started a year and half ago; the program focuses on how to build and improve cloud computing. \n\nAmazon.com was one of the first companies to offer cloud computing and remains a leader in the industry. \n\nIntel's project employ a number of engineers who work on projects such as moving a business application from one set of servers to another. Other projects include allow a server to automatically decide which programs to run for itself and which programs to offload to the cloud.\n\nImpact\n\nThe trend towards cloud computing is a big impact for the future. Companies, such as intel, that capitalize on this trend are in a good position to stay in business. The rise in cloud computing allows business to be more mobile and more adaptable to the changing environment. \n\nVocabulary OEM : Original Equipment Manufacturer - The company that originally manufactured a product or component\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n5 signs that your techies are being poached\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031411-tech-talent-poaching.html?t51hb&hpg1=mp\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discussion how the higher demand for IT employees is causing some companies to make offers to the IT guys of other companies. Tech jobs are up 30% from last year, with cloud computing and mobile development being in most demand. In the past few years, many IT guys have been overworked or under appreciated, so they are prime candidates for companies eager to find new talent and experience. \n\nThe article lists signs that CIOs should be aware of in employees who may be looking at other companies. CIOs may consider not only raising salaires, but also giving more perks and allowing employees to gain experience in exciting technologies in order to keep their employees happy. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is good news for those of us in the ISYS program. The job market is shifting and now appears to be more favorable for the employee. It is still important for me to develop the skills that employees are looking for. It is also important for me to learn as much as I can about what different companies have to offer so that I can make an informed decision when it comes to accepting my first job. \n\nVocabulary CIO : Chief Information Officer - senior exec in a company who is responsible for information technology and computer systems\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCisco Homes In On Teleworkers\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/cisco-homes-in-on-teleworkers.php?p=2\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discusses the trend toward professionals working in their homes. According to the article, by 2016 43 percent of Information workers will be working from the home at least part of the time.\n\nCisco is creating a set of products that targets this population. The products will make telecommuting easier and more secure. The products will allow for a distinction between home and business traffic, which will result in greater efficiency. The IT department businesses will still be able to effectively manage the infrastructure, but more of the load will be on the individual employee. \n\nImpact\n\nThe shift toward telecommuting will have a big impact on my work environment in the future. Depending on how the technology develops and how well it is accepted and incorporated, I may find myself working from home in the future. The technology will also allow companies greater ability to hire across the country and oversees. Employees will no longer need to relocate in order to change jobs. This will also make the workplace more competitive, as employees in India and other countries will have an easier time getting jobs here. \n\nVocabulary SSID  : Service Set Identifier - Allows companies to route network traffic based on the kind of traffic (home or business).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMigrating To IPv6 Will Dominate Your IT Budget\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/migrating-to-ipv6-will-dominate-your-it-budget.php\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discusses the need for businesses to budget for the transition to IPv6. The author compares this change in infrastructure to the changes that companies faced in 1999 when preparing for Y2K. Currently, many companies are investing in cloud computing and other virtual technologies; these projects may need to be put on hold in order to prepare successfully for the mandatory switch to the new internet protocol. \n\nIPv6 projects will become more high profile for managers, especially in the next six months, delaying virtualization projects. IPv6 however, will provide enhanced support for virtualization. \n\nImpact\n\nMany IT and ISYS professionals may find that their projects will not receive the funding that they would like. While businesses are dedicating their resources to the IPv6 transition, other projects will suffer. By the time that I graduate however, it seems that the budgets will take into account the transition, and the necessary funds will be available for other projects. \n\nVocabulary 6to4 tunnel : A system that allows IPv6 packets to be transferred over IPv4 infrastructure\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCloud Computing: Advice for Application Control Freakshttp://www.cio.com/article/678421/Cloud_Computing_Advice_for_Application_Control_Freaks\n\n\n\n\n\nAlthough it can provide many advantages, one of the challenges of cloud computing with decided which services are needed, but that the company does not want to control or manage. This article discusses both private and public cloud solutions\n\nIn the private cloud, companies have already paid for certain services. Companies run into problems when trying to balance accesibilty of data to users and security.\n\nIn public cloud computing, companies have the option of total control over services. Companies must decide how much control they want, and the expense of employing specialists. \n\nImpact\n\nCloud computing is the way of the future. As the technology is developing, I must become aware of the different kinds of cloud computing, and the advantages. The rise of cloud computing may do away with certain jobs at private companies, as many of these responsibilities will be shifted to cloud service providers. \n\nVocabulary SOA : Start of Authority - specifies authoritative information about a DNS zone\n\n "]
["---",1292,"Article Summary\n\n\n\n            Net neutrality deals with controlling speed and access to the Internet. There are a few major companies such as AT&T, Verizon, and Comcast that have laid down the pipes that the Internet uses; however, those companies are not allowed to control the information being sent through the Internet. A week ago I had never heard of net neutrality, so since then I’ve gone to the web and looked up some information on it. I came across two arguments, one from savetheinternet.com and another from oneMinuteCases. \n\n            Those fighting for net neutrality see the Internet more as a right than a privilege. By not restricting who has the Internet or how fast their websites load there is great room for creativity. If the major companies who own the piping begin to be able to control the information going through the pipes prices will spike and large corporations will have a greater advantage because they can afford the spike in prices. Small businesses and entrepreneurs will be snuffed out.\n\n            Those fighting against net neutrality claim that the internet is a privilege and not a right. Companies had to spend millions upon millions of dollars to lay down all the piping that the internet uses and they should be able to control it. It’s their investment… Just like starting up your own business, if you have a lot of money you can pay for a better facility, if you have less than the facility won’t be as nice. The same goes for the internet, those who can afford more should be allowed more.\n\nImpact\n\nThese two articles were very informative for me. Before I read these articles I didn’t know what net neutrality referred to; however, I have found that it’s argument has been going on for years and that the outcome can play a large part on how  economy develops. Reading this has made me aware about what’s going on around me and more than anything made me think about where I stand on the matter, I myself haven’t really decided how I feel about the subject because I can see where both sides are coming from. I imagine as I continue learning about it and studying in the information systems field I’ll begin to lean one way or the other. \n\nVocabulary Two-tiered Internet : This is the dividing of the internet into two different speeds and qualities. Those who are willing to pay a lot will have their website speed and quality much higher than those who cannot or will not pay so much money for their website.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n        Ethernet:    \n\n\n\n\n\nEthernet was created nearly 40 years ago (1973) by Bob Metcalfe, who worked for Xerox. Over the years, Ethernet has become the most common way to network computers. The Internet and Ethernet are powered by the same technologies; however, Ethernet is about local area networks whereas Internet is global. \n\n            Ethernet is the most common type of broadband, but it requires 3 main parts in order to functions.  Ethernet Card, Ethernet Cable, and a hub, router or switch. Most computers now-a-days come with an Ethernet card installed in them. The cable connects to the card’s Ethernet port and runs to a hub, router, or switch; which help direct traffic. The Ethernet cables are the transport lanes that carry the data packages from computers to other computers.\n\nhttp://www.brighthub.com/office/collaboration/articles/64531.aspx\n\nImpact\n\nI missed class because I was sick so I felt like I was a bit behind on a lot of the concepts that came up in class. One of these idea was Ethernet. That plus making internet cables in lab made me kind of curious about it’s real function. More than anything, studying this helped me understand what is meant when the word Ethernet is said. I usually just thought of it as the cord that runs between the computers. However, it’s much more than that. I is a way of transferring data packages, but it involves several pieces of hardware and software. It has it’s own network protocol to ensure it’s functionality. I also enjoyed learning the fact that if I ever have to install internet in my house later on in life, that it is much cheaper to make my own Ethernet cables. I ran that idea by my dad, I came to find out that he did just that when our house was being built.  \n\nVocabulary CSMA/CD : Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection - This is an Ethernet protocol, which assures that there are no collisions on the network. If two stations are on the same channel or transmitting at the same time they will be notified. After a random time interval the two stations will try to transmit again. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIPv6\n\n\n\n\n\nWebsite: http://ipv6.com/articles/general/ipv6-the-next-generation-internet.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 is designed to replace the current IPv4. Both define network protocols, or how data is sent from one computer to another of packet-switched networks. The main reason for IPv6 is because IPv4 is simply running out of addresses to connect computers to a network. IPv6 allows for 128 bits, over IPv4's 32 bits. IPv6 will eliminate the need for NAT, which translates the network addresses in order to create more space. Problems arising from NAT will not be a problem at all, because it won't be used.\n\nA few of the benefits of IPv6 include increased address space, more efficient routing, better mobility-support, and security. There are many more benefits which have not been named here. \n\nImpact\n\nBefore this class i didn't know there were such things as IPv4 or IPv6. I think it's really important to know what is going on around us. Currently IPv4 is still the main protocol used, but we will soon be forced to incorporate IPv6 more. Just learning about the subject of IPv6 made me have to better understand networks, switches, ip addresses, MAC addresses, etc. \n\nVocabulary network address translation : the process of modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping one IP address space into another.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n            A firewall, like a the term it comes from, fire wall, is used to protect from the spreading of “fire” or in this case used to limit what can go where. Firewalls are used to protect networks, and in order to do so they are at the entry level of the networks they protect. Because of it’s location, the firewall is the first to receive and handle incoming network traffic and the last handle outgoing traffic.\n\n            This article maps out 3 different types of firewalls. In order from most basic they are Packet Filtering, Circuit Relay, and Application Level Gateway. Packet filtering is the most common. In packet filtering only the address information and the protocol are examined.  The basic idea is that the packets will be allowed or disallowed depending on their destination port, source IP Address, and protocol. Packet Filtering has some flaws, mainly due to the fact that many “bad” packets can enter when the source IP address has been tampered with or the packet is attached to a known IP address. Circuit Relay and Application Level Gateway are both more advanced firewalls, but with the advancement comes timely setups and specifications. \n\n \n\nhttp://www.pc-help.org/www.nwinternet.com/pchelp/security/firewalls.htm\n\nImpact\n\nI thought this was a really important topic to look up more about. I’ve heard the term firewall for several years, but all I knew was that it protected your computer from viruses. I found it helpful to know that there are several types of firewalls and what each one looks for. More than anything it helped me understand the lab we did this week a little better. \n\nVocabulary Packet : A series of digital numbers basically which convey things such as source IP address and port, destination IP address and port, protocols, error checking information, etc. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTCP vs. UCP\n\n \n\nhttp://www.laynetworks.com/comparative%20analysis_tcp%20vs%20udp.htm\n\n \n\nThis article is a comparison between TCP & UCP. Both TCP and UCP are protocols in the transport layer, used for transporting data; however, each one comes with it’s advantages and disadvantages. \n\nTCP or Transmission Control Protocol allows to host to establish a connection and share data. In order for TCP to work a connection must first be established. Once both computers agree on the connection they are able to talk to one another. TCP is known for it’s reliability because it guarantees delivery and guarantees that stream of data will be in order. TCP also guarantees that there will not be duplicate streams. On the other hand, TCP can only be used for unicast and not broadcast nor multicast. It may also be a waste of bandwidth because it has a lot of control procedures that may not be needed. \n\nUCP or User Datagram Protocol does not need to establish connection with a host before it sends off packets. It is a connectionless protocol and is used mainly for broadcasting over a network. There is no guarantee the message will be received by the destination host, but in all honesty, it rarely fails. Some set backs include the fact that messages can be duplicated, received out of order or just not received at all. These problems can usually be fixed on the application level where the solution is the job of the application programmer. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nBefore studying this topic I had no idea what TCP and UCP were. I had heard of TCP/IP and knew that we used sockets for the chatter program, but I really had no idea about it. I think it is important to know, and informative more than anything, that both of these protocols are used a lot and each has it’s own benefits. Now I understand why things can sometimes be received out of order or duplicated.\n\nVocabulary Connectionless Protocol : communication between two network end points in which a message can be sent from one end point to another without prior arrangement\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 is designed to replace the current IPv4. Both define network protocols, or how data is sent from one computer to another of packet-switched networks. The main reason for IPv6 is because IPv4 is simply running out of addresses to connect computers to a network. IPv6 allows for 128 bits, over IPv4's 32 bits. IPv6 will eliminate the need for NAT, which translates the network addresses in order to create more space. Problems arising from NAT will not be a problem at all, because it won't be used.\n\nA few of the benefits of IPv6 include increased address space, more efficient routing, better mobility-support, and security. There are many more benefits which have not been named here. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nBefore this class i didn't know there were such things as IPv4 or IPv6. I think it's really important to know what is going on around us. Currently IPv4 is still the main protocol used, but we will soon be forced to incorporate IPv6 more. Just learning about the subject of IPv6 made me have to better understand networks, switches, ip addresses, MAC addresses, etc. \n\nVocabulary Classless Inter-Domain Routing : a methodology of allocating IP addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/for-watson-jeopardy-victory-was-elementary/article1910735/\n\n \n\nWatson vs. Humans\n\n \n\nIBM has created a robot, which they call Watson. It’s not the type of robot with movie arms and glowing eyes but rather more like a super computer created strictly to answer questions. The most impressive part about it is ability to successfully execute queries based on voice recognition. To prove it’s superiority to man, Watson was placed on Jeopardy where it played against the two all time leaders in Jeopardy, Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter. By the end of the game Watson had won over $77,000 while Jennings made a little over $24,000 and Rutter just over $21,000.  Although Watson dominated in Jeopardy against to of the most intelligent people in the world, Watson was not flawless. There were times when he gave answers that could never be true. When one question asked for a specific U.S. city Watson responded with “What is Toronto”.  Both Jennings and Rutter concluded the correct answer of “Chicago.”\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI think has great significance for the future. Not because I think that robots are going to take over the world and make humans useless, because we have obviously seen that they don’t actually think and can’t make decisions that humans can; however, this article is significant because it helps us understand where computing is going in the future. This will especially change the way we deal with search engines. Is possible that the time for typing in questions and waiting for a computer to query a string of answers will soon come to an end, and searching will become more like a conversation with your computer.\n\nVocabulary artificial intelligence : the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol\n\n \n\nDHCP\n\nDynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to help automatically configure on IP networks. Most people don’t really recognize the existence DHCP, but without it their lives would be slightly miserable. People would have to manually connect their configure their IP addresses any time they wanted to connect to an IP network. With DHCP; however, it happens automatically. When a computer is booted up, a query is typically initiated and completed before a client can begin “IP-based communications with other hosts”. When a computer or other network-aware device tries to connect to a network, the client sends out a broadcast to DHCP servers requesting necessary information. DHCP servers manage a database of IP addresses and information client configuration parameters. Such parameters include IP address, subnet mask, default gateway, DNS name servers and more.  When the DHCP server receives a request from a client it reserves and address for the client and it extends a lease including the other parameters. A client can receive several offers from different DHCP servers but can only choose one. When a client picks one it broadcasts a message saying it has picked one and who it has picked it from. The other DHCP servers then retract their offers. The chosen DHCP server then sends the DHCPACK , which includes the lease duration and other configuration information.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWell, I think learning about DHCP is important for several reasons. It’s helpful in knowing how a network works and what is required to function. With DHCP handling IP address issuance automatically it is easy to get lost in the understanding of how things connect; however, I would much rather that DHCP handle it than me. Also, I’m trying to study for my test and I really had no idea what DHCP was so I figured writing about it would give me a little better idea.\n\nVocabulary link-local address : allows addressing hosts without using a globally-routable address prefix that must be obtained from a local or regional Internet registry and is only intended for communications within a local network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=205244&site=lr_cable&\n\n \n\nAT&T’s new U-verse Box, created by Cisco Passed the FCC this week. This new box has an 802.11n connection (which is to say that it can 300 Mbs). Though not yet released it sets a standard for upcoming home routing devices, instead of merely a luxury. This would give devices such as I pads the ability to stream HD video, also other wireless capable devices could do the same. It is also designed to be a perfect complement to AT&T’s existing DVR system. Amazingly, prices were able to be reduced with the incorporation of the Broadcom Corp. (Nasdaq: BRCM) BRCM4717 chip. Giving, AT&T an advantage over competitors trying to create a similar product. The U-verse also comes with all the connections you would normally expect (Ethernet plug ins, s-video, HDMI, and USB).\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is kind of important because it shows a standard going to be expected in the soon future. Routing devices will be expected to have a bigger bandwidth increasing the resolution of streaming and file transfer. \n\nVocabulary 802.11n connection : In 802.11n, bonding utilizes two adjacent Wi-Fi channels simultaneously to double the bandwidth of the wireless link compared to 802.11b/g. The 802.11n standard specifies 300 Mbps theoretical bandwidth is available when using channel bonding\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/adobes-flash-html5-translator-smart-not-pretty-011\n\n \n\nAdobe Flash is one of the most popular non-HTML content formats on the web. With the introduction of HTML5 Adobe Flash is beginning to see a bit of competition. At the moment, Flash has not been affected too much, but is expected to over the next couple of years. Recently, Adobe has experimented with the creation of a program that translates Flash content into HTML5. Some may see this as Adobe’s way of throwing in the towel on Flash, but it seems it is the opposite. The experimental program Adobe has created is called “Wallaby”. Again, Wallaby is just experimental and in now way complete, no is there a guarantee that it will ever be complete. Currently, Wallaby is unable to translate an flash programs that are not at least saved in CS5. The translation seems smooth enough, but takes a lot of work. By using Wallaby adobe enables it’s users to stay in the game of increasing technology by making their stuff HTML5 friendly. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI feel this is important to know because it shows how the tides are shifting. Media once dominated by Flash is beginning to be represented through HTML5. Web Content. In order to keep up with the slight paradigm shift Flash is preparing to stay in the game.\n\nVocabulary AIR application : is a cross-platform runtime environment developed by Adobe Systems for building rich Internet applications using Adobe Flash, Adobe Flex, HTML, or Ajax, that can be run as desktop applications.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/microsoft-releases-internet-explorer-9/\n\n \n\nWhen most of us think of Internet Explorer we get a sick feeling in our stomach, a little dizzy in the head, and just straight up nauseous about the thought of using it. Perhaps Microsoft understood the world’s nausea when it came to its web browser because they completely did away with the old and began from scratch with the new.  IE 9 launched this week after being announced at the SXSW conference and it performs better than ever. \n\n            Internet Explorer 9 comes with some neat new features and a clean display. Buttons have been made simpler. One of the new features is something that Microsoft calls “Pinned Sites”. These are website shortcuts pinned straight to your Windows task bar instead of your browser’s task bar. Eliminating the time it takes to open the browser and then finding the link can reach often-visited sites even quicker. Microsoft has also incorporated “One-Box” which is essentially the same thing that Google has done with its URL bar that also serves as a search request bar. IE 9 ; however, by default has Bing as the search engine but can be changed to another search engine such as Google’s if desired.\n\n            The biggest improvement noticed is the speed of IE 9. It has greatly surpassed both IE 8 and Firefox and is nearly an equal match with Google’s Chrome.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI find it amazing how much Internet has changed over just the past decade that I’ve been actively using it. Companies are taking big steps toward simplifying and making the Internet experience more convenient and enjoyable. Microsoft is often seen as a corporation focused company, but it is making large strides to fight for the market share it has lost in the Internet browser world as Firefox and Chrome have grown to outshine Internet Explorer in performance. \n\nVocabulary SXSW (South by Southwest) : a set of film, interactive and music festivals and conferences that take place every spring (usually in March) in Austin, Texas, United States.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/community/blog/microsoft-pays-nortel-75-million-ipv4-address?hpg1=bn\n\n \n\nWith the end of IPv4 and the soon to be “beginning” of IPv6, it is expected that many remaining IPv4 address will be put up for sale. Microsoft recently put what was the highest bid on Nortel’s 666,624 IP addresses offering them $7.5 million dollars. The sale is not final and will officially be announced by the end of April. Nortel filed for bankruptcy in 2009. They eventually realized that their IPv4 addresses might be of some use to other companies and looked to sell them. 80 companies were contacted several offering to buy them.  People believe that this is going to lead to a lot of companies selling IP addresses over the next few months. They say it’s not quite black market but it’s kind of a grey line.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article pretty much describes the impact. Over the next few months and possibly even year an increase in IPv4 address sales is going to rise. This kind of shows how reluctant or slow people are to transfer over to IPv6. IPv6 has been around for years and has been ignored for the most part.\n\nVocabulary American Registry for Internet Numbers : manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/netframework/aa496123\n\n \n\nMicrosoft’s .Net is a major competitor of Java. Java was the first programming framework that brought together everything needed for a business into one. This was done through java libraries. Microsoft felt threatened by this and in 2002 introduced .NET.  Dot Net was a compilation of pretty much all the programs that Microsoft had put into one.  Programming for .NET is done through it IE Visual Studio. Programming can be done in many different coding languages but mainly focus on C# and VB. Java and .NET are very competitive and in the end can do mostly the same thing. .NET users are stuck with using windows whereas Java users have a preference. As far as industry goes, both are found in major companies and it’s not really said which is better than the other. Both have very strong followers. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhen I first started looking at .NET I had no idea what it was. After days of reading about it, I still had no idea. It took me a while to understand that .NET worked like Java libraries applying libraries to different languages. I think it’s very important to learn .NET but overall doesn’t stomp out the importance of knowing java.\n\nVocabulary ASP.NET : is a free technology for building dynamic web applications.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1302,"Article Summary\n\nI looked up net neutrality. I found a couple of extremely biased sites, so I went to wikipedia to try to find a more neutral approach (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality). \n\n\n\n\n\nIt is an overview of net neutrality, containing opposing arguments to the issue. The article shows that it isn't a cut and dry issue, but there are many definitions of net neutrality, such as absolute non-discrimination, meaning that all sites and content would be treated equally. \n\nImpact\n\nI had previously read a little about net neutrality and though didn't know much about it had formed somewhat of an opinion on it. It makes sense that we don't want big companies telling us what sites we can and cannot visit. We don't want to encourage monopolizing web space or usage by large companies. However, we also need to make sure we aren't restricted free enterprise.\n\n\n\n\n\nAt this point it is pretty hard to see what benefits or disadvantages would come from not having neutrality. It seems like there is just a lot of speculation. But it seems that if a ISPs can give preferred access to large companies online then it may make it more difficult for smaller companies to gain a presence there too. However, it also seems that if netflix is using tons of bandwidth to run their online service, then they should be paying  a lot more for that space. \n\n\n\n\n\nIt could make it more costly to access the internet.\n\nVocabulary net neutrality : The principle that all internet traffic should be treated equally. That an ISP cannot restrict or limit users or certain sites. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the wikipedia article on 'Computer Network' because I want to gain a better grasp on many of the things we talk about briefly in class.The article defines a computer network as a collection of computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate communications among users and allows users to share resources.\n\nThe article then describes the many different types of networks and hardware that is used to connect those networks.\n\nImpact\n\nReading this article helps me to understand more background information on how data communications are used for computer networking. I better understand what hubs, routers, and network cards are.\n\n    As far as impact on the general population, most people have no idea how they connect to the internet, other computers, etc. There is so much behind what we often take for granted. \n\nVocabulary network bridge : connects multiple network segments at the data link layer. Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the broadcast was received.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThies article from the NY Times (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/29/technology/internet/29cutoff.html)\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is about the Egyptian government cutting internet and cell service to its citizens. I have heard a lot about the protests in Egypt and the government's response. I was amazed to see that the government would actually cut off the its citizens communication. What is particularly interesting about this article is the opinion that cutting of the people's communication actually made the protests worse. Without the ability to vent their frustrations on facebook, blogs, etc. or through phone calls to family members, the people took to the streets.\n\nImpact\n\nAs I saw this Egyptian fiasco unfold, I wondered if our government would ever attempt such a thing. Now, believe me, I do not think our current government is quite that crazy, but I wonder if it could happen someday? Hopefully, Egypt shows a clear example of what not to do. I think that we would have a lot of very upset people if our government cut our internet to try to censor us. But this idea shows how much of an impact our data communications have on our lives now. We can't live without it. And we are willing to fight against those who might take it away (though that is clearly not the only reason for the protests). \n\nIn addition, the article points out that there are only a few ISPs in Egypt, so it would be fairly easy to make a few calls and pressure them to cut the network. Whereas here we have so many ISP's it would likely be much more difficult to perform such an operation.\n\nVocabulary ISP : Internet Service Providers are companies that offer users access to the internet\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read about IPv6 from http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703.\n\nThe author explains IPv4, IPv6, their history, and why we are running out of IPv4 addresses. He also explains that though the last of the v4 addresses have been given out it will still take a while for the public to see the impact. It will still take some time for the addresses to be distributed to ISPs, then for the ISPs to distribute them to customers. But he makes it clear that changes need to start now.\n\n     He also talks about the broadcast addresses that have been set aside for \"later use\". He explains that these cannot be converted to regular IP addresses for public use. They just won't be used. \n\nImpact\n\nAs I mentioned above, the general public will not be severely impacted yet, as new customers will still have access to IP addresses if they need them. However, as the move to IPv6 gets closer, the cost of supporting IPv4 will likely go up. ISPs will soon need to provide new customers with IPv6 addresses instead of IPv4 and eventually those still on IPv4 will be switched over. Larger companies may experience more trials as they try to convert large networks and servers over to IPv6.\n\n    In the end, there may be some little issues to be worked out to make the transition, but nothing too serious. \n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a non-profit group set up in the 90's by the dept of commerce. It governs the internet's inner workings.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.popsci.com/cars/article/2010-10/googles-driverless-cars-have-logged-140000-miles-minimal-human-intervention\n\n\n\n\n\nI read the above article about driverless cars. Since google recently revealed that they have been using unmanned vehicles for street views, there have been many stories and issues raised about the potential of publicly available versions. The article mostly talks about what google and other companies have done in the realm of driverless technology. It also describes what advantages these cars could create. If cars are controlled by computers there could be less accidents, less deaths, etc. Drunk driving wouldn't be an issue or sleepy driving. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article points out the advantages of driverless cars. It says that these cars could drive closer together and would reduce traffic congestion, accidents, and other problems. The theory is that it would keep drivers from swerving in and out of traffic or driving too fast. These all seem like great solutions, but I can see a few problems. People in the U.S. like their cars. We like to drive. So I don't think we could ever get to a point where cars are 100% computer-run. This would eliminate some of the advantages being present, but I think it could still reduce a lot of the problems. \n\n\n\n\n\nOne of the issues that will arise is liability. What if the car is in an accident? Who is responsible? The car manufacturer? The owner/operator? Or the maker of the computer. This would obviously need to be resolved before his concept goes full-scale.\n\nVocabulary autonomous : Not controlled by others or outside forces. This is used a lot in articles about the unmanned cars.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nDHCP (or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a very important concept to anyone who uses the internet. This article states that computers on a network must be configured before they can talk to other computers on the network. DHCP allows this configuration to happen automatically, so the average user would not have to worry about doing it manually.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are 2 versions of DHCP, one for IPv4 and another for IPv6. DHCP prevent 2 computers on a network from being configured with the same IP address.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen a client connects to a network, the DHCP client send a broadcast address to the DHCP server asking for information relating to the network. This server has a pool of IP addresses and information about the network. It will assign the client an IP address as a lease for a period of time.\n\nImpact\n\nObviously DHCP is a very important protocol. Without it we would have a much more difficult time getting on the internet or working within other networks. I know my mom wouldn't be able to manually configure her IP address. DHCP isn't really essential, but it is very convenient. \n\nVocabulary BOOTP : Bootstrap protocol was the predecessor to DHCP. It was used by a client to request an IP address from a configuration server. The difference is that there was still some needed manual input.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/674113/Germany_Identifies_a_Secure_Way_to_Deal_with_Spam?page=2&taxonomyId=3008\n\n\n\n\n\nI read this article from CIO.com about Germany finding a way to reduce spamming. \n\nImpact\n\nWell, obviously it would be great to reduce the spam and cost that spam is to businesses. However, my first thought was this, \"Why would an average user want to pay $ .75 per email sent?\" The article tries to compare this to the cost of send a paper letter, which is more expensive (in Germany). I don't think that it really translates over just like that. Email is used on a huge scale already and there are very few things currently done by paper that can be moved to email. The impression is that the email will be more secure so banks and businesses can send more confidential messages over email.\n\nVocabulary De-mail : The name given to this new service. A mix of email and deutschland. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/675666/House_Subcommittee_Votes_to_Kill_Net_Neutrality?source=rss_all\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is about the US house Energy and Commerce Committee voting to kill the net neutrality rule imposed by the FCC. The committee's chairman said that the FCC doesn't have the legal authority to pass these rules and that \"government intervention would hurt the internet\". He said,  \"The Internet works pretty well -- it's the government that doesn't,\" he said.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis resolution still has to go to the full committee, then to the house, then it would have to go through the senate where it will likely not be passed. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nNet neutrality is a pretty hotly debated topic regarding the internet and how it is used. The definition is below. The resolution would make it so that the government cannot regulate the internet as they are trying to do. It means that broadband companies can allow more bandwidth for websites that need it and less bandwidth to sites that don't. For example, if a gamer on the internet next door is hogging all the bandwidth so I can't even log on to the internet. \n\nVocabulary net neutrality : he principle advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and the modes of communication.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.mobileburn.com/news.jsp?Id=13436\n\n\n\n\n\nI read this article about RIM continuing to spar with India over access to email. As you likely know, the Indian government has wanted RIM to release all emails that are sent over the network in India. RIM continues to try to protect its consumers, but also wants to hold on to the huge market in India. \n\nThe article discusses these issues and quotes a RIM executive saying that they have shared consumer email information, but cannot share corporate email information due to the advanced encryption of that service. RIM has offered to provide metadata information about the emails, but cannot actually provide the message text.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI don't know that this will directly impact me, but someday we may be faced with a similar problem. The federal government can track our internet usage if they want and our emails, but maybe they would want to track corporate emails (if this doesn't already happen). That is a little scary. I would prefer to not live in a place where everything was tracked or watched by the government. \n\nI think RIM should hold fast and sacrifice the market in the name of securing its customers. I would greatly respect the company for that. \n\nVocabulary RIM : The company RIM (Research in Motion) is a smartphone company based in Canada and is most well-known for its Blackberry (or crackberry ) smartphones.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/678231/Microsoft_Scheme_Sniffs_Out_Unused_Wireless_Spectrum?source=rss_all&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+cio%2Ffeed%2Farticles+%28CIO.com+Feed+-+Articles%29\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article explains that Microsoft has found a way to find whether licensed radio frequencies are being used, so unlicensed devices can use that space (if it isn't in use). This allows more space for wireless devices to access  those radio frequencies. Currently those who hold licences frequently do not use all the frequency and hence it may not be used as efficiently as it could be.\n\nImpact\n\nIf a utility needs more bandwidth it could query Microsoft's SpecNet devices to find open frequencies. This could open more whitespace to devices that would use it, as opposed to just having frequencies out there that never get used. It seems like a good idea, unless those who hold the license to the space think they should be compensated for it. I don't really quite understand all the details of how this licensing works. \n\nThe cost of the network analyzers used to query for this information cost $10,000- $40,000. So, it could create a big hurdle for those trying to gain access to the whitespace.\n\nVocabulary white space : Radio frequencies that are allocated, but unused.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/03/massive-sql-injection-attack-making-the-rounds694k-urls-so-far.ars\n\n\n\n\n\nDr. Albrecht just posted this article on the Island and I thought it was really interesting. It states that recently a ton of SQL injection has been used to compromise URLs. Over 690,000 sites were hit. The attack inserted some text into the databases. Apparently the text led to some javascript file.\n\nImpact\n\nPretty amazing that this still happens. And it is really crazy that even MySQL.com was hacked with SQL injection. It helped me realize how important it is to be careful when designing a database. As well as taking care with other security issues.\n\nVocabulary SQL Injection : A hacker exploit that inserts SQL into a URL or other field on a website to mess with the companies' databases. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1297,"Article Summary\n\nI read two articles about  network security because they were related to each other.  The first article talked about the increasing trend of cyber attacks.  In December, many protesters rallied to attack websites like Visa and MasterCard for not allowing them to make donations to Wiki Leaks.  Also, in September, others attacked the MPA website for not allowing consumers to download pirated movies from illegal sites.  They do this with denial of service attacks.  So many people at once requesting information from a website can cause a site to become extremely slow or even crash as these did. The second article talked about the market for network security.  This is also expected to increase.  With cyber attacks on the rise, there will be a huge increase in revenue for companies like McAfee, Juniper and Cisco.  Revenue is expected to increase by more than 8%.\n\nImpact\n\nCompanies are going to have step up their security features so that they don't get attacked by cyber terrorists or even angry consumers.  While this is good for some companies such as McAfee who are in the security business, this means increased expenses for most.  Cyber attacks will likely increase every year causing it to be extremely expensive to do business.  Business are going to need to hire new employees to help avoid these attacks and stay caught up on the new trends and practices.\n\nVocabulary Network Security : To prevent unauthorized access to company or personal information which could be used for malicious purposes or even by accidental misuse.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read this week was from ZDNet and about IPv6.  http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/networking/2011/01/13/google-facebook-to-trial-ipv6-access-on-key-domains-40091424/\n\nA few major companies such as Google and Facebook will be testing out the new protocol IPv6 his summer.  Many companies will be switching over to the new protocol because IPv4 is running out of room.  They expect to run out of addresses withing the next two years.  Some companies don't feel the need to switch and will cost them a lot of money.\n\nImpact\n\nIPv4 has been used since the beginning of the Internet days back in 1981 and uses only 32-bit while the new protocol IPv6 uses 128-bit.  Google and Facebook will be testing out IPv6 this summer.  This could cause some problems with connections for some users but estimates are so low that I don't see the risk involved.  If companies don't switch over to the new protocol, there will be no more growth on the Internet because we will be out of addresses.  IPv6 allows much more address domains to be used.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : A new Internet Protocol that will succeed IPv4 in the near future. Internet Protocol (IP) is the protocol for communication to be exchanged over the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article this week comes from gigaom.com about cloud computing (http://gigaom.com/cloud/in-2011-cloud-computing-will-enable-it-as-business/?utm_source=newteevee&utm_medium=specialtopics)\n\nExperts are saying that 2010 was \"the year of the cloud\", meaning that many enterprises and business will be switching over a lot of their business to cloud computing. This will continue through 2011 and beyond.  Sales by cloud computing companies are continuing to grow and are providing services to Fortune 500 companies.  Business will do more cloud computing because it is more efficient and cheaper, however, it can be less secure.\n\nImpact\n\nAs businesses grow they need to adopt new technology.  Cloud computing allows enterprises to continue to grow.  This is cheaper for the company.  It's predicted that enterprises will spend $4 billion dollars in cloud computing every year by 2013 and that it will produce immediate results.  It will allow them to be more efficient and quicker, all while increasing ROI.\n\nVocabulary Cloud Computing : Where people or businesses share information or resources over the Internet and storing the information elsewhere or \"in the cloud\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article this week is called ProPay Launches a Mobile App That Does What NFC Does, Only at a Little More Distance (http://www.digitaltransactions.net/news/story/2912).  With the recent buzz about the iPhone 5 getting Near Field Communication (NFC), I decided to look more into what it is and what it is capable of.  Their is a local company in Utah called ProPay that recently launched an app called Zumongo that is similar to NFC but takes it to the next level.  With NFC, you can exchange information from only a few inches away, but with ProPay you can do it just about anywhere.  When you first use the app you can enter your payment information which is securely store and then can be used to order and purchase products.  Zumongo was tested out at Sundance this year and was well received.\n\nImpact\n\nWith NFC and other similar technologies, it is making it easier to buy products.  With Zumongo being tested at Sundance, many merchants loved it saying that it brought them increased revenue.  Some have wondered if it will be more expensive but those that have used it say that the extra revenue outweigh the extra costs.  This can continue to be a huge revenue builder for businesses.  For example, with Zumongo you can check out businesses that are near you with the app and easily order some Chinese food and go pick it up when it is ready, even paying for it with your phone.  This new and exciting technology will definitely be a big hit for consumers and businesses.\n\nVocabulary Near Field Communication (NFC) : A wireless communication that exchanges data over a short area (a few inches). This technology is becoming increasingly popular with smartphones.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe reading for this week is from cnet.com (http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703).  The world has officially ran out of IPv4 address.  This means that we need to start switching over to IPv6 addresses.  IPv6 address are much longer than IPv4 address meaning that it will be an extremely long time before we run out of these ones, if we ever do.  For the most part, this isn't going to affect most people but there will be some compatibility issues that need to be resolved.\n\nImpact\n\nIPv4 has been used since the beginning of the Internet days back in 1981 and uses only 32-bit while the new protocol IPv6 uses 128-bit.  People and companies need to switch over to the new protocol.  This could cause some problems with connections for some users but estimates are so low that I don't see the risk involved.  If companies don't switch over to the new protocol, there will be no more growth on the Internet because we will be out of addresses.  IPv6 allows much more address domains to be used.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : A new Internet Protocol that will succeed IPv4 in the near future. Internet Protocol (IP) is the protocol for communication to be exchanged over the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week's article comes from http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/24/dns_bind_vuln/.  This story is about BIND which is the DNS software used to change domain names to IP address when using the internet.  Someone found a huge flaw in the software which could allow the DNS software to crash and fall into a deadlock not allowing it to translate the names into IP addresses.  You would still be able to surf the internet using the IP addresses of course but that would be very painful.\n\nImpact\n\nIf this deadlock occurred, then almost all the users of the internet would be unable to go to their desired websites.  Not very many people know the IP address to their favorite websites, hence we DNS.  If this deadlock happened, then I'm sure their would be some chaos since businesses use the internet as a valuable tool to make sales and make money.\n\nVocabulary Domain Name System (DNS) : A system which allows users to type in a domain name rather than the actual IP address. The DNS translates the name into an IP address by accessing databases to find the desired address of the site.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis weeks article comes from the LA Times (http://tinyurl.com/4h4eq56).  About a week ago, Google lost thousand of emails for thousands of users when they were doing an update for their software storage.  There was a bug in the software which caused the problem.  Even though it effected thousands of gmail users, only 0.29% were actually effected.  Google reassured their customers that their emails were not lost forever but only temporarily.  Google was able to fix the problem and restore all emails within a few days.\n\nImpact\n\nOnly a small percentage of users were effected by the bug and I imagine only a handful of them were actually hurt by not being able to access some of their emails.  If it were me who had some of my emails lost, I don't think it would matter too much.  If they were lost forever, then it would be a problem.  While most of my emails I will probably never look at again or need, some are very important such as receipts and tax returns.  If those were lost, then I would be in trouble.  The moral to the story is too religiously backup.  Good thing Google did.\n\nVocabulary Email : (Electronic Mail) a digital message which is sent over a network usually the internet\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week's article comes from Tech News Daily (http://tinyurl.com/4uj7k9j).  When the internet became popular among consumers back in the 1990s and early 2000s, there was really only one internet browser, Internet Explorer.  Over the years, other companies have created their own including Firefox, Chrome, Opera and others.  Recently, these browsers were put to the test to see which one is the best.  Mozilla's Firefox won although it has the second highest use at 30% of the market.  Of course, Internet Explorer has the largest share at 42% but this number is slowly decreasing.  Google's Chrome came in second as the best browser to use which has about 12% of the market right now.  \n\nImpact\n\nInternet Explorer is losing customers because of its lack of security and other companies are gaining on IE such as Firefox and Chrome.  Internet Explorer will one day lose the number one spot as most used unless they do some dramatic changes.  Firefox is getting close and Chrome is catching up.  I personally believe that Chrome is the best browser.  It is not cluttered with garbage and is faster than both IE and Firefox.  I like that there are several different browsers to choose from because this creates competition.  I've seen great improvements from all these browsers in the last couple of years.  It will be interesting to see what these companies do with their future versions of browsers in the future.\n\nVocabulary web browser : A software application tool that allows you to browse the world wide web and other web servers. A web browser turns internet information into readable text, pictures, links etc.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis weeks reading comes from a blog called lubbockonlline.com and can be found at http://tinyurl.com/6828uoe.  Apparently, some reports have shown that some Facebook content has been routing through China and North Korea.  China spies on the content that goes through them and so if your Facebook page is not encrypted, there is a good chance that China saw it.  There is a way to keep everything you do on Facebook encrypted if you log into your settings and tell it to \"Browse Facebook on a secure connection (https) whenever possible\".\n\nImpact\n\nHonestly, I couldn't care less if China saw what I was doing on Facebook.  They are thousands of miles away and have no use of my information.  I don't store and share any personal information on Facebook.  However, if China can see my information, then my next door neighbor can too.  Also, the creeper across the street.  Luckily, I have already set my account settings so that it is always on an secure connection.  I hope that Facebook tightens up its security features so that nobody needs to worry about things like this.\n\nVocabulary Encryption : Taking plaintext and turning it into unreadable text by using an algorithm. This allows information to be sent without anybody being able to read it without the key to turn it back into plaintext.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1273,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networktutorials.info/gateway.html\n\n\n\n\n\nI chose to read an article on a gateway.  I have heard about the gateway but I thought a gateway was simply the door through which a network or computer accessed the internet.  I didn't think the gateway have actual responsibilities.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article begins by defining what a gateway is. The definition of a gateway is an internetworking system that joins two networks together and it can be configured in software, hardware or both.  After defining what a gateway is, the article describes how to configure a gateway.  A gateway has two sides, a WAN side and a LAN side.  The WAN connects to the DSL modem and the LAN connects to the private network.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhen configuring the gateway you must start on the public side then configure the private side.  The private side must have DHCP enabled in order for it to work.  The TCP/IP protocol must also be installed on each computer in the network.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article helped me understand what actually take places on a network.  I always thought that a router was in charge of handling the DNS server, assigning the IP addresses, and enabling the DHCP server. This article helped me understand that this are actually the responsibility of the gateway and not the router itself.\n\nVocabulary DNS server : The DNS server is in charge of handling the names of websites and other domains. The DNS server allows you to type the name of the website into your browser and the browser will find the address of the website.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.comptechdoc.org/independent/networking/protocol/protlayers.html\n\n\n\n\n\nI chose this article to help me understand the basic idea of layering and the purpose of each layer.\n\n\n\n\n\nNetwork layering was developed to accommodate rapidly changing technology.  Each layer has a specific purpose in the network.  Each layer performs its job then passes the results to the next layer in line.  There are two standard layering models, OSI and TCP/IP.  The OSI model has 7 layers and the TCP/IP model condenses these layers into only 4 layers.  The four layers in TCP/IP include: Link, Network, Transport, and Application.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe link layer corresponds to hardware, like the network card.  The network layer manages the movement of packets around the network.  The transport layer is used for two computers to exchange data with regards to software. The application layer manages networking protocols that are used to support various services like FTP, Telnet, DHCP, DNS and HTTP.  All these layers use data encapsulation to wrap data in their own protocol then pass the encapsulated data to the next layer for processing.\n\nImpact\n\nI'm still trying to get a better understanding of how data is passed between layers but this article helped me understand how TCP/IP relates to OSI.  It explained, very simply, the basic role of each layer.  It helped me understand the process of data encapsulation by describing the basic steps that take place when a file is sent between clients using FTP.\n\nVocabulary FTP : File Transfer Protocol is a network protocol used to copy a file from one computer to another over a TCP-based network. FTP uses the TCP/IP protocols in order to make file transfers possible.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://support.microsoft.com/kb/170292\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter we worked with Wireshark in our second lab, I decided I wanted to read more about ICMP and the types of messages that it can send.\n\nICMP is an important part of IP implementation and is used for error reporting and as a diagnostic utility.  It is used by routers, intermediary devices and hosts to communicate updates or error information. Every ICMP message contains 3 fields which are type, code and checksum.  According to the article, there are 13 different types of messages that can be sent by ICMP.  The 2 most commonly used message types are echo reply and echo request.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAfter reading this article, I understand several things better that we went over last week in class.  I understand better now why a IMCP message is used and what possible types of messages can be sent.  When we were analyzing the packets in wireshark, I noticed that some of the messages were type 8 and others were type 0.  Type 0 and type 8 refer to the echo reply and echo request messages sent when we pinged an IP Address.\n\nVocabulary Source Quench : An ICMP message of type 4, code 0. A source quench message is sent to a source when a destination is unable to process information and the rate the source is sending it. The message tells the source to slow down the rate at which it is sending the information. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/subnet-mask.html\n\n\n\n\n\nI read about subnet masks because I didn't understand them after we talked about them in class.\n\n\n\n\n\nA subnet mask allows us to identify what part of an ip address is for the network and what part can be used for hosts. In order to tell how many bits are assigned to a network you must convert the subnet mask to binary. Subnet mask are critical for IP network communication.  Network devices use the subnet mask to determine if the network is local or remote.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me understand a little better how to convert a subnet mask to binary.  It also helped me to understand that subnet masks are mainly used by network devices to determine network settings.\n\nVocabulary routing table : A routing table is an electronic document that stores the routes to the various nodes in a computer network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/networking/overview/networking.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the difference between TCP and UDP and describes basic scenarios where each protocol would be used.\n\n\n\n\n\nTCP is a protocol that establishes a connection with a client in order to reliably send data back and forth on that connection.  This connection ensures that data reaches the intended destination and that the data is received by the client in the correct order.  TCP should be used with the correct order of the data is essential for the success of the application.\n\n\n\n\n\nUDP provides communication without guaranteeing delivery or order of packets.  Each packet sent by UDP is independent of other packets.  UDP should be used for applications like ping where order and guaranteed delivery are not vital.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me understand how to choose between using UDP or TCP.  It provided a few basic examples that helped me to understand applications and protocols that would use either UDP or TCP.  It also helped me to understand the role that ports have in communicating data. \n\nVocabulary Point-to-point channel : A Point-to-Point Channel ensures that only one receiver consumes any given message. If multiple users try to receive the same message, the channel ensures that only one of them succeeds.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nThis was a very informative article.  In there article, it stated two main problems with IPv6 addresses.  First, one kinds of IP address can not travel on the network of the other.  Second, it said there has been little incentive for IPv6 upgrades.  This is mostly because no companies use IPv6 so why should a company switch.  Also, since no websites have IPv6 content, home users have no incentive to switch.  IPv4 addresses should still be available though the end of the year.  Major wireless companies have the biggest problem with the shortage because of the number of people that are checking emails and getting on the internet using smartphones.  \n\nImpact\n\nThis was a very enlightening article for me.  I didn't know very much about IPv6.  I found it interesting how many addresses are available on IPv6.  I thought Vint Cert's quote was very funny.  I feel the same way he does about IPv6.  There's no way we'll run out of that many addresses.  I'm looking forward to World IPv6 day.  Let's make t-shirts!\n\nVocabulary Hexidecimal Notation : The base 16 notational system for representing real numbers. The digits used to represent numbers using hexadecimal notation are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.techrepublic.com/article/set-up-port-address-translation-pat-in-the-cisco-ios/1053789\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article helped me understand more about Network Address Translation(NAT) as well as Port Address Translation(PAT).\n\n\n\n\n\nPAT is a kind of NAT.  PAT is particularly useful for organizations that need multiple connections to the internet but have only a few public IP addresses.  PAT is also referred to as NAT overload.  There are three kinds of NAT: NAT overload(PAT), Pooled NAT, and Static NAT.  \n\n\n\n\n\nPAT works by mapping multiple internal addresses to the same external IP address only with a different port number for each internal address.  Pooled NAT keeps a list of available external IP addresses then maps internal addresses to those external addresses in the order that it receives requests.  Pooled NAT has a one-to-one relationship from internal to external addresses although the external address can change each session.  Static NAT always maps one internal address to the same external address.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped solidify my understanding of NAT and PAT as well as their importance in a network.  With IPv4 addresses running low, PAT and NAT are two things that will be very important for us to know when heading out into the workplace.  It was helpful in this article to read about how to configure the different kinds of NAT.  I'm sure at some point we will definitely need to know how to do this on our job.  The diagrams in the article helped provide a visual representation of each kind of NAT and helped me to see the difference between each kind more easily.  \n\nVocabulary Inside Global : This is the public IP address that the outside network sees as the IP address of your local host.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://oreilly.com/pub/a/windows/2004/03/09/vpn_connection.html\n\n\n\n\n\nSince we are working on setting up our VPN's to our server, I thought it would be a good idea to read up on them.\n\n\n\n\n\nA VPN is a way to create a secure, encrypted connection to a network when you are not physically at a computer that is connected to the network.  This allows you to work as if you were connected to the network no matter where you are in the world.  There are two types of VPN's, user-to-network and network-to-network.  VPN's use tunneling to encapsulate packets inside of other packets.  This helps to ensure the privacy and integrity of the data in the packet.  By using tunneling, only the sending and receiving computers can see what is in the packet even though the packets are sent over a public network like the internet.  The three main protocols used by VPN's are PPTP, L2TP and IPSec.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was a good introduction for me to VPN's.  I was unaware of the things that a VPN could do.  I can see where having a VPN connection to a company's network would be extremely valuable for many employees, especially those that are required to travel frequently.  After learning about the different protocols used by VPN's, I read other articles to learn more about then and it is very interesting what the different protocols provide.  The second half of the articled stepped me through how to actually set up a VPN which was very useful.\n\nVocabulary Tunneling : Tunneling is the process of encapsulating packets within other packets to protect their integrity and privacy during transit. A tunnel performs such tasks as encryption, authentication, packet forwarding, and masking of IP private addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://webdesign.about.com/od/ecommerce/a/aa070407.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nWith all the news lately about internet security and all the new things facebook is doing, i decided to read up on https.\n\n\n\n\n\nHTTPS is used for encrypting data over the web.  It used port 443 while http uses port 80.  HTTPS uses SSL to send and receive text while HTTP uses plain text.  Sending confidential information using HTTP is very bad because anyone using a packet sniffer can easily see the contents of the packet.  In order to use HTTPS you need a web server that supports SSL encryption, a unique IP Address and an SSL certificate.  Once you obtain a certificate, your hosting provider will need to set up the certificate in your web server.  Any confidential information sent over the web should be sent using HTTPS.  \n\nImpact\n\nThere has been a lot of news lately about security on the internet.  From firesheep to Mark Zuckerburg's facebook page being hacked, it seems like there is news everyday about securing the internet.  Using HTTPS seems to be a successful way to keep data secure on the internet.  This article made it sound pretty easy to set up.  I am beginning a few ecommerce businesses right now and it was interesting that the article mentioned that many people won't even consider companies that don't use HTTPS.  Hopefully soon all websites will use HTTPS.  \n\nVocabulary SSL : The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a commonly-used protocol for managing the security of a message transmission on the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.thegeekstuff.com/2011/03/apache-hardening/\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter working this week installing our web server, I decided to look more into Apache since I hear a lot of talk about it and it is supposedly the most popular web server being used.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe opening line in this article says that if you are a sysadmin, you should secure your Apache web server with the following 10 tips.  Many companies run Linux on their servers and Apache is the most popular so these tips are important for anyone going into the systems field.  The 10 tips are as follows:\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Disable unnecessary modules\n\n2. Run Apache as separate user and group\n\n3. Restrict access to root directory\n\n4. Set appropriate permissions for conf and bin directory\n\n5. Disable directory browsing\n\n6. Don't allow .htaccess\n\n7. Disable other options\n\n8. Remove unwanted DSO modules\n\n9. Restrict access to a specific network or ip-address\n\n10. Don't display or send Apache version\n\n\n\n\n\nNot only did this article include the 10 tips, it also explained how to do it all and showed the code needed to get it done.   Besides these 10 tips, the article suggests you make sure your linux OS is secure.  If your OS is not secure, none of these tips will make much of a difference.  Also, be sure to keep your Apache up to date.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article very useful.  I am working on learning Apache and Linux so it was nice to get some tips and see some actual code on how to implement it.  After the experience I've received in 404 I was able to understand several more of these 10 tips and why you would want to implement them.\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary root directory : In computer file systems, the root directory is the first or top-most directory in a hierarchy. It can be likened to the root of a tree — the starting point where all branches originate.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/WindowsServer2003/Library/IIS/e4cf06f5-9a36-474b-ba78-3f287a2b88f2.mspx?mfr=true\n\n\n\n\n\nSince we are working on setting up our mail server for Intex, I decided to read up on SMTP.\n\n\n\n\n\nSimple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is used for delivering outgoing emails.  When a person sends an email, the message is sent to the SMTP.  The SMTP server determines the domain name of the destination address.  The SMTP server then communicates with the appropriate DNS server.  The DNS server finds the host name and returns it to the SMTP server.  The originating SMTP server then communicates with the destination SMTP server using TCP/IP on port 25 to deliver the message.  If the SMTP server can't find the destination address, the message will be passed to another SMTP server until the destination is found or until the message times out.  SMTP services is not installed by default on IIS.  \n\nImpact\n\nThis article was actually very good for me to read.  I knew SMTP services were essential for email to be delivered but I thought they were installed by default on IIS.  I also didn't know that SMTP servers communicate with DNS servers.  Lastly, I didn't know that messages get passed from SMTP server to SMTP server when the destination can't be found.  \n\nVocabulary SMTP virtual server : SMTP virtual servers provide the Exchange mechanisms for managing SMTP. Each SMTP virtual server represents an instance of the SMTP service running on the Exchange server. You use Exchange System Manager to configure SMTP virtual servers that control the behavior of SMTP.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1382,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle Title: A Walled Wide Web of Nervous Aristocrats\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle Source: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704415104576065641376054226.html (Wall Street Journal)\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle Summary:\n\n\n\n\n\n  What sparked the writing of this article was Vladimir Putin’s signing of an executive order that all public institutions of Russia replace all proprietary software (Microsoft, Adobe, Apple) with open-source alternatives that are free.  Further it discusses many nations that are moving in this direction because of fears of using software form foreign manufacturers that may have a link to that company’s national government.  This decision is following the trend of many other countries that are moving away from proprietary providers in favor of using open-source alternatives that are less likely to have any political affiliation.  An example for this reasoning is because using open-source software it is much less likely that any type of back-door was build into the program that could be leaking sensitive information to a foreign government.\n\n \n\nThe article discussed the power of Silicon Valley and how the U.S. feels secure because most of the software used by the U.S. comes from developers within the country.  It went on further to say, “The real Internet trade wars will begin once Russian and Chinese technology giants, with their poorly veiled government connections and piles of cash, come looking for American and European acquisitions.”  With these developments there could be a major shift in concern over protection our own privacy from foreign software providers.  The article also discussed the importance of separation from government that software developers have had here in the U.S. by saying, “But just a few weeks before Mr. Putin publicly endorsed open-source software, FBI Director Robert Mueller toured Silicon Valley's leading companies to ask their CEOs to build back doors into their software, making it easier for American law enforcement and intelligence gathering agencies to eavesdrop on online conversations.”\n\nImpact\n\nThis development will have great impact on the future of software development and where it is coming from.  An example that can be seen of it's impact today is the development of the controversy that the web site WikeLeaks has created.  In the future we may see governments creating their own software so that they can have authority over program usage and will be in control of the data.  Further we may se communication between nations diminish or see increased control as governments struggle to monitor the activities of information entering and leaving the country.\n\nVocabulary Back-Door : a pice of code within a program that allows the owner of the back door to unknowingly monitor the activity of users of the program.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLink: http://www.infoworld.com/t/network-testing/are-your-networks-ready-the-cutover-ipv6-485\n\n \n\nTitle: Are your networks ready for the cutover to IPv6?\n\n \n\n \n\nSummary:\n\n            Currently  the internet uses IP addresses to assign which function much like phone numbers for where to send and receive data.  The current system is called IPv4 and has a problem coming it’s way. This problem is that we are running out of numbers to assign.  Currently with the 32 bit system of assigning numbers we have already used about 98% of the 4,294,967,296 that we are able to assign under IPv4.  This problem has been seen from a ways off so a new standard was designed for IP addresses and that is called IPv6.\n\n \n\nThe difference is that there are some compatibility issues that need to be worked out in order to prepare online systems to hand this new standard.  For this reason there has been announced a World IPv6 Day.  This will give major companies such as Facebook and Google the opportunity to test their systems compatibility with the new IP standard that is emerging.  The say there will be some compatibility issues but it should only affect roughly .05 percent of it’s users.\n\nImpact\n\nWith IPv4 running out it doesn’t mean that we are going to need to switch up to IPv6 because IPv4 will not be going away for a long time.  It will have an impact on the major online systems of the world as they work to make sure their systems will be compatible with the new standard. Overall this is something that we need to be familiar with so we understand as it grows into becoming the internet standard. \n\nVocabulary IPv6 : rnet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is a version of the Internet Protocol that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. As a datagram service it does not guarantee reliability, a function provided at the Transport Layer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLink: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012011-verizon-files-lawsuit-over-fcc.html?hpg1=bn\n\n \n\nTitle: Verizon files lawsuit over FCC net neutrality order\n\n \n\nSummary: \n\n   This article is discussing the much-debated topic of net neutrality.    Net neutrality is basically a set of rules that the FCC would like to implement that places rules and jurisdictions on internet service providers in order to enforce what the FCC feels are “fair” service techniques.  Verizon wireless has filed a 5-page lawsuit to the court of appeals concerning the Dec. 21 vote by the FCC “to prohibit broadband providers from selectively blocking or slowing Web content and applications.”  Verizon is concerned with the broad authority that this ruling will give to FCC and went on to say, “We believe this assertion of authority goes well beyond any authority provided by Congress, and creates uncertainty for the communications industry, innovators, investors and consumers.”  They express this concern because with regulation that continues to enter into the typically free and unregulated internet there will be a loss of truly capitalistic ideals that are so prevalent on the internet.\n\n \n\nProponents of net neutrality had very strong reactions to this filing by Verizon Wireless. Critics of Verizon said that they want to completely decommission the FCC in their blind pursuit of profits.  Also they claimed it was a type of publicity stunt to be able to paint themselves as the good guy in this net neutrality.  Overall the article was written from a pro net neutrality perspective and needs to be read with that understanding.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\n  Net neutrality has the potential to have a huge impact on how we are able to use the Internet and the speeds at which we are able to browse. This FCC ruling would make it so the hacker down the street would be able to consume large amounts of bandwidth and slow down the Internet for the rest of the users.  The FCC stance is that they are trying to create a more neutral Internet where providers are not able to regulate their users.  Internet regulation even occurs at BYU in the library if you try to just sit on youtube.com the load speed will slow down so that you don’t take up all the bandwidth watching videos of cute animals while ruining the internet speed for other users.  I think this is appropriate regulation of the Internet in such a situation.\n\nVocabulary Net Nutrality : A set of rules created by the FCC that defines rules on how Internet service providers are allowed to deliver this product to end users. Or can be considered the debate on rules that should govern the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9206366/Intel_developing_security_game_changer_\n\n \n\nArticle title:  Intel developing security 'game-changer'\n\n \n\nSummary: \n\n   Intel has started releasing news that it is working on a new type of security that will be a “game changer” in the field of technology.  Intel is talking about developing a new type of chip that will change the way devices are able to protect themselves from zero-day attacks.   The major security scare with zero-day attacks is that it is exploits that are unknown to the developer and the exploit is used before the developer can release a patch to compensate for the system flaw.\n\n \n\nJustin Ratter of Intel said, “We're going to see a quantum jump in the ability of future devices, be them PCs or phones or tablets or smart TVs, to defend themselves against attacks.”  The real breakthrough of this new technology is that  it will be able to protect devices from unknown  exploits to the system.  This would revolutionize security because as code is passed through the chip developed by Intel it will be able to recognize malicious code.  The key of this is that it can recognize and stop malicious code that has never been encountered before and stop it from infecting the system. Ratter went to say, “We've found a new approach that stops the most virulent attacks. It will stop zero-day scenarios. Even if we've never seen it, we can stop it dead in its tracks.”\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:  If Intel can really deliver a product that can produce the said result it really would be revolutionary for data security for devices.  This would gives systems a leap forward in how much they will be protected from zero-day attacks by exploiting unknown system flaws. Dan Olds said, \"If Intel has hardware technology that can reliably stop zero-day attacks, that would be a huge win in the war against malware,\"  This would greatly strengthen the hardware side of protecting systems and devices from hackers attempting to access the system in an unauthorized manner.\n\nVocabulary zero-day attack : a computer threat that tries to exploit computer application vulnerabilities that are unknown to others or undisclosed to the software developer. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle: Comcast Deploys Some Dual-Stack IPv6 Cable Modems\n\n \n\n \n\nLink: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2379363,00.asp\n\n \n\n \n\nComcast recently released the first set of IPV4/IPV6 routers out on trial in the public market.  This new technology was implemented in Littleton, CO and Comcast has plans of expanding it to other areas.  What makes these devices unique is that they can seamlessly route both types of addresses seamlessly.  This is different because currently intermediary technologies are used to be able to route the two different address types across the Internet and through networks.   One common technology used is tunneling where the packet is literally encapsulated in the other type of IP packet when sent across the network.  This causes some slowdown which in not wanted with the sending of network information.\n\n \n\nThe new routers that have been developed by Comcast will be expanding as they continue the testing of the new type of routers.  This new development is key because the organization that controls the assigning of IP addresses said this month that they have just assigned the last group of IP addresses.   Now the new IP addresses that are going to be assigned are ones that will be on the new platform of IPV6. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this new router will be the ability to seamlessly send both IPV4 and IPV6 packets in their proper format through the same router.  This is also coming at a perfect time when the number of IPV4 address have run out and the use of IPV6 will now become increasingly more common than it is today.  Also this router will help the speed and efficiency of the networks that use them because it will require no Network Address Translation.\n\nVocabulary tunneling : The process of encapsulating a packet within another packet of native format such as and ipv6 packet in a ipv4 packet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle link:  http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n \n\nArticle Title: Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\n\n\nRead more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html#ixzz1DnCzKrBN\n\n \n\nSummary: \n\n   Feb 3, 2011 marked the day that the last batch of IPV4 addresses that were allocated for use publicly.  This last group of addresses was given to out to the ARIN which means that there are no more publicly available IPV4 addresses that are available to be assigned by IANA.  What this means is that the “Internet” and everything as a whole is going to begin the painful and much delayed transition to IPV6.  This change will have very little effect on the average user as most modern operating systems have had support for IPV6 for a long time.  The IPV4 has a total of 4.3 billion web addresses to allocate and a major effect of this depletion was that in the early days there was a large amount of addresses blocks of 16 million given out to different companies.  Also it was said early on that they would have used a larger address system like IPV6 but they had no idea about  how large the internet was going to become.\n\n \n\nThe other interesting aspect of the allocation of internet addresses there is a large amount of Bureaucracy with all the organizations that deal with the assigning and allocation of these addresses.  Further it goes on to discuss that only about 14 percent of addresses are being used out of all the addresses that have been allocated.  They have discussed the use of NAT in order to solve the problem but as this continues it will become increasingly unreliable.  NAT is very unreliable for p2p technologies so this will be a bandaid to the problem but not a permanent fix.  The real solution is that companies are going to have to begin switching over to IPV6.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n \n\nAs it was discussed earlier the impact of this change will not have much effect on the common user. This is because most modern devices already have IPV6 support.  The real problem is going to be with major ISP and Internet networking companies.  This is because that the two IP’s do not communicate in the same manner so whole new networks have to be created in order to support the new technology.  Major companies are slowly starting to make this transition but it takes time to build all the support technology to go with the new IPV6 system of transferring data over the Internet.  Overall the common user should not see much change but there will be a lot going on in the background to support this new technology.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4(IPv4). The Internet operates by transferring data in small packets that are independently routed across networks as specified by an international communications protocol known as the Internet Protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle source: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9211418/McNealy_Sun_could_have_won_out_over_Linux\n\n \n\nArticle title: McNealy: Sun could have won out over Linux\n\n \n\nSummary :  Sun microsystems was acquired by Oracle back in 2010 in a 7.4 billion dollar deal.  This buyout occurred after incurring heave losses with the economic downturn.  One of the major technologies being sold by Sun was its Solaris OS which is a direct competitor with Intel and Linux systems.  Former Sun CEO Scott McNealy said;  \"If we had just grabbed the Intel Pentium chip and done a one-way and two-way pizza box with Solaris on it, Linux never would have happened,\" McNealy said. \"Google today would be running on Solaris.\" McNealy also talked about how they were hours away from purchasing Apple computers in 1996 but were blocked by an investor.\n\n \n\nMcNealy went on to speak about how he felt Oracle has handled the company since it has been acquired.  He said that Oracle had stayed supportive of Sun’s technology developments and helping with support of the products.  Also their has been criticism with Sun’s sales tactics with making company sales even though it wouldn’t be profitable or in the best interest of the company.  Finally the article went on to talk about how Sun really pioneered the open source movement and how that has benefited the online community. It concluded with speaking about the threats that moving technology jobs into the public sector and how this will ultimately drive out innovation.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nThis article was interesting to read.  I think it is always easy to clearly see the proper decision when looking back on how you handled major decisions.  This is exactly what this article was talking about as they realize some erroneous decisions let to Sun being bought by Oracle.  Also it is important to note how much Sun has done to support the open source community and assisting with community based software and technology development.  I also thing that it is important to not the importance of keeping technology companies and jobs within the private sector. I agree with the article that if jobs move toward the government route it eliminates competition and staggers the progress of technology development.\n\nVocabulary Solaris OS : Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems. It superseded their earlier SunOS in 1992. Oracle Solaris, as it is now known, has been owned by Oracle Corporation since Oracle's acquisition of Sun in January 2010.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle title: Google vs. Microsoft: Lessons on handling a cloud #fail\n\n \n\n \n\nArticle Link: http://www.infoworld.com/t/saas/google-vs-microsoft-lessons-handling-cloud-fail-142\n\n \n\nSummary:\n\n            Recently Google experienced an outage of some of their gmail accounts that left is so that users were not able to access their accounts online.  This is another example that although cloud technology is still rapidly expanding and improving there is still potential that the technology can fail which makes it so users are unable to reach their data.  This was a moment to compare to a similar outage that Microsoft encountered in the end of December last year where many users lost access to their Hotmail accounts.\n\n            As Google saw that their were email accounts affected it reported the issue shortly after they noticed that the outage occurred.  After the initial report Google continuously were updating their Dashboard giving updates on what exactly happened to user accounts.  Then within a day and a half of the crash a Google VP posted a full explanation of what exactly happened with the lost Google accounts.  This is an example of a company that was actively resolving the issues of the lost email account and keeping the user informed on what exactly was happening.\n\n \n\n            Now looking at Microsoft and how they handled the situation it was a bit different. Hotmail experienced a crash of some of its email accounts on Dec 30 where 17, 355 accounts were affected. When the crash occurred after a full 8 hours there was little indication on what exactly was occurring but random reports of email issues.  For the next couple of days there were still no official word just random responses to people’s personal post that the situation was being handled.  Not until Jan. 3 was there and official response to the outage.  The post was a simple explanation of what happened and that the problem was resolved.  This shows windows lack of concern on keeping the end user updated on the issues and what was actively being done to solve them.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nThe compare and contrast of these two companies and how they handled the same situation is obvious.  We can see that Google was quick to respond to the situation and keep it’s user base informed on the current situation of the problem and what was going on.  As the general population becomes more technology literate it is important for companies like this to understand that they can no longer just keep their users in the dark.  This is something that Microsoft is still failing to understand with its services.  Now that everything is virtually instant and in-demand technologies companies can’t handle these extended outages without providing any feedback to their users.  Overall Google is rapidly adapting to their client needs and making sure they retain their user base.\n\nVocabulary Dashboard : A location that a company can use to provide up to date and relevant information for the user. Dashboards are highly customized and built for a specific purpose for the end user.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle link: http://www.tomshardware.com/news/sandy-bridge-vpro-core-i7,12353.html\n\n \n\nArticle title: Intel's vPro Core CPUs Can Take SMS ''Poison Pill''\n\n \n\nSummary: \n\n                Intel has released a new security technology in their Sandy Bridge processors that they hope will help combat data theft.  In previous iterations of the intel processors an admin could send an encrypted message over the internet to a stolen computer that locks the computer from that user.  This will completely lock down the computer until it is recovered or unlocked by the admin. The new version (AT 3.0) has a new anti-theft technology that will allow a computer to be shut down wirelessly seconds after being turned.  This is done through sending an encrypted sms that locks out the computer from the person trying to turn on the stolen device.  There is another feature that also helps protect a computer that is stolen in the vulnerable standby mode.  When the computer is awakened the new feature will change the login to an encryption login which is much more secure than just the usual username and password.  This is done by generating a new six-digit secure number every 30-seconds to help protect from authorized access.  Also there has been added host based configuration so that many computers can be updated with a single function which is beneficial for IT employees trying to update whole systems.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:           \n\n  The impact of these updates will provide even better protection from business losing proprietary information through theft or theft through social engineering.  Intel is really pushing to get the hardware side of security at the point where it can protect users.  With this push the hope is to be able to create a secure system by utilizing both the hardware and software side of computers.  This really shows intels commitment to keep pushing their hardware so they can be secure to private companies that really need to protect their systems.  With this new iteration it makes it easier to control the shutdown of the system because the thief can’t as easily determine where the computer will have an internet connection as compared to deciding to connect to the internet.\n\nVocabulary encryption : encoding: the activity of converting data or information into code\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle: Microsoft Scheme Sniffs Out Unused Wireless Specturm\n\n \n\nSource: http://www.cio.com/article/678231/Microsoft_Scheme_Sniffs_Out_Unused_Wireless_Spectrum?page=1&taxonomyId=3080\n\n \n\nSummary:\n\n Microsoft has designed an architecture called SpecNet(Spectrum Sensing Sans Frontieres) which will map were wireless spectrum is being used and where it is not.  This is otherwise known as mapping the “white space” in wireless signals.  The problem with the wireless spectrum is that much of it is already licensed making it unusable for unlicensed devices that need to send and receive data.  This tool will be able to look at the spectrum in various areas and see where the licensed spectrum is actually unused. \n\nThis new architecture would be a network of servers that would actively track the bandwidth in a given area so that when a device needed to send/receive data it would be able to query SpecNet and be able to get an allowable bandwith to temporarily use. One major hurdle with this system is the cost of analyzers which go for 10 – 40k.  This would also be useful for law enforcement agencies in discovering where the “white space” spectrum was being used illegally.Impact:\n\n            This service is a great example of a company that is looking forward to handle the foreseen problem of the spectrum becoming overloaded.  With the development of this technology it will make it possible for devices to be able to use the “white space” temporarily in various areas to be able to make their appropriate data communication.  This will also ease the pain of the use of the very limited spectrum as it will allow users to use OSA (opportunistic spectrum access) which is basically random access to the spectrum on various signals that are unused in  the white space.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\n            This service is a great example of a company that is looking forward to handle the foreseen problem of the spectrum becoming overloaded.  With the development of this technology it will make it possible for devices to be able to use the “white space” temporarily in various areas to be able to make their appropriate data communication.  This will also ease the pain of the use of the very limited spectrum as it will allow users to use OSA (opportunistic spectrum access) which is basically random access to the spectrum on various signals that are unused in  the white space.\n\nVocabulary white space : White space it the unused area's of the public wireless signals that are allotted by governments. FCC recently ruled to open up these areas.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1319,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nFCC Boss Takes Spectrum Shortfall Warning to CES\n\nThe expanse of mobile devices has created a need for expanded connection. Even though a mobile device is wireless, it still has a direct connection to a tower for sending radio signals back and forth. The radio spectrum has allocations for many different uses, and it is controlled by the FCC. At CES, many companies presented their new mobile devices that are going to need part of that spectrum.\n\nThe FCC chairman said that there’s going to be a wireless traffic jam if more of the spectrum isn’t opened up for the mobile future. There are efforts to make this happen, but without some government backing, there will likely be many angry mobile users. The goal is to auction off TV broadcast spectrum licenses to mobile service providers. This would allow more frequencies for mobile traffic and a greater potential for mobile expansion.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/3919851/FCC-Boss-Takes-Spectrum-Shortfall-Warning-to-CES.htm\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a big impact on the future of mobile computing. Without enough room for the planned mobile growth, the competitive nature of our economy will be hindered. Communication will be slowed, and consumers will be frustrated. The future will take us to the past.\n\nVocabulary spectrum license : In the United States, radio frequencies are assigned by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) by means of broadcasting licenses. These licenses stipulate the channel (or band of frequencies centered on the carrier) that a station is to use to broadcast, the power it can use, and its hours of operation.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nYahoo IPv6 upgrade could shut out 1 million Internet users\n\n\n\n\n\nYahoo is taking a big step in the switch to IPv6. They have been working diligently on it for a couple years and plan to provide access to their main page by the end of 2011. IP addresses are running out with the current IPv4 and work-arounds will take too much time. Yahoo is deciding to just make the switch. This is significant since 25% of internet users connect to yahoo.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere will be some problems with the switch. Many consumers are using old routers that won't be able to deal with the IPv6 and there will be some brokenness. The top internet sites, Google, Facebook, Youtube, and Yahoo, are having a 'World IPv6' day on June 8th. This will be a great way to test the effect of an internet switch. Yahoo hopes that this will lead internet users to upgrade and make Yahoo's switch less painful.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011911-yahoo-ipv6.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this is huge. If the internet runs out of addresses, people won't get the internet. We shouldn't wait until the end to figure out a fix. For devices to talk to each other, they need to have individual IP addresses. IPv6 is already a fix. But the internet needs to switch over for it to take effect. Yahoo is doing a big thing by getting an early start.\n\nVocabulary network address translation (NAT) : Also called IP masquerading. This is what many so-called \"routers\" do. It allows several computers to connect to the internet behind a single IP address. It temporarily delays the need to switch to IPv6.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWhere SaaS Works\n\n\n\n\n\nMany businesses are choosing to use SaaS instead of having their own software licenses. SaaS is a simple solution and usually affordable. It is usually easy to set up and easy to use. They usually have simple user interfaces. Some companies that offer SaaS have a full suite of software solutions for all business processes. But in most cases, a business will go to several companies to get solutions for different parts of the business. In one case in this article, a business completely got rid of IT personnel, being replaced by SaaS.\n\n\n\n\n\nSaaS doesn't work for every company. It lacks in customization. SaaS solutions can be configured, not customized. Integrating SaaS often leads to changing business operations to fit the SaaS. Another problem with SaaS is the contract with the providing company. They usually are signed for more than a year even though they are broken into months. If the relationship goes sour, it's hard to break. After using SaaS from one provider, switching would require more changing for the company. SaaS is good for some companies, but not for all.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/where-saas-works.php?type=article\n\nImpact\n\nAs a soon to be IT professional, I need to know about the different software solutions available for the companies I may work for. SaaS requires moving and storing information in different places. By using SaaS a company doesn't just use their software, the software company uses the users information. Data has to be transfered to a new system. The decision to which to SaaS has a huge impact on the IT department of any company.\n\nVocabulary SaaS : Software as a Service. Firms use SaaS as a substitute or replacement for in-house IT and software.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPacket Transport Evolution Strategies: Which Offers the Lowest TCO?\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discusses three strategies that answer the question: How can a transformation from 'packet networks' to 'converged packet-optical transport networks' be implemented in a way that will be cost-effective?\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst Strategy, MSPP evolution -- In this scenario, capacity is added to the existing multiservice provisioning platform (MSPP) network as required.\n\n\n\n\n\nSecond Strategy, Gradual CESR deployment -- This strategy suggests a phased process of transforming the MSPP network into a multiservice Ethernet network by deploying Carrier Ethernet switch/routers (CESRs) in the areas where they are needed.\n\n\n\n\n\nThird Strategy, CESR overlay -- This approach requires immediately adding a CESR overlay network to the existing MSPP network. Legacy services continue to be served by the MSPP while CESR is used for all Ethernet services.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.convergedigest.com/bp/bp1.asp?ID=625&ctgy=Home\n\nImpact\n\nThis article emphasizes the rapid changes that are happening in technology. We need to be ready for those changes. What may be standard now could become obsolete in a couple years. New inventions, discoveries, and ideas can be proposed, accepted, and eventually implemented. It happens all the time. The way devices talk to each other is so varied that bringing these together is a major task that will require a lot of people like us.\n\nVocabulary MPLS-TP : Multiprotocol Label Switching Transport Profile - Packet-forwarding decisions are made solely on the contents of a label, without the need to examine the packet itself.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCerf: Future of Internet doesn't include an IPv7\n\nVint Cerf of Google sat down for an interview with Cisco. He was asked about an IPv7. He said there are no plans for a v7 yet. They are mostly concerned with getting v6 working everywhere and switch to that. He was asked about consumers needing to check all their devices for compatibility, or if NAT would cover that. He basically said that the future will allow bandwidth for consumers to have servers in their homes. This would require the need for routable addresses. NAT will still be used during the transition but shouldn't be permanent.\n\nThe switch to IPv6 is just as important for consumers as it is for businesses. Consumer desktops and laptops already do it. It's just the NAT boxes and modems that haven't been configured. If the switch is made all around, there wouldn't be any more need to keep implementing the old IPv4.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021811-vint-cerf-ipv7.html\n\nImpact\n\nSince the future of the internet basically relies on the switch to IPv6, I will need to learn about it and be prepared to make changes for companies I work for. But since the Internet is so big, the change will happen gradually overtime; so I'll need to know all about IPv4. I would love to be able to run a server from home without needing to request a special IP address.\n\nVocabulary OpenFlow : A communications protocol that gives access to the forwarding plane of a switch or router over the network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Role of APE for an Application in Production\n\n\n\n\n\nAPE is very important for the planning and designing phase in an IT project. But, there is also some need to use it after an application has been put into production. There can me hundreds of IT changes after an application has been put into production so it's important to make sure those don't dramatically change the performance.\n\n\n\n\n\nA lot of the the APE for an application in Production can be planned from from the start. Many projects have included in their plan a way to mitigate the risks. One example of a potential risk is desktop virtualization. This is something implemented many times after the application has been put into production. But if it's not planned for well, there could be problems. Desktop virtualization may dramatically affect the overall performance. So, APE is important during planning, but is also used later.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/frame/2011/022111wan2.html\n\nImpact\n\nIt is important for planning to know the possible scope of a project. We need to plan for the future. A program that is only designed for today's problem will be a failure. We must do what we can to prepare for possible future changes so that the system will be able to last a long time. The way to do this is to plan from the start what is needed.\n\nVocabulary Application Performance Engineering (APE) : Application Performance Engineering - Designing a system from scratch so that it will perform highly. This is better than making many tweaks along the way.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe 6 biggest misconceptions about IPv6\n\n\n\n\n\n1. The internet still had plenty of IPv4 addresses.\n\nThe Internet Assigned Numbers Authority already gave out the rest of the address space. It's only a matter of months before they are distributed.\n\n\n\n\n\n2. My company doesn't need to adopt IPv6 yet.\n\nCIOs falsely believe that their carriers will take care of the transition for them. This is true for the infrastructure, the the company needs to take care of it's own networks.\n\n\n\n\n\n3. A lucky Internet user will get the last IPv4 address.\n\nThe last address to be given out will likely be in Africa, but it's most likely going to be shared among several users.\n\n\n\n\n\n4. A black market will emerge for IPv4 addresses.\n\nIPv4 addresses will become more valuable when scare, but companies that switch to v6 will give them up. This will free up v4 addresses which will bring the value back down. By the time a black market starts forming, IPv6 will be spread abroad and v4 address will be worth less.\n\n\n\n\n\n5. IPv6 is more secure than IPv4.\n\nIPv6 is made to operate and implement IPsec better, but it's not by itself more secure.\n\n\n\n\n\n6. IPv6 will make the Internet simpler.\n\nSomeday it could be simpler. But networks are going to have to run both side by side for years. This obviously complicates everything. IPv6 is not backwards compatible, so we will have IPv4 around for decades to come.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/022411-ipv6-misconceptions.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\nThe Internet as we know it has reached it's limits. The depletion of IPv4 addresses is a wakeup call that companies need to make the switch. I will likely be dealing with IPv6 shortly in my career, and more as time goes by. It's important to understand the need to be able to prepare my company for Internet changes. I want to be well informed so I am prepared.\n\nVocabulary IPSec : Internet Protocol Security - It is a protocol suite for securing IP communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWi-Fi 802.11n: Still evolving\n\nThere are many advantages with the 802.11n standard that are not well used. Companies are just starting to catch up with some of these capabilities.\n\nMIMO - the access points have several antenna's to pickup different frequencies sent at the same time, increasing the bandwidth.\n\nChannel Bonding - Takes two existing channels and combines them into one, doubling the bandwidth.\n\nBlock Acknowledgements - this allows more data to be sent before receiving acknowledgements.\n\nAggregation - 11n allows for forming data streams into better packages, sending multiple datapackets as a single stream.\n\nShort Guard Interval - The guard interval, or pause time between transmisisons is cut in half allowing more efficient transmission and less wasted bandwidth.\n\nBeam Forming - The access points can learn where the wireless device is located and alter it's transmitting pattern to target the device.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2011/031111-wifi-evolving.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\nThese capabilities outlined in this article are important to know about to make a business more effective. It's not always necessary to spend more money on more hardware. Sometimes the current recources have a lot more power than is being used. I need to be able to use what is already avaliable to save the company money. Technology usually is more capable than what it is used for. Why, not take advantage of the advantages that are already in place?\n\nVocabulary MIMO : MIMO, multiple-input, multiple output, uses complex radio frequency (RF) technology that allows multiple data streams to be transmitted over the same channel using the same bandwidth that is used for only a single data stream in 802.11a/b/g\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nData Center Upgrades Spur Surge In Network Equipment\n\n\n\n\n\nCloud computing continues to grow. Because of increasing virtualization, networks and data centers will be increasing bandwidth. Many are switching to 10G ethernet switches to better handle the increased demand. The worldwide data center network equipment market will $7.8 billion in 2010.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, storage area networks have had an increase in demand. This isn't from the business side of things. It is consumers who want video content in data centers that spark this growth. It is predicted that the worldwide SAN equipment market will reach $6.6 billion by 2014.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.techweb.com/networking/228900130/data-center-upgrades-spur-surge-in-network-equipment.html\n\nImpact\n\nNetwork equipment is increasing, so network people will also need to increase. This doesn't mean that the number of people need to increase, but the knowledge these people have needs to increase. I need to be prepared for bigger bandwidths. I need to be on the look out for new technology. If I prepare myself well, I will stay ahead of the game. This will give me a great career and a positive future.\n\nVocabulary SAN : Storage Area Network - a dedicated storage network which provides access to consolidated, block level storage. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\niPhone, Android, Windows and Linux: Microsoft now manages them all\n\n\n\n\n\nMicrosoft's System Center Configuration Manager is a solution to managing large systems. In the past it has been used mainly for Microsoft products. But so many companies are using other operating systems, along with Windows, that Microsoft is including support for them as well. Now with System Center, companies, like Target, can use multiple systems and manage them all with one solution.\n\n\n\n\n\nSystem Center supports many operating systems, but currently only supports one cloud system, Windows Azure. This can change if the demand for other clouds rises. System Center also supports Microsoft's virtualization competition to Its Hyper-V. Some things are build specific to Hyper-V, but it will offer support for VMware and XenServer.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032311-microsoft-manage.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\nAs companies continue to be heterogeneous in software implementation, it's important to know what solutions there are to bridge management across that various vendors. Though costs may be lower by finding the cheapest prices, a company can have an expensive and difficult time supporting too many platforms.\n\n\n\n\n\nIf Microsoft is able to manage multiple platforms with one solution, I would want to know about it, and use it in the company I work for. There will likely be competitors who end up doing the same thing, so I need to keep my eye out for the best solutions available. \n\nVocabulary \"Big Four\" : Refers to the big four management vendors: BMC, CA, HP and IBM.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMicrosoft offers $7.5M for 666,624 IPv4 addresses\n\n\n\n\n\nSince the last batch of IP address have been given out, companies are starting to grab the addresses as quick as possible. Nortel is going out of business and started selling addresses to pay off debts. Microsoft steps in and buys 666,624 addresses for $11.25 a piece. This shows that the scarcity in supply is driving up the price. The value of IPv4 addresses will continue to rise until IPv6 starts to take over.\n\n\n\n\n\nSome have even speculated that a black market might appear to sell addresses. If so it will be short lived. Based on the price Microsoft payed for the addresses, the entire pool of addresses would cost $48 billion. Addresses used to be given for free if immediate need could be documented and proven. But since they have all been distributed, there is a price to pay.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032511-microsoft-offers-75m-for-666624.html \n\nImpact\n\nThe internet is changing. But not fast enough. The address space has run out and the value will go up. For a company that needs addresses, it will need to plan well to get all that are needed before it's too late. The addresses will be there, but there will be a price. This price will hopefully lead to a quicker switch to IPv6. But until then -and it could take several years- the cost for IP addresses will need to be considered in company budgets.\n\nVocabulary ARIN : The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Canada, many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands, and the United States. ARIN manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1380,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nWPA stands for Wi-Fi Protected Access and was developed as a more secure method of wireless encryption in place of WEP.  While it retains the use of the RC4 cipher, WPA is considerably improved because it uses stronger authentication, a longer key, Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), and a message integrity code (MIC).\n\n\n\n\n\nAccess points (AP) utilizing WPA can be set to one of two modes.  Access points configured with personal mode reuse the same master key with all connected clients much like WEP. Those using enterprise mode, however, employ the use of Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP), which establishes a master key between each individual connected unit.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs far as longer keys, WPA uses Initialization Vectors (IV) of 48 bits and master keys of 128 bits.  WEP only supports 24-bit IVs.  This presents a serious problem for those wireless networks that are heavily trafficked because the master key is reused for all units connected to the AP, thus hackers have a significant amount of data to capture to discover the key.  WPA improves upon this because it would take years to crack 48-bit IV. As mentioned before, WPA overcomes reuse by using the enterprise mode.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe TKIP function of WPA serves to create the unique key for each connection.  Furthermore, each packet includes a sequence number so each packet uses a different key.  The receiving unit can determine whether or not the sequence number was incremented and repel replay attacks.\n\n\n\n\n\nMIC is simply a more powerful method of the original CRC32 checksum implemented by WEP.  This algorithm checks to see if packets were modified.  MIC is less susceptible to hackers modifying checksums and bits as opposed to CRC32.\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle Title: Wireless security protocols -- How WPA and WPA2 work\n\nAuthor: David B. Jacobs\n\nDate: Mar 13, 2008\n\nArticle Link: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com.au/articles/22635-Wireless-security-protocols-How-WPA-and-WPA2-work\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI never understood why multiple forms of encrypting wireless data transfer existed.  Additionally, while I assumed that some encryption methods were better than others, I was not sure why or which ones were more secure.  WPA is inherently stronger than WEP due to longer keys and the updated checksum algorithm MIC. Furthermore, implementation of the authentication mode using EAP also makes it much more secure for data transmission.\n\nVocabulary RC4 : a widely used cipher to encrypt data transfer in internet protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or wireless network security such as WEP or WPA.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSince the Firesheep “epidemic,” people have become increasingly concerned about public WiFi spot and how to secure themselves against the threat of cyber sabotage.  In essence, Firesheep allows anyone with Firefox to hijack the sessions of users on the same network by snatching cookies that are transmitted by those users.  Users can implement a number of strategies to defend themselves.  This article recommends four potential solutions for increased data security.\n\n\n\n\n\nVPN Connection\n\nVPN's are often much more applicable to business environments or large institutions using Wi-Fi.  By using a VPN, users can ensure that their data is encrypted from the client to the VPN server.  However, if data reaches the VPN server end and continues on to another destination, no secure transmission is guaranteed.  The same holds true for data being returned upon request.  But at least by then, data is at the “peering level of the Internet, where sniffing and hacking is much less likely.”  Some VPN services require payment though, and that can be a hassle if you are looking for a cheap solution.\n\n\n\n\n\nSecure Email\n\nEnsure your email clients (be it on a computer or mobile device) are set to secure.  You can manually set the to port 995 for POP, 993 for IMAP, and 465 or 587 for SMTP.  Most mail clients allow you to check an option that allows for SSL/TLS security.  Be sure to check that option.  For a while, many email providers only offered secure login, but now most have options that allow you to use SSL/TLS for an entire session.\n\n\n\n\n\nForce Secure Web Browsing\n\nMany browsers now offer extensions that force connections using SSL/TLS or “https” when you click links or type URLs to unsecured locations. For Firefox you can get ForceTLS, Safari – HTTPS Everywhere, and Chrome – Use HTTPS or KB SSL Enforcer.\n\n\n\n\n\nOpt for Secure Sessions in Other Services\n\nMany other desktop applications and services offer the same kind of options for secure connections.  Newer services, like Dropbox, use encryption for all data transfers so looking for the option isn’t an option.  Don’t worry about it.  Just be sure to look in the service/application preferences for those options or find out how to secure the data you transfer.  \n\n\n\n\n\nArticle Title: How to stay safe at a public Wi-Fi hotspot\n\nAuthor: Glenn Fleishman\n\nDate: Jan 3, 2011\n\nArticle Link: http://arstechnica.com/security/guides/2011/01/stay-safe-at-a-public-wi-fi-hotspot.ars\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFor the most part, we all at some point or another have accessed (or may access in the future) a “free public Wi-Fi hotspot.”  While many of these are just hoaxes, for the ones that are real and do exist in cafes, airports, etc. we need to know how to protect ourselves from cyber sabotage and session hijackers.  By simply downloading a few extensions for our browsers or avoiding unsecured Wi-Fi connections when possible we can save ourselves a lot of grief and protect confidential information.  Sniffers can easily access this information when data transfers are unsecured and unencrypted.  The simple solutions that provide first and second line of defense are easy and typically free to implement.  Others, like VPN, may cost a little more if we want someone else to manage it and set it up for us.\n\nVocabulary SSL/TLS : Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security allows a client and server to negotiate a secure connection using third-party verification to confirm the server’s identity.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCisco Broadens SMB Portfolio\n\nPosted by Steve Wexler \n\nJanuary 25, 2011\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/cisco-broadens-smb-portfolio.php?type=article\n\n\n\n\n\nIn order to attract more small business customers, Cisco is rolling out deal packages that include Ethernet switches, network security firewalls, backup services on the cloud, and 3-year, 3 percent financing.  The small business sector has continued to grow despite the downturn in the economy, so companies like Cisco are extending packages to these companies.  The heterogeneous nature of the market, however, makes it a little different to handle as opposed to enterprise markets where \"one size\" typically \"fits all.\"  \n\n\n\n\n\nThese packages appeal to small businesses for a variety of reasons.  Devices like the RV 220W firewall offer secure access to company networks from remote locations so that employees or owners can work from home or other branch offices and even from client offices with less concern about security.\n\n\n\n\n\nFor the last three years, Cisco has been redesigning product lines to fit the \"light\" setups small businesses are looking for.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs companies in the networking and data communications industries continue to reach out to small businesses, the market will expand.  More products and services will be available to small businesses and prices will decrease to fight competition.  Other companies like Cisco are following suit or have started other trends to meet market needs.  This information is valuable for entrepreneurs looking to connect their clients and employees remotely to their data infrastructure.\n\nVocabulary switch : A computer networking device (sometimes referred to as a network bridge) that routes data at the link layer (layer 1 TCP/IP model)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWhen it Comes to IPv6; Go Native\n\nBy Scott Hogg on Wed, 02/02/11 - 4:08pm.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe world’s supply of IPv4 addresses is diminishing so businesses need to initiate preparations for the switch to IPv6.  One of the best ways to implement the change is to “go native,” or in other words, deploy a dual-protocol setup that uses both IPv4 and IPv6.  This is necessary to prevent IPv6 Brokenness.\n\n\n\n\n\nSome larger companies—including Google, Microsoft, and Netflix—are collaborating on the DNS whitelist approach, which essentially means those ISPs that cannot support reliable IPv6 connections are listed  and users are prevented from connecting using IPv6.  This approach is an attempt to prevent IPv6 Brokenness.\n\n\n\n\n\nJune 6, 2011 has been designated the “World IPv6 Day.”  Many companies have already pledged that on this day they will convert their websites to accept strictly IPv6 connections in an attempt to promote IPv6 switching or to go native.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe information in this article is important to data communications because inevitably we will run out of IPv4 addresses.  Sure companies could probably come up with some sort of temporary resolution, but the best solution seems to be an upgrade to IPv6.  Companies manufacturing networking hardware need to be producing units that are compatible with IPv6.  All Internet users (virtually everyone) needs to know if their hardware supports IPv6, and if it does not then they need to make preparations to buy the appropriate hardware.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe switch needs to happen soon, thus large corporations are actively promoting it so that institutions and users alike will prepare sooner than later.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 Brokenness : When an unreliable IPv6 connection is chosen over a more reliable IPv4 connection, often resulting in slow connectivity due to long timeouts for connecting to IPv4 when IPv6 ultimately fails.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\nby Stephen Shankland\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nOn February 3, 2011, the central net authorities assigned the last available IPv4 addresses.  \n\nWhile not all the IPv4 addresses are in use, all of them have been assigned to various parties.  In other words, no one else can get any “new” unclaimed batch of addresses (IPv4 addresses were previously passed out in batches of “slash-eights”).  One census reported that, only about 14% of all the IPv4 are really in use at a given time.  Speculations have been made that by the end of 2012 all the left over IPv4’s that are currently unclaimed will have been sold by retailers to users.\n\n\n\n\n\nDue to the various costs involved, most haven’t made the switch to IPv6 because they didn’t want to upgrade their hardware or change their web servers over to IPv6.  If nobody is using it, why change?  But now that change has become more imperative with the run out of IPv4.\n\n\n\n\n\nSome companies and organizations that have an abundance of extra IPv4’s (or slash-eight chunks) have returned them for distribution.  Many others are holding on to them.  They may use them to make profit or they may have other reasons.\n\n\n\n\n\nRouting packets over the Internet with two different protocols becomes complicated.  IPv4 packets running through IPv6 routers will have to be wrapped in IPv6 and then unwrapped at their destination.  IPv6 will have to use proxies to access the rest of the IPv4 net, which adds a lot of over head.  All these solutions for converting from one to the other will cause some hiccups and a decrease in efficiency.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEssentially, this means that businesses must find ways to run their business without getting new IPv4 addresses, which means many businesses will start the switch to IPv6.  Most home users won’t have to worry about the runout that much.  They may have to buy new routers or cable modems because their old ones don’t support IPv6, but users aren’t really all that affected.  It’s big businesses that will have to spend thousands of dollars to upgrade old hardware or buy new hardware that will suffer.  Big business may have to lose features that they had with IPv4 when they switch to IPv6.  Many people don’t understand all the in’s and out’s of IPv6 either, so people are just going to have to get educated.\n\nVocabulary Slash-eight : The IPv4 space is divided into 256 sections. Each one, called a /8 or slash-eight, has 16.8 million IP addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBy Shamus McGillicuddy, News Editor\n\n16 Feb 2011 | SearchNetworking.com\n\nhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/news/2240032226/New-Cisco-network-security-architecture-has-next-generation-firewall\n\n\n\n\n\nSUMMARY\n\nIn recent, network security discussion always turns to application awareness.  Much of the success of the new startups is due to the development of next-generation firewalls that base security decisions on application as opposed to ports and protocols.\n\n\n\n\n\nRecently, Cisco just announced a new technology of network security with firewalls that surpasses application awareness.  Its new SecureX architecture is based on context awareness.  In essence, the context awareness of SecureX understands “who a user is, how they’re accessing the network, what device they are using and whether that device is owned by the company.  It understands what application they are trying to use and where they are.”  This means network security is no longer limited to just ports and protocols or even just applications like some of the new infrastructure, but just about any context.  Cisco wants companies to be able to implement these capabilities on not only their ASA 5000 series devices, but also data center switches, routers and in the cloud.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn order to deploy this new technology fast enough, however, Cisco has been using other clients, which worries some enterprise consumers because they worry overall network security architecture becomes too abstract and weak without a strong centralized management software.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe implications of these new technologies means more advanced firewalls and network security.  Most of this functionality is directed at larger enterprises, especially with those who have the money to afford the products.  Additionally, Cisco focuses a lot of these technologies on the higher end devices that aren’t meant for home users and small business consumers.  Regardless, the network security technology is adapting and becoming more advanced, in that your firewall will be able to make security decisions based on more applications and contexts of network use, (i.e. where you are physically, what software you are using, who owns the hardware, etc.).\n\nVocabulary LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) : a software protocol for enabling anyone to locate organizations, individuals, and other resources such as files and devices in a network, whether on the public Internet or on a corporate intranet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030964-264.html Study: Expect a billion 802.11ac Wi-Fi devices in 2015 by Stephen Shankland\n\n\n\n\n\nFor of those of us who just recently started making the switch to 802.11n (the most recent development in wireless), a new technology is here--802.11ac.  802.11n was delayed in arriving to the market for a period due to standards issues, but now 802.11ac is already getting ready to hit shelves.  In-Stat predicts that the first devices will hit shelves next year.  The draft standard should be ready by in 2011 and the first products out at the end of 2012.\n\nThe goal of this new wireless technology is to nearly double the 802.11n standard.  802.11n is designed to reach up to 600Mbps; however, 802.11ac is designed to reach 1Gbps.  The standard will use the existing radio spectrum in a range beloe 6GHz.  The design sends multiple simultaneuos streams of data from access points to devices.\n\nWhile many will want to buy devices supporting the technology, consumers should be wary.  Many home users have broadband connectsions to the internet that are considerably slower than an 802.11ac device can handle, thus sticking with their older wireless-g or -n modles will save them some money.  One advantage is that their networks would be faster overall.\n\n\n\n\n\nSince Wi-Fi continues to boom, In-Stat predicts we can expect nearly 800 million mobile phones will ship the technology in 2015.  Furthermore, 20 million vehicles will ship with Wi-Fi in 2012.\n\nImpact\n\nIt's important for consumers to understand what new technologies are becoming available so that they can plan purchases accordingly.  Home users are not really affected, unless they have very high-speed Internet.  Corporations will want to know these kinds of details though, especially businesses that are expanding so that they can buy technology that will help make their businesses more efficient.\n\nVocabulary Wi-Fi Alliance : nonprofit international association formed in 1999 to certify interoperability of wireless Local Area Network products and promotes the technology\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/new-palo-alto-networks-technology-secures-cloud-connections-for-remote-workers.php\n\nNew Palo Alto Networks Technology Secures Cloud Connections For Remote Workers\n\nPosted by Robert Mullins \n\nMarch 3, 2011\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA lot of new firewall security vendors have been pushing the next-generation firewall (NGFW) devices due to the enhanced features and advanced technology.  Palo Alto Networks is one such company that recently released a technology that better secures connections between remote workers and cloud applications they use.  The technology is called GlobalProtect.  It establishes a VPN-like protection for a user accessing software as a service (SaaS) applications or cloud-based apps.\n\n\n\n\n\nFor example, most remote workers will access their company’s network through a secure socket layer VPN.   When a remote worker wants to access a cloud-based application, they can’t control the security of the connection.  GlobalProtect improves security by connecting to the company’s nearest NGFW.  So if you are working from your office in San Francisco and the nearest NGFW is in LA, then you can connect to that gateway device and have the security policy be enforced.  Thus you can gain access to the cloud-based application you want and get the extra intrusion prevention security and firewall intelligence of an NGFW at the same time.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe sale of NGFW’s is expected to increase dramatically and by 2014, 60 percent of firewalls will be next generation.  Experts argue that if the percentage of traffic screened by firewalls were to increase from 90 to 97 percent, then the customer really only has to worry about the last 3 percent.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSecurity threats are only getting worse with the expansion of technology, and especially the internet and wireless connections.  Corporations need to be able to perform all their Internet and network based processes via secure and/or encrypted data communications.  This will eliminate the threat of exposure of sensitive information and access to their corporate systems.  Firewalls are basic first-line defense.  It only makes sense to make the first-line stronger since it gets hit the most.\n\nVocabulary SaaS : Software as a Service - Sometimes referred to as \"software on demand,\" is software that is deployed over the internet and/or is deployed to run behind a firewall on a local area network or personal computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/migrating-to-ipv6-will-dominate-your-it-budget.php\n\nMigrating To IPv6 Will Dominate Your IT Budget\n\nPosted by Greg Ferro \n\nMarch 7, 2011\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIn recent years, many companies have been investing in virtualization technologies due to its powerful implicative benefits of optimizing infrastructure functions around serve capacity and operation.  However, the new mandatory IPv6 technology has proven disruptive in that companies are now being forced to reevaluate and restructure their IT budgets in order to make the switch.  Any virtualization or cloud computing efforts better be stalled until the migration is underway.\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 migrations have proven to be “gradual and resource-intensive.”  IPv6 means upgrades to data center equipment and p0tential changes to desktops, security and compliance software, network management systems, WANs, telecommunication strategies, IP telephony, and the list goes on.   All this change up has introduced scope creep for the various projects and overhaul of desktops, ultimately bloating costs.  You can be sure that IPv6 projects will be high profile for upper management in companies across the globe.  \n\n\n\n\n\nNetworking vendors, of course, are thrilled.  The cloud following should not be too disheartened, however, since IPv6 will significantly enhance cloud offerings.  Features of the IPv6 protocol will improve access to cloud services, use of mobility technologies, and security, and not to mention virtualization as a whole.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nMany companies are trying to push off IPv6 migration as much as possible.  While waiting for the process to develop a bit more or letting other companies work out the kinks is a good idea, waiting too long could seriously cripple any business.  IPv6 is should not be viewed as a disadvantage or a burden, but rather a new necessary technology to enhance the quality of data communication.  Planning should start now.  Other projects like virtualization should be demoted to second priority, though the implementation of such projects can be planned for while IPv6 migrations are taking place.  In sum, don’t ignore the pink elephant in the corner, just face it.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 Mobile IP : an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard communications protocol that is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining a permanent IP address\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/zenoss-takes-cloud-management-to-the-next-level.php?p=2\n\nZenoss Takes Cloud Management To The Next Level\n\nPosted by Steve Wexler \n\nMarch 15, 2011\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWith cloud computing on the rise, many companies have seen the opportunities to perform analytics and provide management software packages.  Zenoss is one such company.  However, it’s taking an ambitious approach by trying to provide a software solution that umbrellas “everything.”  \n\n\n\n\n\nZenoss provides analytics and reporting of all physical, virtual, and cloud-based IT resources.  The software allows the user to see into the performance and availability of all physical and virtual devices in a data center, in addition to relationships and dependencies.  Zenoss’s Datacenter Insight offers out-of-the-box analysis capabilities (with predictive capabilities), web-based ad-hoc report building and executive dashboard creation.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe competitive edge for  Zenoss lies in it’s umbrella.  Corporations won’t have to worry about patching together theire various 3rd party vendor products that are used for the various tradition, virtual, and the newer cloud-based functions.  If the overall architecture of the system is truly an all-in-one solution, then significant barriers and problems can be overcome when trying to strap together all the existing and acquired products.  Additionally, as a new company Zenoss is already looking ahead, whereas many companies that have been existed longer and that provide this kind of IT management are still trying to implement the newer cloud computing ways into their traditional and virtual management approaches.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis kind of approach to IT management is important to understand for all companies.  Cloud computing is on the rise and many companies are making investments because they see the long- and short-term benefits.  However, managing the traditional, virtual, and cloud-based technologies can be tricky, in addition to getting all the efficiency out of them.  If this kind of technology proves successful and can add value, companies may want to invest to sustain all three “formats.”  It’s also important to stay on top of new software that’s on the rise to compare it with existing and acquired platforms.\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary cloud-based environments : Similar to virtual environments, cloud-based environments are those that depend on the \"cloud\" or web-based collaborative environments (ie Microsoft Office Web Apps)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThrowing Bandwidth At Your Network Problems Isn't Enough\n\nPosted by Steve Wexler \n\nMarch 18, 2011\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/throwing-bandwidth-at-your-network-problems-isnt-enough.php\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGone are the days of amping up bandwidth to solve network problems.  Networks today are being largely affected by three different things: flattening, convergence, and server virtualization.  Flattening and convergence are related in that they intend to simplify networks and increase capacity for data and storage traffic on common wires.  Converged infrastructures are often characterized by an integrated, multi-domain aspect that includes computing, storing, and networking.  In addition, server virtualization is perpetually changing networking operations by making “virtually” everything virtual, including switches, routers, security appliances, and more.  With all the virtualization comes a decrease in cost to enter the market, making room for new competitors that don’t have to put up as much capital to offer software solutions that have been traditionally handled with hardware.  \n\n\n\n\n\nNow it has become a battle between tech companies to see who can offer the most advanced, quality solutions at a great price.  While many of the competing companies—Avaya, Arista, Brocade, Cisco, Juniper, HP—have a significantly extensive vision of how to transform the data center, most only attack two or three of the five essential capabilities necessary “for next generation work: virtual switches; hybrid switches; mesh networking and flatter topologies; storage onto Ethernet; and a new network management structure.”  Some thing that Cisco is the furthest ahead because it started revolutionizing the data center earliest with solutions designed to converge, integrate, and “virtualize.”\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt’s important to know which companies are at the top-end of the data communications market and what solutions they offer.  Typically buying solutions from the same company makes for easier implementation and integration.  Switching companies may be a good strategy depending on your company’s long term goals and size.  A different company’s products should be selected based on your company’s strategy.  If you are going for simplicity and automation over about a year or more, take a look into Juniper solutions.  If you want to make sure you take in the whole picture, go with Avaya because it takes the best aspects of the data center network from server to user.  It’s also important to understand the direction networking technologies are taking with flattening, convergence, and virtualization.  \n\nVocabulary Technological Convergence : a trend where some technologies having distinct functionalities evolve to technologies that overlap or are combined into one technology or appliance\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1262,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article, “Skype buys Qik mobile video streaming service” on NetworkWorld.com. The article talks about Skype’s announcement to of acquiring Qik and the plans Skype has to provide calls through TVs.  Skype is working on expanding its service beyond a PC by shipping its software with certain TV or blu-player brands. Currently, Skype calls make up one-fourth of all international calls. This percentage has steadily increased over the past few years. \n\nSkype has recently added several features to its service, such as, group video calls. Very soon, Skype will be releasing a kit to allow other companies to add features to Skype. According to the article, Skype didn’t specify how it plans to use Qik’s service or any changes it will make to Qik’s features. The author speculated that Skype may be more interested in Qik’s ability to store videos for later usage. \n\nImpact\n\nI think that this article is important because Skype has the potential to grow, just as Google has grown. Already, one-fourth of all international calls are made through Skype and that was before group video calls were available. I think that Skype will help to shape how interstate and international business is done. Skype could very quickly take control of the VoIP service.\n\nVocabulary Qik : Qik is a mobile application that enables users to stream live video from their cell phones to the internet. It also allows two-way conferencing similar to Skype. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article, \"World Travelers' iPhone dilmemna\" found on the InfoWorld website (http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/world-travelers-iphone-and-android-dilemma-407?page=0,0). Verizon will be releasing its version of the iPhone on February 10th, 2011. Many people are excited that Verizon will have the iPhone because of the coverage Verizon has. However, the Verizon iPhone will not be able to be used oversees. \n\nVerizon uses the CDMA network as opposed to the GSM network. The CDMA network mainly covers the United States, but will not work in Europe, etc. The author advises readers to buy another GSM-phone to use in other countries if you travel a lot. That will also save on roaming charges.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nKnowing that Verizon's iPhone won't work overseas is important if you travel a lot. Consumers expect the products they purchase to work wherever they are. So, while Verizon's iPhone coverage may be better in the US, but not outside,  it's another thing to consider before you buy an iPhone from Verizon. Understanding that different phone companies use different networks (i.e., CDMA vs. GSM) is important if your company has employees that travel a lot and use a company phone. \n\n\n\nVocabulary CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access: refers to any of several protocols used in 2G and 3G wireless communications. Traditionally, a CDMA network is faster than a GSM network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week I read the article, \"Estonia: Looking for a Few Good Hackers\" on http://www.redherring.com/Home/26478. The article talked about how Estonia was the first country where the government was attacked electronically. Estonia thinks that Russia was behind the attack, but Russia denies the charge. Sine the attack happened, a group of volunteer computer specialists have teamed up to make sure that an attack like that never happens again. They can be placed under the direction of the government if necessary. Over 80% of Estonia's population bank and pay taxes online, so the effects of the attack were huge. \n\nThe article then talked about a few attacks that have been attempted against the United States, but the US doesn't have a support team like Estonia does. Suspicion and dislike of the government were cited as the reason for the lack of such a team.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEven though cyberwarfare is a debated topic, I think it's important to know that attacks can and do happen. Governments and businesses need protection against outsiders who want to hurt them. I think that if more of these attacks were to happen, a lot of chaos would occur. If the government didn't have any sort of prevention or defense, the people would be upset because the lack of action. So much of the world's communication is done over the internet that disabling or destroying one part of it could easily cripple many more sections.\n\n\n\nVocabulary cyberwar : the use of Internet and related technological means by one state against political, economic, technological and information sovereignty and independence of any other state.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article, \"Without Internet, Egyptians find new ways to get online,\" (http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207058/Without_Internet_Egyptians_find_new_ways_to_get_online) talked about the current situation in Egypt. The Egyptian government shut down access to the internet earlier this week. In order to still access the internet, the egyptian people are gaining access to old dial-up modems, or using their mobile phones to access ISPs in other countries. \n\nThe article then talked about the current threat to companies if more governments decide to restrict the internet and some things companies could do to prevent major losses.\n\nImpact\n\nWith the amount of information that is found or accesses online, there could be severe consequences if companies couldn't access the internet for any amount of time. We often hear about the companies that lost millions (if not billions) of dollars in just a few hours. It's important that companies think about other options as part of their emergency plan.\n\nVocabulary denial-of-service attack : an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article, \"What, me worry? No need to fret about IPv4...yet.\" (http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/what-me-worry-no-need-fret-about-ipv4%E2%80%A6-yet/2011-02-03). A few days about the last block of IPv4 addresses were assigned out. So, there aren't any more addresses to go around. The article talked about how the internet isn't going to have any short-term problems with this, but ISPs need to start the process of migrating over to IPv6 over the next year. \n\nThe main issue is that the cost of migrating is going to be pretty hefty. Some websites can already handle both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, but the majority can't. Still, as long as the transition goes smoothly, there shouldn't be any bumps with the Internet.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think this announcement affects ISPs more than anything because of all the preparation they have to do. I don't think that most end users will find any difference in the computer. The article mentioned a black market of IPv4 addresses. I suppose it's possible among the companies that don't have the resources to transition over to the new format. \n\n\n\nVocabulary American Registry for Internet Numbers : The regional registry that manages the distribution of Internet number resources among the US, Canada, and the Caribbean\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article \"Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part\" (http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703), talked about the running out of IPv4 addresses and the need to transfer to IPv6 systems. We won't see any immediate effects because ISPs still have to run out of the addresses that they have and the current addresses that were just \"given  out\" have to be used. The everyday user won't really notice a change until they'll need to buy IPv6 equipment. Right now, companies are planning a transition phase. It's costly though. It's not just a matter of changing a few settings on your computer. That's part of the reason companies haven't switched to IPv6 already. The IPv4 addresses at first weren't given out with much forethought. It was difficult to imagine needing all 4 billion address. So, many companies, agencies, and universities were given more addresses than they needed. But, they can't just be reassigned....Well, they can, but not without the original company's permission. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe first thing that shocked me about the article was that ~14% of the IPv4 addresses that have been assigned are actually being used. I understand that there can't be an expectation of 100%, but I think that the lack of restrictions of what happens to an IPv4 address once it's assigned is partly to blame for the shortage now. It's going to cost companies billions of dollars if they hope to keep up to date with technology. However, once the transition has been made, the problem should be resolved. So, although it is expensive, it will be worth it in the long run. IPv4 will simply become like a VCR is today. Some people still have them, but they are hard to find. The world is simply moving on to another type of technology. \n\n\n\nVocabulary dual-stack : The dual-stack protocol implementation in an operating system is a fundamental IPv4-to-IPv6 transition technology. It implements IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks either independently or in a hybrid form\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article, \"Scientist's Anti-Laser could be breakthrough for Computing Tech\" (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380585,00.asp). It talks about how Yale has come up with a device that does the opposite of a laser. They aren't trying to patent it. But, they claim that this new device will be able to handle any of the current computing problems when dealing with very small circuits. The anti-laser will be able to filter the light to varying wavelengths so that there isn't any crosstalk. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAny advances when it comes to computers are important. Supercomputers are able to process information at incredible speeds. Imagine if they could process even faster without an signals getting crossed. I think it's interesting to note that several companies are working on a similar concept. If they can get this technology to work as they are predicting, we'll have cheaper computers that can go even faster.\n\n\n\nVocabulary modulator : a device that processes one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article, \"ComScore: Email Will Go the Way of the Dinosaur\" (http://www.redherring.com/Home/26500). The article explained that over the past year email usage has declined in people under the age of 55. The author speculated that with the increase of social networking, email will soon be obsolete. Many of the social network sites now provide a messaging section that often replace email. Only in the 55+ age group has email usage increased as more of the older generation embrace technology.\n\nImpact\n\nFor me, I check my email a lot more than I check my Facebook account. However, that's mostly for school or work-related things. If I want to communicate with one of my friends, I'll send them a message on Facebook or send them a text (just as the article suggests). I think that article is correct. Companies, friends, family, etc., all have the need to connect and communicate, but as more and more companies create systems that mimick Facebook, the need for interpersonal communication through email will decline. Technology is always changing. So, email will one day be obsolete.\n\nVocabulary mobile platforms : is the operating system that controls a mobile device or information appliance\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article, \"Security on a Shoestring Budget\" (http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/221562/security_on_a_shoestring_budget.html). It talks about the various open source tools that small business or homes can use in order to eliminate security threats. The article mentions that even seemingly outdated hardware can be used to protect your network. Another portion of the article talks about different tools you can use to crack passwords. (If you use them as a way to test the passwords you use, rather than trying to hack into someone else's system. :))  They will show you how vulnerable your passwords are.\n\nYou don't need a lot of expensive or fancy programs in order to protect your systems. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI liked this article because there are a lot of people who just think that security is for the big companies...or even companies in general. Having access to security tools can help protect the everyday user from identity theft or hacking, etc. Most people have an anti-virus on their computer, but many don't think about blocking certain websites, or protecting their passwords enough with a hash,, etc. As more open source programs are publicized, we'll see an increase in the amount of personal computers being better protected.\n\n\n\nVocabulary DMZ : In computer networking, DMZ is a firewall configuration for securing local area networks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read \"IPv6: Four Steps to Take Now (http://www.techweb.com/networking/229218783/ipv6-four-steps-to-take-now.htm) for this week's article. With the recent news about IPv4 addresses running out, companies needs to prepare now and plan what steps they will take to implement or convert their systems to IPv6. The article states that such transitions are much more than just checking a \"compatible with IPv6\" box. The transition will cover several areas in each company. Not only do they have to get their company prepped for IPv6, but also anything their customers may use. The article suggests that their employees 1)Appoint a team 2)Create a business case 3) Include IPv6 in all purchasing decisions -- there's no point in buying something if it won't be compatible in a year -- and 4)Create a detailed deployment plan.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article presented a view of what will happen if companies are not prepared to crossover to IPv6, and it also offered an outline of what needs to be done to prevent problems. I think that companies should take the future transitions seriously. Even though there are a few steps that can be taken to soften the blow of no more IPb4 addresses, companies need to develop a plan or it will come back and bite them. \n\n\n\nVocabulary protocol translator : a device that allows other devices running dissimilar protocols to communicate\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"Are Botnet Takedowns the Final Weapon in Spam Fight?\" (http://www.crn.com/news/security/229400310/are-botnet-takedowns-the-final-weapon-in-spam-fight.htm;jsessionid=rNkk705OlsLuPqXZeHeLRw**.ecappj01) Earlier in March, one of the major Botnets, Rustock, was taken down by a group of security specialists. Rustock sent out between 30-50% of spam worldwide daily. The article talked about how the team took down the botnet and what the effects would be. Spammers are coming up with new ways of infecting machines: wiki updates, links in websites, etc. The author said at the end of the article that what is most likely going to happen is that botnets will be broken down into smaller units so that next time there is an attack on the botnet, only a fraction will be shut down and the rest can continue normally. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think it's good that companies are trying to stop spamming. It's true what the article says about the end-user not seeing a difference because they just look at the amount of spam they receive each day. I think that other major botnets could be taken down in a similar way. It took a lot of time and resources, but there was a huge decrease in spam. It says that spammers have to become more creative. With the creativity, I think there will eventually become a stopping-point. Hopefully, the security companies can stop spam almost entirely in the future.\n\n\n\nVocabulary botnet : collection of software agents, or robots, that run autonomously and automatically\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"MyCloudKey Connects Multiple Accounts with Single Password from Mobile Device\" (http://www.redherring.com/Home/26523). It was an interesting article about a startup company, MyCloudKey, that is developing a technology to increase the security of the users' passwords. The concept is that the user will register a particular device and log into the program on that device. From there, the program will create secure passwords for all the websites that the user will visit. By not having to remember new passwords for everything, the users' activity will be less likely to be hacked. The company hopes to have everything worked out for a launch late this year.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think it's a great idea. The best part about it is that the user doesn't have to even know the passwords that the program is using. Also, the user doesn't have to worry about the system getting hacked because none of the special passwords are stored by the company, and the registered device has to be the one to access the program otherwise the master password won't work. If the program really works the way the company says it does, it could definitely change the way security is being handle on the internet. \n\n\n\nVocabulary password manager : software that helps users organize passwords.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"Data caps: How long can Verizon, Sprint offer unlimited plans?\" (http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215468/Data_caps_How_long_can_Verizon_Sprint_offer_unlimited_plans_?taxonomyId=16&pageNumber=2) The article talked about he \n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1337,"Article Summary\n\nApple is being taken to court because their phone's Unique Device ID are making it possible for companies to identify users from the information they collect about user when they use their apps. The people pressing charges are angry with Apple because they are identifying them not because they are collecting data. Google is very concerned with this lawsuit because they earn a large portion of their money from the information they collect from Apps. Whereas Apple doesn't really care as much about that information because the majority of their money comes form hardware they sell.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article about Apple's lawsuit is very huge to the communications industry. Especially to Google who thrives on the data that they collect from their users. This data allows companies to \"analyze user data, including location data, to provide \"search results\" even before the user decides to condust a search. That same data could be used to serve up incredibly relevant ads, coupons, and special offers\" (\"Why Privacy Lawsuits against Apple Matter to Google\". Mike Elgan. Datamation. 12/29/2010). The outcome of these lawsuits will have a huge impact on what data a company can collect and how they must go about collecting that information without identifying their users without their permission. If a company like Google can't collect that information it could be very devastating and cause them to go under.\n\nVocabulary contextual advertising : the harvesting and processing of user data\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHow Firewalls Work by Jeff Tyson\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/firewall.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nFirewalls can be a program or a hardware device that filtersthrough information sent from the Internet to your network or computer system.The firewall will only allow packets of information that are not flag to enter your system.\n\nThis article expressed that there are three methods in which a firewall uses one or more of to monitor the info coming into your network:\n\nPacket Filtering\n\nThis method analyzes packets of data using a bunch of filters. The packets that make it through the filters are allowed to enter the system the others are just discarded.\n\nProxy Service\n\nInformation that is needed from the Internet is accessed by the firewall and then returned to the system. This can work in both directions\n\n\n\nStateful Inspection\n\nThis is a newer method. It doesn't look at the data contained in each of the packets. This method looks at key parts of each packet and compares it to a database of information they trust. This method looks for characteristics to watch for from the information passed from the network to the outside using the firewall. Any info coming back in that matches one of these characteristics is allowed through.\n\n\n\nFirewalls can block information coming into your network by having it block things containing certain words, ports, protocols, domain names, or ip addreses. As you can see a firewall gives you various ways to block harmful information from entering your computer.\n\nFirewall security is needed in order to prevent people from harming your computer network through remote logins, application backdoors, SMTP session hijacking, operating system bugs, denial of service, email bombs, macros, viruses, spam, redirect bombs, or source routing. A firewall can't stop everything but depending on the level of security you give it will determine the type of things it will stop. They say that the best rule to follow would be to block everything and then select the things you would like to comoe through. Usually administrators who know what they are looking for use this approach. For simple everyday people it is best to use the defaults of your system firewall.\n\nFirewalls do provide probably the best security for home private networks. It prevents people from logging in and most hackers are looking to get into a home network but a company. So usually they don't have to worry about other threats.  Firewalls give most people/companies some form of protection.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article on \"How Firewalls Work,\" really opened my eyes to what a firewall is and how it functions in a computer network. Prior to reading this article, the only thing I knew about a firewall is that it was somehow associated with a computer.\n\nThis article taught me that a firewall is used to protect a computer network from hackers and any other things that may harm a network or computer system. I learned that a firewall can't block everything but for home networks it usually provides all the protection that is needed. For companies there are other approaches that may need to be applied in addition to a firewall to maintain the security needed. Firewalls are a great start to making it difficult for harmful information to get in. You can block information using specific text, ip addresses, domain names, protocols, etc when setting the rules for what your firewall will accept and reject.\n\nAdministrators usually set their own rules because they know what they are looking for but everyday people who really don't know much about firewalls usually just stick to the default settings and change them as they learn what things they need to block over time.\n\nThis article really help me come to understand what a firewall is and how it is used to protect a network and computer system.\n\nVocabulary Firewall : a program or hardware device that filters info coming through the Internet connection into your private network or computer system.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPidgeon, Nick.  \"How Ethernet Works\"  01 April 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ethernet.htm>  22 January 2011.\n\n \n\nEthernet is one way that allows computers to connect to each other. \n\n \n\nWhy Network?\n\nThrough networking we are able to send and receive information from one computer to another. The internet is one huge network but there are lots of small networks formed all around us-airports, stores, etc. The data that is sent back and forth is very valuable in that it helps companies keep a competitive advantage in the business world. Therefore, it is very important for companies to be able to have networks they can trust and use to transport that their valuable information.\n\n \n\nLocal Area vs. Wide Area\n\nNetworks can be divided into two groups: Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Netowrk (WAN). Local Area Networks are typically used in the same building. For example a library catalog system. Multiple users accessing various information at the same time. These networks are faster and more reliable.  Wide Area Networs connect a small group of computers together that are long distances apart. For example if one of a company's stores wanted to communicate with one of their other stores across town they would use a WAN and connect the two together using a phone line they purchased to transport that information.\n\n \n\nThe Ethernet\n\nBob Metcalfe developed an ethernet network back in 1973 when he connected a computer to a printer. All devices communicated on a single cable. Every device that connected to the cable had the capibility of communicating with any other device connected as well. \n\n \n\nEthernet Basics\n\nThe Ethernet network is a local area technology which connects devices close to each other. Protocols are the rules that are followed when devices are communicating. You might say it is a language like English that you have to know and understand in order to communicte effectively on a network.\n\n \n\nEthernet Medium\n\nThe Ethernet medium allows each node attached to communicate with one another. Frames are sent out to the network and each device examines frames that come their way to see if the frame contains its address. If it doesn't match, then it throws the frame out and doesn't examine any of the other contents. The Ethernet brought about what we call broadcast addressing in which every node receives the frame and processes the frame with that address. If it matches it will reply.\n\n \n\nCSMA/CD\n\nCarrier-Senes Multiple Access with Collision Detection \"describes how the Ethernet protocol regulates communication among nodes.\" Multiple access refers to the fact \"when one Ethernet station transmits, all the stions on the medium hear the transmission.\" Carrier sense describes how the Ethernet protocol works... \"beofre a station transmits, it \"listens\" to the medium to determine if another stion is transmitting. If the medium is quiet, the station recognizes that this is an appropriate time to transmit.\"\n\n \n\nCollision Detection\n\nSometimes collisions occur when stations start talking at precisesly the same time. When this happens each station hears this and knows that they have to re-transmit the information they were originally sending out. There is usually a random pause that occurs before each station trys again. Sometimes this prevents collision again and sometimes it happens but eventually it works itself out.\n\n \n\nLimitations of Ethernet\n\nThe electronic signals that are sent down a cable travel very quickly but they weaken with increased distance. An Ethernet cable has to \"be short enough that devices at opposite ends can receive each other's signals clearly and with minimal delay.\" Alsok the CSMA/CD allows only a single device to talk at one time and that causes problems when multiple stations need to communicate at the same time. Over time Engineers have come up with several devices that will eliminate these difficulties. These help make Ethernet better to use.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI learned a great deal about Ethernet. There is still a lot I probably need to get to know but the short amount that I learned from this article help me to see how Ethernet makes it possible for several devices to communicate with one another on the same cable.\n\nEthernet is a Local Area Technology that makes it possible for companies, homes, etc to create networks where information can be passed to each other so they can have the data they need to do their jobs or make every activities easier when it comes to communicating.\n\nThis helped me to see on a smaller scale how the Internet works on a larger scale. This article taught me how a devices communicates with another and the language it must speak and how it has rules to govern how it communicates. This article really helped me know how a network is created and how it functions.\n\nVocabulary Medium : Ethernet devices attach to a common medium that provides a path along which the electronic signals will travel. Historically, this medium has been coaxial copper cable but today it is more commonly a twisted pair of fiber optic cabling.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHow Routers Work\n\nBy Curt Franklin\n\nhttp://communication.howstuffworks.com/convergence/router.htm/printable\n\nKeep the Messages Moving\n\nA router allows connects more than one network together so that multiple users can sent messages back and forth on their network or between networks and the internet without blocking the line or interferring with other messages being sent.\n\nDirecting Traffic\n\nEach message passed on a network use to be seen by ever device connected to determine where that packet of informatino was being sent. When a router is used to connect networks it is only the router that sees every message and directs it to its final destination.You might say the router is the trafic controller between the network and the internet.\n\nA router uses many tools to direct the traffic that passes through it. One tool is the configuration table which provides \"information on which connections lead to particular groups of addresses, priorities for connections to be used, and rules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic.\" A configuration can be small and simple but as the router gets bigger and handles more traffic the configuration table can become quite large in size.\n\nThe router performs two jobs that are seperate but similar \n\n1-\"ensures that information doesn't go where it's not needed.\" which prevents data \n\n     from getting backed up on the network.\n\n2-\"makes sure that information does make it to the inteded destination\"\n\nTransmitting Packet\n\nEach packet has the sender's address and the receiver's address. A router helps the packet find the best route this is the packet switching plan. This helps the network \"blanace the load across various pieces of equipment on a millesecond-by-milliseecond basis. If there's a problem with a piece of equipment in the network while a message is being transferred packets can be routed around the problem ensuring the delievery of the entire message.\"\n\nThe Path of a Packet\n\n\"The routers that make up the main part of the Internet can reconfigure the paths that a packet takes\" based off the information data packet. Routers are consistently talking to each other and telling them about the line conditions, the delays in traffic on the network, etc.\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI never knew exactly what a router was or the role it played in technology. This article helped me to see that a router plays a huge part in how the itnernet functions. A router makes it possible to connect multiple networks together and creates a link that allows them to communicate with each other without clogging up the communication when multiple packets are sent at once. \n\nIt creates an orderly communication system and makes Ethernet more organized and capable of handling high traffic.It is important for me to understand that a router is the key link to making it possible to connect various networks together and how it helps them communicate with each other. That is how the Internet functions at the core and how we pass information in our society today!\n\nVocabulary configuration table : is a collection of info that a router uses to direct traffic: info on connections that lead to particular groups of addresses, priorities for connections to be used, rules for handling both routine and special cases of traffic\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHow Network Address Translation Works\n\nby Jeff Tyson\n\n \n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/nat1.htm#\n\n \n\nWhat Does NAT Do?\n\nNAT \"is used by a device (firewall, router, or computer) that sits between an internal network and the rest of the world. It acts like a reciptionist in an office. They follow through with specific instructions for various cases.\n\n \n\nForms of NAT:\n\n \n\nStatic NAT\n\nMaps unregistered IP addresses to IP adresses one at a time. This is used \"whed a device needs to be accessible from outside the network.\"\n\n \n\nDynamic NAT\n\nTakes an unregistered IP address and maps it to a registered IP address \"from a group of registered IP addresses.\"\n\n \n\nWays NAT is Used\n\n \n\nOverloading with NAT\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFebruary 3, 2011 6:58 AM PST \n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ) by Stephen Shankland \n\n \n\nOn February 3, 2011 \"the central Net authorities...handed out the last batches of IPv4 addresses.\" These IP addresses are what the Internet uses to idetify computers on the Internet when sending data packets back and forth. The Internet has grown so large that it has reached its address capacity and it must transition over to a larger network known as the IPv6. People thought that the 4.3 billion addresses that the IPv4 network provided would have been enough but with the way it was structured it wasn't for today's modern society. That is why they must transition to the IPv6 network which creates 340 undecillion IP addresses using a hexadecimal number for the network to use. \n\n \n\nPainful Transistion\n\nThis is going to be a painful process for two reasons 1) devices on the IPv4 network can't communicate with something on the IPv6 network and 2) there hasn't been a need for people to upgrade to the IPv6 updgrades in \"hardware, software, network equipment, and testing.\"\n\n \n\nHow does this impact the average user right now?\n\nThis dilema isn't going to impact the average user right away. The only thing it is going to do at the moment is increase the price for the addresses available for lease. Internal networks can still function and don't really rely on these addresses. This ceremony definitely lets you know that the end of the IPv4 is in site and if we don't act on it now and begin to transistion to the network it will create a huge problem for us all in the future.They say that there will still be addresses available in 2012 but they will be even more scarce.\n\n \n\nThe Internet isn't going to breakdown... it might be a little slower and have a few hangups but nothing to major is expected to happen.\n\n \n\nReserved Future IPv4 Addresses\n\nSome people have questioned why they don't use the reserved address space. This section of addresses is used for multicast. It allows devices like tv to send data to thousands of viewers at one time instead of individually. This space was reserved for devices which send out mass amounts of data like that so it wouldn't be a good idea to use those addresses.\n\n \n\nHow long will it take for companies to move over to IPv6\n\nIt just depends. It could take a couple of months to even years to make this transition over. The transistion for companies who aren't as visible over the internet will be much easier than those who are dependent and really need more IPv4 addresses to keep functioning. There are still lots of kinks that have to be worked out. People aren't as familiar with this network and so their are new security options that have to be explored and the hardware in some areas still needs to come up to par so it is going to take time for companies to make this transition.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article impacts all of us. It helps us to see how fast our technology is advancing and how important it is to stay up on current events. This ceremony marked the beginning of the end for the IPv4 Internet as we currently know it to be. IP addresses will not be configured using a hexidecimal format and things are going to be slightly different in how our networks are functioning.\n\nFor us as students going into the Isys field it is important for us to understand this change that is taking place. It will help us to prepare to embrace all the problems and benefits that will come as our world makes the change between networks that support the Internet almost all of us use on a daily basis. It is importnat for us to understand how this network will function so we will be able to understand how the information will be passed on the future system/network so we will know how access the information we will need to do our jos.\n\nVocabulary ICANN : \"Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers, a non-profit group set up in the 1990s by the U.S. Department of Commerce, governs the Internet's inner workings\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nBrain, Marshall.  \"How Domain Name Servers Work\"  01 April 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/dns.htm>  17 February 2011.\n\n\n\nDNS or Domain Name Servers makes accessing websites and sending emails on the internet easier for human users. For instance tcm.com is a domain name that a user understands however to a computer that doesn't mean a thing. Computers only know how to access websites (other computers/servers/etc) using IP addresses like 192.46.341.2. Therefore Domain Name Servers (DNS) make it possible for humans to use domain names by translating the domain name into an IP address so that the computer can access the users request.\n\n\n\nThere are five things that make the job of DNS difficult.\n\n1. \"There are billions of IP addresses currently in use, and most machines have human readable name as well.\"\n\n2. \"There are billions of DNS requests made every day\"\n\n3. \"Domain names and IP addresses change daily\"\n\n4. \"New domain names get created daily\"\n\n5. \"Millions of people do the work to change and add domain names and IP addresses every day\"\n\n\n\nThe DNS system is very unique in the way that it is a database that is accessed and changed by millions of people every day.\n\n\n\nTo keep all of the machines straight on the internet they use IP addresses. Servers have static IP addresses that do not change very often. Home machines accessing the internet through a modem usually are assigned an IP address for a session and the next time they connect their IP address may be different than the one they had a previous session.\n\n\n\ntop-level domain or first level domain\n\nthese are the com, edu, gov, org, net etc parts of the domain name.\n\nInside each of these top level domains there are second-level domains\n\n\n\nsecond-level domain\n\nyahoo\n\ngoogle\n\nmsn\n\nmicrosoft\n\netc-millions more\n\n\n\nall these names listed above all appear in the com top-level domain\n\n\n\nThere are up to 127 level possible but having more than four levels is rare.\n\n\n\nThe far left words like www or encarta identify the host name.\n\n\n\nTo make sure there are no duplications of domain names in the top-level the company Network Solutions has been designated to maintain the list. If a person wants to create a domain name they have to go through a registrar who then contacts Network Solutions to make sure the name can be added. It is important to have a central authority keeping track of the names in the database it isn't wise to keep all of the information in one locations. So the DNS system is a distributed database meaning that companies like Microsoft can be \"completely responsible for dealing with the name server for microsoft.com--it maintains the machines that implement its part of the DNS system, and Microsoft can change the database for its domain whenever it wants to because it owns its domain name servers.\"\n\n\n\nThe DNS system is amazing in the fact that each domain has a name server that handles the requests. There is a person who maintains those records in that DNS and these tasks and responsibilities are distributed all over the world on millions of machines and maintained by millions of people and the system acts like one large database.\n\n\n\nThe Distributed System\n\nName servers accept requests from programs and convert the domain names into IP addresses. They also \"accept requests from other name servers to convert domain names into IP addresses\"\n\n\n\nWhen a request comes in the server can do one of the following:\n\n1. \"answer the request with an IP address because it already knows the IP address for the domain\"\n\n2. \"contact another name server and try to find the IP address for the name requested. It may do this multiple times.\"\n\n3. it can respond saying \"I don't know the IP address for the domain you requested, but here's the IP address for a name server that knows more than I do.\"\n\n4. \"can return an error message because the requested domain name is invalid or does not exist.\"\n\n\n\nWhen a URL is entered into a web browser the browser must first conver the domain name and host into an IP address so it knows where to request the web page. This is done by contacting the name server. The programs etc that access these name servers know where they have to go by looking at your machine's operating system to get the IP address of your assigned name server.\n\n\n\nThe name server may already know the IP address for a particular domain name because it has stored that information in its cache. If a name server has to start from scratch it starts talking to the root name servers and then if it doesn't know the IP address then it give gives the address to other name servers that handle the top-level domains and works down from there until it has identified the IP address. As these addresses are identified they are stored in the cache but not forever. Time To Live feature \"controls how long a server will cache a piece of information.\"\n\n\n\nIf someone wants to create a  new domain name they have to \"find a name server for the domain name to live on and then they have to register the domain name\"\n\nAll that you really need is a name server that can handle the requests for your domain name. \n\n\"You can create one and administer it yourself or you can pay an ISP or a hosting company to do it for you\"\n\n\n\nLarge companies usually have their own while smaller companies usually pay others to manage it.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIt is important for us to understand how the domain names we enter in a URL get translated into a form that a computer can understand and execute to access the information desired by the user.\n\nThis article help me understand how a url or email address is broken down and translated into IP addresses which computers use to send/access information on the web/servers/machines. I also learned that there are different levels in a domains and that this information is managed by people all over the world through the Network Solutions. Companies like Microsoft can create their own name servers and manage the domain names associated with it. It amazes me how this complicated system that is distributed throughout the world functions as if it is one system. Very interesting to learn how our computers access the URLs we request on the web each day.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Time To Live : \"controls how long a server will store a piece of information in its cache\" an IP address for a particular domain. The amount of time alotted for the information stored in the cache is contained in the packet of info received\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nProvost, Guy.  \"How Caching Works\"  01 April 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cache.htm>  24 February 2011.\n\n\n\n\"A Simple Example: Before Cache\"\n\nThe librarian example without using a cache. A customer comes in to get a book. The book they want is a Tale of Two Cities. The librarian goes to the store room gets the books and gives it to the customer. When the customer returns the book the librarian takes the book back to the storeroom and puts it away. The librarian goes back to the desk and another customer wants the same book. They now have to go back and get the book that he just return and get it for another customer. This is how a computer would function without a cache system.\n\n\n\n\"A Simple Example: After Cache\"\n\nSame example about the librarian above except this time we have given our librarian a backpack that can hold up to ten books (10-book cache). When our customer returns the book the librarian places it in the back pack instead of taking it to the storeroom. When the next customer comes in and requests the book \"Tale of Two Cities\" the librarian will first check the backpack and if they find the book there they will pull it out and give it to the customer. This is more efficient than having to go to the store room to fetch the book that was just returned. If the book wasn't in the backpack then it would have been less efficient than if the librarian didn't have a cache because they had to check their first before going to the storeroom to get it.\n\n\n\nIf something is found in the cache it is called a \"cache hit\"\n\nIf something isn't found in the cache it is called a \"cache miss\"\n\nCaches have maximum sizes but they are always smaller than the size of the larger storage area.\n\n\n\nA Cache can have multiple layers. In the case of the librarian example the backpack is one layer before going to the storeroom (larger storage area) to find something. If the librarian had a shelf in addition to the backpack it would be a two layer cache.\n\n\n\n\"Computer Caches\"\n\nThe microprocessor in a computer accesses the main memory (called RAM). It can access this in about 60 nanoseconds (\"60 billionths of a second\"). This is pretty slow compared to a typical microprocessor which \"can have cycle times as short as 2 nanoseconds.\" So when it processes at 60 nanoseconds this seems like forever to a microprocessor.\n\n\n\nTo decrease the timing they can build a special memory bank in the mother board which is small and can access in about 30 nanoseconds which is 2x faster than it takes to access the main memory (larger area). This is called a level 2 cache (L2 cache). They can even build a smaller one with faster memory system in the microprocessor chip. The memory will then be \"accessed by the speed of the microprocessor and not the speed of the memory bus\" This is called the L1 cache.\n\n\n\n\"Some microprocessors have two levels of cache built right into the chip. In this case, the motherboard cache-the cache that exists between the microprocessor and main system memory--becomes level 3 cache.\"\n\n\n\n\"Caching Subsystems\"\n\nThe internet connection on your computer is the slowest link. Your web browser \"uses the hard disk to store HTML pages putting them into a special folder on your disk.\" When you ask for an HTML page for the first time your browser finds it and copies it into the folder stored on your disk. The next time the web browser goes to pull that information it will check the date and if it is the same as the one stored in the folder it will retrieve that one instead of going out on the internet and grabbing it again. The small and fast system would be your disk folder and the internet would be your larger storage area.\n\n\n\n\"Cache Technology\"\n\nSo a lot of people wonder why they don't just make a computer's memory run all at the same speed as an L1 cache. The answer is quite simple it would be too expensive. So when they design computers they use a small portion of expensive memory to maximize the speed of the large inexpensive amount of memory. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWe have been learning a lot about ARP caches, DNS caches, etc and I wanted to know a little bit more about a cache and how it functions. After reading this article, I have learned that caches are used in various aspects to increase the speed of your computer in accessing memory and information from various places. I have learned how a cache maximizes the speed of collecting the information needed by storing it in a smaller location temporarily instead of always going to the large storage area and running a search for the data you are trying to collect. This article really helped me break down and see the big picture as to how a cache works inside and how it is used on our computers to maximize the speed of turnarounds from requests made.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Cache Hit : A term used when a request for information is made in a network, DNS, or in memory, etc and the information is found in the cache you are searching.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBrain, Marshall.  \"How Internet Cookies Work\"  26 April 2000.  HowStuffWorks.com. <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/cookie.htm>  05 March 2011.\n\n \n\nCookie Basics\n\nCookies can make Web navigation much easier. Cookies back in 2000 becamse a a huge media attraction in the fact that their were lots of conerns about Internet privacy. People tend to think that Cookies are programs that Websites store on your hard disk that gather information about you and all things you do on the web. The fact is that is not true. \"Cookies are not programs, and they cannot run like progrms do and therefore they don't gather information by themselves. \"A cookie is a pice of text that a Web server can store on a user's hard disk.\" The text that they store in a text file on your computer is usually a userID that informs the website as to whether or not you have visited their website before. This information is usually stored in name-value pairs. This information can only be retrieved by the Web site that put it their thefore other websites can't access other cookie files.\n\n \n\nHow Cookie Data Moves\n\n1) You enter a website's URL into a browser and it sends a request for that website.\n\n2) Your browser will first look in your cookie files to see if their is a cookie on your machine that is associated with this URL. If it finds a cookie it will send it with the request otherwise it will send no cookie data.\n\n3) The website receives the request and the cookie data if sent. This cookie data is something the website will use if given.\n\n4) If the website receives no cookie information it knows that this user has not visited their website before so the \"server will create a new ID and send the name-value pairs to your macihne in the header for the web page it sends. Which your machine will store on its hard distk.\"\n\n5) This name-value pair can be updated or new ones can be created and added to the others.\n\n \n\nIn addition to the name-value pair the site can sore other information like an expiration date or a path (\"so the site can associate different cookie values with different parts of the site\")\n\n \n\nhowever, \"you have control over this process. You can set an option in your browser so that the browser informs you every time a site sends name-value pairs to you. You can then accept or deny the values.\"\n\n \n\nHow a Web site can use cookies?\n\nWeb sites use cookies to determine how many people accutally visit a site, the number of returning visitors vs new visitors and they can also determine how many times a users has visited the site. Sites can also store user preferences that make the website customized to the user's needs. \"E-commerce sites can implement things like shopping carts and 'quick checkout' options. Your cookie ID lets the sites track what you add and delete from your cart. They use this ID to match what they store in their site's database..\n\n \n\nProblems with cookies\n\nPeople tend to share machines and when they do this preferences sometimes get mixed up or a site thinks you are a certain person and you aren't etc. Another problem is that cookies can get erased and when this happens your preferences get whiped off. Sites assign you new IDs etc. These are still problems today and they are still trying to find ways to solve this dilema.\n\n \n\n \n\nCookies and Privacy Issues\n\nThe first issue is that cookies allow companies to track what pages you look at, what ads you clicked on, and if you enter your email address or other contact information they have that too and they can sell that information to other companies who send you junk mail etc. This is where the violation of privacy comes into play.\n\n \n\nThe second issues is that there are \"infrasturucture providers that can actually create cookies that are visible on multiple sites. DoublClick is the most famous example...[which] can track your movement across multiple sites\" and link your information together and sell it. This is very much like spying and is another privacy issue being concerned about.\n\nImpact\n\nCookies can be very helpful to companies who have sites on the Internet. It can really help them know a lot about their customers that could potentially help them make decisions that could help them serve their customers better. But with all things people can abuse those priviledges and harm other individuals when selling their information to other companies. I personally wouldn't want my personal information getting out to others so I think we have to be really careful to what information can be linked together from your cookie ID. This article was very informative and really help me to understand what a cookie really is and what they are used for on Web sites.\n\nVocabulary cookie : \"A piece of text that a Web server can store on a user's hard disk. This information can later be retreived by the Web site\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBrain, Marshall, and Tim Crosby.  \"How E-mail Works\"  18 October 2007.  HowStuffWorks.com. <http://communication.howstuffworks.com/email.htm>  12 March 2011.\n\n \n\nAn email is basically just a text message being sent to other machines. In order to read the email messages you have to use an e-mail client like Microsoft Outloo, Eudora, Pegasus etc or a web based client like yahoo or hotmail. It doesn't matter which client you choose to use cause they all basically do four things for you.\n\n1. lists the messages in your mailbox by listing the message headers (From, Subject, and message size)\n\n2. allows you to select a header and read the message inside\n\n3. It allows you to create new messages and send them\n\n4. It will also allow you to send attachments\n\n \n\nIn order for the email client to function like stated above it must be connected to an email server. There are many software applications out there that run on your machine that act like a server. These applications listen on ports waiting to send and receive messages. An email server functions in the following ways (the most basic):\n\n1. It has a list of email accounts of those who can receive emails on the server. This list is a text file that has their email account name for the file name.\n\n2. When someone sends a message to a particular account the email client connects to the email server and passes the name of the recipeient, sender, and message body.\n\n3. The server then takes these pieces of information and adds them to the bottom of  the receiver's text file.\n\n \n\nAs things get more complex you have what they call an SMTP server that stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This server was designed to handle outgoing mail while the POP3 server or an IMAP server handle the incoming mail. \"The SMTP server listens on well-known port number 25, POP3 listens on port 110 and IMAP uses port 143\"\n\n \n\nSMTP Server\n\nHow it functions\n\n1. When you send a message it connects to the SMTP server using port 25\n\n2. Email client has a talk with the SMTP server telling it the sender and recipents addresses.\n\n3. The SMTP server then takes the to address and breaks it down into the recipent name and domain name. If the message is being sent to a person on the same domain it simply passes the message to the POP3 server. If it isn't it has a conversation with the Domain name Server to find out where that domain is so it can send the message.\n\n4. Once it finds the address for the domain, SMTP server connects using port 25 and passes the message to the server which holds the person it is trying to send the message too.\n\n5. If the connection isn't able to be made at that particular time the message is put into the sendmail queue and is tried at a later time to send it.\n\n \n\nPOP3 Server\n\nbasic function is to maintain collections of text files... one for each of its email clients. When a message arrives it attaches it to the bottom of that person's file. \"When you check your e-mail, your e-mail client connects to the POP3 server using port 110. The POP3 server requires an account name and password. Once you are logged in, the POP3 server opens your text file and allows you to access it.\"\n\nImpact\n\nWe use the email system everyday. I never really knew how it functioned and this article help me to see that it is basically just text that gets sent back and forth between users. It is very organized and the process is easy to understand. You think that this system would be a lot more complicated but this simple system makes it so much easier to communicate with one another throughout the world regardless of location. As we come to undestand these systems that make our lives simple the more we can understand how it works and know how to apply this knowledge to things we are doing in our everyday jobs. We should learn to be grateful for small things!\n\nVocabulary SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, it is the server that handles outgoing email.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMX Record http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mx_record\n\nMX Record is a mail exchanget record which \"is a type of resource record in the Domain Name System that specifies a mail server responsible for accepting email messages on behalf of a recipient's domain and a preference value used to prioritize mail delivery if multiple mail servers are available.\"\n\nWhen remote clients do MX record look ups to find the domain name, it receives a list of servers and the preference numbers. The smaller the preference numbers the higher the priority and therefore the lowest numbers must be tried first. In order to have reliable mail transmission the SMTP client has to be able to try and retry each of the addresses in the order on the list until one of the delivery attemps succeeds. MX records that all have the same preference number must be tried first before the lower priority servers on the list are tried.\n\nOne way to distribute the weight among the servers for incoming mail the sender-SMTP randomizes the preference number to even the spread. \n\nAnother way is to put the burden on the DNS system instead of the SMTP sender. It mayb be an array of mail servers which share the same host name and is given a list of IP addresses in a certain order \"to the clients querying the A record of the mail exchanger.\" It is here that the DNS server is allowed to manipulate and balance the weight using round robin DNS, mail server load or some other priority scheme.\n\npriority values are helpful in knowing which servers are assigned to what and where that mail is going. If one of the primary servers are down a secondary server can pick up the weight until that server comes back online. \n\n \n\nImpact\n\nI haven't really understood a lot about how email works but as I take terms and learn about them my knowledge grows. I didn't know what an MX record was and how it was used in email but after reading a little bit about it in Wikipedia I have come to understand that this record helps us deliver are messages over the inernet by helping to locate the domain name of the server and the preference number so we know where to send the message so we can keep delivery equal among all the servers so we don't get hang ups or problems in our systems..\n\nVocabulary Resource Record : the basic information elements of the Domain Name System. They are distinguished by a type identification (A, MX, NS, etc) and the DNS class (Internet, CHAOS, etc), and have a validity period (time-to-live) assigned after which the information must be refreshed from an authoritative name server.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHTTP Secure\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS\n\nHTTPS combines the Hypertext Transfer Protocol and the SSL/TLS protocol which provides encrypted coomunication and secures identification for a network web server. This protocol is often used when people make online payments ont he web.\n\nThis protocol creates a secure channel on an insecure network to prevent eavesdroppers and \"man-In-the-middle attacks as long as cipher suites are used and certifcates are verified and trusted.\n\nThe HTTPS protocol is based on a major certificate authorities that is pre-installed in web browser software. In order for it the connection to a website to be trusted it must meet all the following criteria:\n\nuser trusts their browser software runs correctly with the HTTPS which should have correct pre-installed certificate authorities. \n\nuser trusts that the certificate authority to say which webistes are legitimate and not allow misleading names \n\nwebsite provides a valid certificate signed by a trusted authority \n\ncertificate identifies the proper website \n\n\"either the intervening hops on the Internet are trustworthy, or the user trusts the protocl's ecryption layer (TLS or SSL) is unbreakable by an eavesdropper.\n\nOld browsers use to to pop up dialog boxes telling the user that a certificate was invalid and ask if they wanted to continue. Newer browsers now have a bar that displays at the top of the browser to inform users to be cautious. In all new browsers the security information is displayed in the address bar to let you know if it is using the HTTPS protocol.\n\nDifferences between HTTP and HTTPS\n\nHTTP Urls use \"http://\" and traffic goes through port 80 by default and is unsecure.\n\nHTTPS Urls use \"https://\" and its traffic goes through port 443 by default and is secure.\n\nNetwork Layers\n\nThe HTTP protocol operates at the highest level of the OSI Model which is the Application layer. However the HTTPS protocol works on a lower sublyaer which encrypts the HTTP message before it transmits the message and it decrypts it before the message arrives. The HTTPS is using the HTTP protocol just on a secure socket layer. Everything that is included in an HTTP message is encrypted (headers, requests/responses load.\n\nServer setup\n\nIn order for a web server to accept HTTPS the administrator has to create a public key certificate for the web server. It must then be signed by a trusted certificate authority if the web browser is to accept it.\n\nAcquiring Certificates\n\nAuthoritive certiciates that are signed can be free or range in cost between $13 and $1500 a year. There are organizations who can run their own certificates but they must be responsible for setting up browsers to access their own sites.\n\nLimitations\n\nSSL has two options that you can choose from : simple and mutual.\n\nThe mutual option tends to be more secure and requires users to install personal certificates in their browsers to authenticate themselves. It doesn't matter which one you use the level of protection depends on how correct a browser implements and the alogrithms used during the encryption.\n\n\"SSL doesn't prevent the entire site from being indexed using a web crawler, and in some cases the URLI of the encrypted resource can be inferred by knowing on the intercepted request/response size.\"\n\n \n\nImpact\n\nI really enjoyed reading this article. I learned that the HTTPS protocol runs just like the HTTP protocol except that it goes through a secure port and the information is encrypted. I also learned that the HTTPS protocol doesn't run on the top layer of the OSI model but on a sublayer that uses a secure port. I had never really made that connection before and I enjoyed learning a little bit more about the HTTPS and what to look for when using web browser and entering information on the web.\n\nVocabulary man-in-the-middle attacks : \"is a form of eaesdropping in which the attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them, making them believe that they are talking directly to each other over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker.\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBrain, Marshall, and Tracy V. Wilson.  \"How WiFi Works\"  30 April 2001.  HowStuffWorks.com. <http://www.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network.htm>  02 April 2011\n\nWhat is WiFi?\n\nWireless networks use radio waves like cell phones, radios, and televisions. In fact wireless networks work just like a 2 way radio. The wireless adapter translates the data into radio signals and then transmits them using an antenna. Then the signal is received by a wireless router which decodes it and sends the information to the Internet \"using a physical, wired Ethernet connection.\"\n\nThe WiFi communications function very similar to walkie-talkies and other devices like cell phones. However, they have higher frequencies which allows it to carry more data. 802.11 is the networking standard that most WiFi's use but there are different variations one can use. 802.11a uses \"orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing\" which slpits radio signals into sub-signals which reduces interferences. 802.11b is the slowest and cheapest. 802.11g is a lot fast and it uses the OFDM coding as well. 802.11n is the newest standard and is the most availlable. \n\n\"WiFi radios can transmit on any of three frequency bands. Or, they can 'frequency hop\" rapidly between the different bands. Frequency hopping helps reduce interference and lets multiple devices use the same wireless connection simultaneously.\"\n\n\"Several devices can use one router to connect to the Interntet.\" If too many users get on and use lots of bandwidth then it can create interference and users can lose their connections.\n\nhotspots allow computers or devices which have wireless cards to tap into the internet as long as they are in range. To secure these hotspots one can use WPA or MAC.\n\nWPA which uses temporal key integrity protocol encryption. It requires that a user logon using a password. WPA is most widely used by hotspots that are made accessible to the public\n\nMAC uses address filtering by using a computer's physical hardware. Every computer has its own MAC address and so the hotspot network filters out MAC addresses that do not have permission to access the network.\n\n \n\nImpact\n\nThis article was very informative and help me understand more about wireless networks. Our world is becoming more reliable on wireless networks so that we can easily access the information when we want it. Therefore it is important for each of us to understand how hotspots work so we know how we connect and whether they are secure enough for the information we are accessing.\n\nVocabulary WPA : WiFi Protected Access is a step up from WEP and is now part of the 802.11i wireless network security protocol. It uses temporal key integrity protocl (TKIp) encryption.It requires logon.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1295,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/060710-tech-argument-lte-wimax.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article states the competition between wireless broadband standards LTE and WiMAX.  The article does not go into detail of the capabilities of either standard, but states that the current rendition of WiMAX only allows for 12Mbps while LTE allows for 100Mbps speeds.  The article briefly states the problem that mobile carriers are tackling of upgrading existing infrastructure.  Apparently, the LTE standard is a powerful competitor to WiMAX and is only losing in use because Sprint is further in upgrading its infrastructure.  \n\nImpact\n\nThis issue is extremely important to mobile carriers because the large increase in demand for smartphones and other mobile devices, and the winner of the bandwidth race is going to be the innovator.  I learned, personally, that Sprint will have difficulty in maintaining the 4G flagship, and gives me a better idea of what will be required to upgrade their infrastructure.  \n\nVocabulary WiMAX : A wireless broadband standard that proposes no interference and high speeds by splitting the signal over several radio frequencies.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/next-gen-network/ipv6-not-a-simple-renumbering.php\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv4 addresses are extremely short, and eventually every organization will have to be compatible with IPv6.  While the need to transition is obvious, the article defines a few reasons why the change has not happened, and what is still preventing enterprises from changing.\n\nOne of the main concerns associated with switching is compatibility with existing hardware and software, such as phone handsets.  Another concern the article discusses is network security.  While IPv4 is definitely a legacy implementation, it's been undeniably well tested and its security issues are well known and counteracted.  IPv6, on the other hand is not as well used and therefore not as well trusted. \n\nImpact\n\nThe article helps me understand what factors prevent the adoption of IPv6.  I was not aware of the security issues that IPv6 potentially, presents.  The adoption of IPv6 is going to get a lot more attention, very soon, because every enterprise, including the organization I work at, is going to have to comply.  \n\nVocabulary BGP (Border Gateway Protocol : Border Gateway Protocol is how routers determine the best route for data to travel.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.joshgentry.com/cisco/cisco.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nEven though this article is not authoritative, or the most professional, it is a helpful overview of Cisco router CLI commands.\n\nImpact\n\nEven though I have experience with the Cisco CLI, the article was helpful in solidifying some concepts that I am interested in learning more about.  Specifically, I learned more about the difference between static and dynamic routing.   \n\nVocabulary Metric : The definitions used by routers to determine the best route between two points on an internetwork.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.internic.net/faqs/authoritative-dns.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article describes the purpose of DNS, what it accomplishes, the importance of roots and how ICANN is involved in DNS.  \n\nImpact\n\nThe article focuses on the concept of Universal Resolvability, meaning that successful DNS implementations allow for predictive results regardless of location.  In other words, you can access a server from anywhere in the world, each time you try and access the server, from any particular path.  The article also discusses alternate roots, which can be set up by anyone, and what problems alternate roots can cause.  Specifically, the article shows how alternate roots defeat the goal of universal resolvability.\n\nVocabulary Alternate roots : \"Roots\" that are set up by organizations that are separate from the Authoritative A-M roots. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://63.196.71.246/~phil/jumbo.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discusses the need for jumbo frames for gigabit ethernet, as well as describes several examples of how MTU affects network performance.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article discusses an important concept in today's networking world.  In order for the internet and other WANs to support higher speeds according to increasing demand, than all factors that affect speed must be considered, not just the basic 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1000Mbps standards.  MTU has a strong correlation with throughput, and in order to implement a successful WAN that utilizes the technology, then configuring all the necessary network with the proper MTU is crucial.\n\nVocabulary NAP : Network Access Point. Interconnection points of WAN backbones. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa996205(EXCHG.65).aspx\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is a Technet article concerning LDAP queries.  It gives examples of a few different types of queries, and shows several Microsoft tools that can utilize LDAP queries.  The article also defines reasons to use LDAP and appropriate situations to do so.  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI see LDAP all the time being used in AD and in the other tools I use at work, and I only know the basics.  This article was very helpful and makes it less intimidating to utilize the query system, and helps me understand how AD is accessed through LDAP.  Active Directory is so crucial in businesses, it makes sense to learn a little bit more about how it works and how it can work more succinctly.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary ADModify : ADModify is an Active Directory Tool to modify large amounts of users and modify common attributes. ADModify is designed for OUs with thousands of users. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa997490(EXCHG.65).aspx\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article explains what routing groups are in context of Microsoft Exchange servers, and also what specific situations warrant the need for using a routing group.\n\nOne of the most valid reasons for using a routing group is to \"To accommodate varying network connectivity across servers.\" In other words, when multiple network segments are in an organization with varying speeds, then routing groups alleviate network congestion.  \n\nRouting groups, as explained by the article, segregate mail flow within a specific group of servers.  For example, with 200 machines, serviced by two exchange servers in network segment A, and 300 machines services by three exchange servers in network segment B, then you can configure the network segments to be apart of their own routing group, and use one or all of the servers in each groups as connectors to the other network segment.\n\nThe article also explains that many fast networks on the same LAN have no need for routing groups, and also lists several other reasons why not to configure routing groups.  \n\nThe remainder of the article explains how to connect two routing groups and different configurations that are possible.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nMail is extremely important to organizations.  I work with an Exchange server fairly frequently, and this article was very helpful in explaining how mail flow works within an organization.  I also was unfamiliar with many of the terms and tools within Exchange's System Manager, and this article helped clear up a lot of confusion.\n\nVocabulary Bridgehead server : A server in a routing group that is the gateway to the routing group connector (or .x400/SMTP connector) which connects to another routing group.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.javascriptkit.com/howto/aspnet.shtml\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article is a brief, fairly non-technical summary of ASP.NET, it's capabilities, and it's advantages.  \n\n\n\n\n\nASP.NET, from the article, is designed for allowing object oriented programming on the internet.  ASP.NET separates code from display, allowing for cleaner and more organized code.  \n\nThe article then summarizes a few key features of ASP.NET, including web services, the class library, and XML support.  Finally, the article summarizes the feature of cross language compatibility.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI know the article is short and non-technical, but it actually was helpful for me to understand what ASP.NET is.  I had no idea of this before, but ASP.NET is like what .JSPs are to Java.  Except that ASP.NET comes from Microsoft and it appears to be more feature-filled and easier to manage.  I don't know if that is true, necessarily, because I haven't tried to set up an ASP.NET application.  However, the article makes we want to learn C# and Javascript. \n\nVocabulary DataGrid : The database class for ASP.NET that links to the database and puts the information in a table. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1356,"Article Summary\n\nIn Broadband Line Growth Strongest in Developing Economies, the rapid growth of broadband connectivity is discussed.  China and India both have the highest growth rates when compared to other countries worldwide.  Both countries experienced their second best quarters ever in Q3 for broadband line additions.\n\nAdditionally, progress is being made in many European and Asiatic countries.  Major countries in these areas are experiencing broadband growth rates of up to 20% per year.\n\nUnfortunately, growth rates in Canada and the United States are not nearly as drastic as they are in the Eastern Hemisphere.  The United States has seen an upturn in growth rate, however Canada has little room to grow as they are approaching an astonishing 90% household penetration.  Although the Middle East and Africa do not show exponential growth rates such as India and China, they are still growing at a steady rate.\n\nThe article concludes by addressing the growth of IPTV in Europe and China.  The article mentions no growth of this industry in the United States.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article can be associated to the book \"The World is Flat.\"  Unfortunately the United States is losing its lead in the broadband race as more and more countries are providing internet access to more of their citizens.\n\nWhat does this mean to myself?  In \"The World is Flat\" the author states that his parents would tell him to eat his vegetables because there were starving kids in Africa.  Now he tells his kids to \"do their homework\" because there are starving kids in India.  His point parallels my own: the playing field for jobs is being leveled by data communications.  As the transmission of data becomes more accessible to more people, we are losing the \"exclusive\" privilege of data communications that we once enjoyed.\n\nMore and more individuals will be in the running for tech based jobs, so this article helps me understand that I need to do my homework because there are starving college students in India.\n\nVocabulary IPTV : IPTV - From what I understand, IPTV is basically internet TV being broadcast not by radio waves or cable signals, but by the same packets that the internet uses to transmit a web page.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTCP/IP are guidelines that define how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received.  The application layer determines how applications will communicate with each other on the same or different machines.  The transport layer determines how connections will be created and maintained between machines.  The internet layer determines how data will be routed from one machine to another.  The link layer then navigates the internet to determine the path that the data will take.\n\n            Ethernet is the medium that is used to transfer information from one host to another.  Contrary to what I had always thought, Ethernet is not always the cat5 cabling that I am so used to.  Ethernet can be a coaxial cable as well as a fiber optic cable.  Ethernet is the means by which data is transferred from one machine to another.\n\n            ARP is a protocol that is used so that when machines talk to each other they can determine what address is needed in order to do so.  One machine gathers another machines ip address and using that address, it then asks for the mac address.  This mac address is then used to transfer date.\n\nCSMACD is the protocol used to instruct machines what to do when a collision occurs.  I loved the example the article gave of people talking in a room.  When two people start talking at once, they then wait.  If they both pick random times to begin talking again, it is likely that they will not be talking at the same time once again.\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article impacts me because if I am unfamiliar with these protocols, it is difficult for me to adhere to them.  For example, the chatter project that we did last year would have been made much easier with a complete understanding of these protocols and how data transmission actually works.\n\n            This article also impacted me by increasing my vocabulary.  The proper dialogue is needed to communicate certain ideas and procedures, and without an understanding of that terminology, it is hard to communicate solutions or ideas.\n\nVocabulary Ethernet : Coming from a greek word “ether” which means a medium for communication.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI greatly enjoyed the article “Yahoo IPv6 upgrade could shut out 1 million Internet users” from networkworld.com.  The article starts out by explaining that Yahoo.com is trying to migrate to IPv6 in order to support the world wide adoption of said protocol.  This migration is a huge undertaking as hardware needs to be reconfigured in order to handle IPv6.\n\n            According to the article, IPv4 currently allows for 4.3 billion devices to be directly connected to the internet.  They estimate that less than 5% of these addresses are left and that by October 2011, those addresses will be depleted.  If Yahoo were to move immediately to IPv6, .05% of users would be unable to access the website.\n\n            .05% may sound like an insignificant number, but because Yahoo is the 4th most popular site in the world, that percentage translates to about 500,000 users, a very significant number.  These user would be unable to access the website because of IPv6 brokeness.  This means that .05% of users have there home networks or browsers configured incorrectly to handle IPv6.\n\n            Google, facebook, Netflix, and Microsoft have talked about sharing information about users to produce a IPv6 “whitelist”, or a list of users that are known to have IPv6 connectivity.  This would allow for the testing of this new protocol.  Yahoo, Google, and Facebook have committed to participating in the worldwide IPv6 day on June 8th to test the seriousness of IPv6 brokeness.  On this day all three websites will switch over to IPv6 and monitor what occurs.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe migration to IPv6 greatly impacts us all, but especially those involved int eh computing industry.  For us, it doesn’t just mean we might not be able to log onto Yahoo.com.   For us, it means that we have to be prepared to implement as well as troubleshoot all issues relating to this new protocol.  When IPv6 brokeness occurs, we will likely be the people contracted to fix the problem.\n\n            In order to prepare for this new protocol, we all should become as familiar with IPv6 as we can.  The better understanding we have of this concept, the better prepared we will be to embrace it as it arrives.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 Brokeness : This refers to the inability of users to connect to sites that use IPv6. It usually has to do with the ocnfiguration of their home networks which are unable to handle IPv6 addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAs the TAs are assuredly getting yet another huge wave of articles on IPv6, I chose to offer some sort of relief and write on a different subject.  Network Computing posted a wonderful article outlining not only the potential of 802.11n wireless connectivity, but also alternative solutions that threaten its pervasiveness.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs outlined in the article, 1st we had 802.11a which was followed by b, and then g.  Now we are currently at 802.11n and according to the article this final protocol \"has five times the throughput and twice the range of legacy Wi-Fi gear\".  Additionally they stated that this new technology is \"a quantum leap forward\" and \"will change the WLAN game altogether.\"  But what makes this technology so special?\n\n\n\n\n\nEveryone wants internet.  Not only does everyone want internet, but they want it everywhere all the time.  That is why millions of people are shelling out an extra 30 bucks a month to get internet on their phone.  As people want internet at all places, the need for reliable, wireless high-speed connectivity increases.  802.11n offers that speed, reliability, and ubiquity.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article goes on to state that many companies hesitate to adopt this new technology because of the excitement surrounding 4g mobile technologies.  Why should they purchases 11n equipment when the can just as easily put all of their employees on a data plan with ATT and offer them connectivity where ever they go?\n\n\n\n\n\nThe debate continues and rest assured, many CIO are currently facing this connectivity debacle.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article greatly impacts what technology I will focus my studies on.  As these two infrastructures continue to develop, companies and individuals alike are in need of consulting as well as troubleshooting help.  Undoubtedly, there is a great deal of opportunity in the wireless connection arena, and those who are most educated in the most prevalent technology will receive the biggest piece of the pie.\n\n\n\n\n\nSo what does this mean to me?  Currently, I need to ensure that have a basic understanding of both technologies.  This understanding alone will not be enough.  Additionally, I need to carefully watch the niche that 11n and 4g will fill so that I can make an estimated guess as to which one will gain a better foothold in society.\n\nVocabulary WiFi : term resembling HiFi which refers to high fidelity. WiFi piggy backs on this meaning, denoting high quality wireless connectivity. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI greatly enjoyed reading “DNS: US Government Slects VeriSign to Operate .gov Domain Name Registry”.  In the article, the author briefly describes what a Domain Name Registry is.  After this brief explanation, the author proceeds to explain that Verisign will soon be operating and maintaining all of the .gov Domain Name Servers for the government.   This includes all of the .gov domains as well as the fed.us domains.\n\nVerisign already manages large registries for .com as well as .net and this will provide even more ubiquity for the growing company.  VeriSign will be required to process domain name requests, help desk assistance, and  maintain the servers.  As we learned in class,  the processing of requests is not nearly as impressive after we understand that requests are also provided by caches on clients computers.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article impacted me greatly as it helped me to understand not only the importance of Managing domain name requests, but also the opportunity that exists in that particular field of the it industry.  From this article, it is evident that every organization will desire to have some type of online presence.  In order for this to happen, the must have a DNS service from someone.  No one wants to remember 72.144.23.546.\n\nAs IPv6 becomes more prevalent, DNS will still be necessary.  It is evident, Domain Name Registries are here to stay and anyone who has an understanding of DNS will have doors opened to them in the future.\n\nVocabulary Domain Name Registry : From what I understand, a domain name registry is a database of domain names (www.google.com) mapped to and ip address and allows the user to be ignorant of ip addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI greatly enjoyed the article entitled \"IEEE Publishes Boradband-Over-\n\nPowerLine Standard.  Just recently I was speaking with my room mate about the possibility of transmitting data via an wall power outlet.  He explained that he had seen that best by sells an adapter that turns your wall outlet into an internet RJ45 jack.  Pretty amazing stuff.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article confirms this possibility.  The article explains that the IEEE has released a new standard that allows for the transmission of data over regular power lines.  It states that this transmission of data is extremely beneficial because of the ubiquity that the power grid already has.  As mentioned in the article, ISPs will be very interested in this new standard.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article impacts me greatly.  In Data Comm we constantly deal with standards and protocols.  If the article's assumptions are correct, this new standard will be accepted and implemented relatively quick.  Businesses will want to employ this new technology and will need professionals educated on the subject.\n\n\n\n\n\nNot only does this article raise awareness of a new standard, but it also personifies the importance of staying current in this industry.  No one can learn one protocol and call it good.  The way things are changing, you have to stay on top of your game or you get left behind.\n\nVocabulary Last Mile : Refers to the last length of transmission regarding the transferring of data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI greatly enjoyed the article entitiled “What is Active Directory”.  It helped me solidify a lot of the key concepts that we have learned in networking class as well as the labs.  The article described what comprises Active Directory, When to use it, and why to use it.\n\n \n\nThe article helped me a great deal by explaining that Active Directory is simply software that stores information such as user, computers, printers, and groups.  The articled compared Active Directory to a phone book.  You can look up all of the information in the Active Directory just as you can in a phone book.\n\n \n\nThe article also explains that Active Directory stores object and their attributes in a hierarchical format.  Security restrictions can then be placed on the objects to allow or prohibit users to access them.\n\n \n\nThe article also compares the active directory to relational databases.  Active directory takes longer to write, but can read much faster, while the relational database is much faster at wrtiting.\n\n \n\nThe part of the article that I enjoyed the most was the implementation of Active Directory at a college.  It showed how different domains make up a domain tree and what information is stored on each domain.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nActive Directory has a huge impact on society.  Microsoft has managed to devise a way for huge amounts of data to be stored an accessed from any computer.  This has literally changed computing.\n\n \n\nAs far as my own personal future, Active Directory has added one more paradigm to the list of this I need to learn to qualify myself.  Millions of companies use this software to manage their data and if I do not fully understand, then what value do I have to the company.\n\nVocabulary Domain Tree : A compilation of multiple domains.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI greatly enjoyed the article \"Smartphones or laptops for mobile workers\".  The article focuses on a pretty heated debate as to whether or not mobile users will migrate towards using purely smartphones, or if they will stick with laptops.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe first main point brought up is the usability of the laptop.  Trying to send out an email longer than a paragraph on a smartphone is pretty taxing.  This opinion is personified by the line \"The fingers have it (not the thumbs)\".  However powerful smartphones might become, the usability of the laptop still makes it dominant.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe second point is more in favor of smartphones.  This section focuses on the principle that \"Today's smartphones pack about as much punch as a high-end laptop from 2005.\"  Aside from the usability of the laptop, the smartphone and laptop are almost comparable as far as abilities go, and the smartphone has a huge advantage…it is extremely mobile.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe third point is more of a prediction and by fat the most interesting section of the article.  The author predicts that smartphones will replace laptops as docking stations are introduced.  Combined with computing power provided by the cloud, a user will be able to arrive at home and dock his smartphone to a monitor and keyboard and then use it much as he would a computer.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a great impact on me.  It is crucial to know where the trends are taking us and to have a good idea as to how technology will evolve.  This enables us to be in a good position to capitalize on these revolutions when others might fall behind.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this case, this article impacts me by informing me that mobile devices are here to stay.  There is job security in learning networking for these devices as they all have to connect to the internet.\n\nVocabulary The Osbourne : an early rendition of a portable computer dated roughly to the 1980's.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article I chose to read this week was entitled \"HP's Leo Apotheker: We're heading for the cloud\".  It can be found on NetowrkWorls.com.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article was extremely informative as it outlined the future plans of HP as well as the importance of understanding cloud computing.  The CEO in this article publicly announces that among the plethora of services offered by this company, they will be taking on one more; cloud computing.  Leo Apotheker believes that the future of technology lies in the cloud and that is where HP is planning to migrate.\n\n\n\n\n\nHe mentions that HP is better positioned to  help customers move information to the cloud.  He also states that HP is planning to leave Business Intelligence to other companies and focus more primarily on Big Data.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is extremely beneficial in understanding the new direction that technology will be taking.  in the article it says \"the could will reshape [it executives] jobs and their role in the corporation\".  Does this not also go for all of us as well?\n\n\n\n\n\nUndoubtedly our future lies in the field of technology.  We must ensure that our skill sets match those of technology in the future.  If we don't, we will be hard pressed to find our own niche in the rapidly changing world of technology.\n\nVocabulary Big Data : Large amounts of data captured by companies and analyzed to imorive performance.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI greatly enjoyed reading the article posted on http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032511-usenix-microsoft-spectrum.html?hpg1=bn.  This article is all about white spaces and outlines what is currently being done to harness the opportunity that exists in the wireless industry.\n\nMicrosoft is currently focusing on capturing this whitespace and allowing users to access it for a fee using a company called specnet.  This is whitespace is so valuable because there are an increasing number of wireless devices, and not enough “wireless” to go around.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is extremely impactful as it describes what could become a paradigm shift in the wireless industry.  If this white space becomes available to all users, then there will a lot of opportunity for those who know how to access that space.\n\nThis helps me to know where to focus my attention when learning new skills and information.  Undoubtedly, as this opportunity continues to grow, time spent learning how to acces white space will be time well spent.\n\nVocabulary White Space : Wireless bandwidth that is not currently being used.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTo be honest, the article entitled \"Thieves are stealing children's identities\" (http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/040111-kiddie-identity-theft.html?page=1) was quite disturbing.  The article explains that 1 in 10 children under the age of 21 from a selected sample had their identities stolen.  The article explains that this is abnormal because only about .2% of adults fell victim in the same way.  The article insinuates that there is identity thieves tend to focus more on the identities of children.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is extremely important.  As the author himself explained,  it is important to \"raise awareness of this as an issue.\"  Someday I expect to have children of my own.  Never have I considered identity theft as a potential risk to the child I might someday raise.  Thanks to this article my naivety will not be detrimental to my childs well being.\n\nVocabulary data breach : an unanticipated intrusion into a secure source of information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1307,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read about network neutrality which we discussed in class. I read the article on Wikipedia about network neutrality. I found that the article was really quite detailed and entered into some areas that I would not have other-wised explored. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality) To me, network neutrality is the act of regulating the internet to provide a level playing field for all types of content and websites. There seems to be a good debate between opponents and proponents of network neutrality that exists today. I've also noted that this topic is addressed around the world. There are a variety of countries that have related legislation in place (i.e. Italy, Germay, USA, Russia, and Chile). Interesting to note, the Wikipedia article states that in Chile is the “only precedent of legal preservation of neutrality.\n\nMy first impressions tell me that this is not a good idea. I believe that network neutrality will do more harm than good. I fear that it will remove much of the competition in the market and will, like Vinton Cerf said, “undermine the principles that have made the Internet such a success.” (Wikipedia, Network neutrality) The internet is as awesome as it is because its not super regulated. People are free to let nearly any idea fly.\n\nThe internet is best to be governed how it now is. I believe, like the Wikipedia article explains, that proponents are looking for a solution for a problem which really isn't a problem. I'd be interested to see who really has an issue with a decent internet connection and what the specific situation is. I doubt that there are enough scenarios to make a substantial argument. I personally believe that this is just another way for the government and selective organizations to take a little more power than is necessary and make a little extra profit. In short, I agree with Emerson when he said, “the less government we have, the better .” (Emerson's publication entitled Politics 1844)\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is especially important to me because it will shape my future online experience. Considering the fact that I want to work for an online business someday, network regulations will greatly affect my employment and personal consulting work.\n\n\n\nExplanation of my chosen vocab word: I came across the word in the article I read and looked it up. I didn't understand how big an exabyte was. I believe that someday we will be using exabytes for storage. It will be helpful in my career to understand this word as data storage capacity continues to increase.\n\nVocabulary Exabyte : Exabyte – 1 billion gigabytes or 1 million terrabytes.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Case for Outbound Filtering was the article I choose to read. The article can be found at http://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/the-case-for-outbound-filtering.php . The article discussed how often network administrators are often very good about filtering incoming traffic but do little to filter outgoing traffic. The article’s author, Adam Ely, discusses several cases where filtering outgoing network traffic would have protected companies from malicious attacks.\n\nAdam discusses how malicious attackers will break their way into the network and then either log all the network traffic sent and received or use the wide outgoing connection to steal and expose precious company data. Adam realizes that this would be a big step for large organizations and addresses a few different means whereby a company could slowly transition into outbound filtering.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is important to me because I’m interested in networking and would like to be eventually Cisco certified. I would enjoy working in a data center and managing a company network. Even if I don’t end up in networking as a career, this concept would still be vital for me as I design, program, and implement applications on a company’s network.\n\nVocabulary proxy : Digitalguards.com defines proxy as a firewall mechanism that replaces the IP of the connecting client with its own and then passes all traffic through itself. A Harvard website define it as “a server setup designed to offer either firewall security or faster access to cached content normally accessible only through slower connections.” cyber.law.harvard.edu/readinessguide/glossary.html\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article that I have chosen for this week is “Cisco: Java Attacks on the Rise As Spam Declines” located at http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/secu/article.php/3921441/Cisco-Java-Attacks-on-the-Rise-As-Spam-Declines.htm. The article details the recent trend in spam messages and how it has surprisingly declined over the last year. The article states a 1.6% decline in 2010 from 2009. (11.3 trillion spam messages in 2009 to 11.1 trillion spam messages in 2010) It also talks about the recent trend in PDF vulnerability exploits and the trend shifting to Java vulnerability exploits. Once the PDF scare started getting coverage in the news many people began to make sure they were applying updates. Unfortunately, for Java users, Java exploits didn’t hit the news as much. In addition, Java reported to many computers that it was up-to-date when in reality it wasn’t. In addition, often when Java update it leaves behind the legacy version which still contains the exploits. This has been an interesting trend change and could mean significant changes for Java programmers.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is especially important to me as an Isys Jr core student who is being trained in mainly Java. In addition, I have an internship with Walmart this summer and could possibly be dealing with Java on projects during that internship. I will potentially always be coding Java even if it is just a small side project for something. It will be important for me to understand these vulnerabilities and how to code safely. This would is true of any language so the principles I learn from trying to keep up-to-date on this issue will help me be a better programmer.\n\nVocabulary spam farm : Spam farm: I didn’t find an actual definition for this word, but from the context of this word and the other pages that I visited, I understand that a spam farm is an organization or software that is dedicated to inundating inboxes with spam mail.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week for my current reading article I read Chapter 4 out of my TCP/IP book called the Internet Layer. I choose this chapter because it relates directly with what we covered in our last few classes. In this chapter the topics IP, ARP, and ICMP, as well as, IP header, converting decimal to binary and from binary to decimal, and the purposes of IP.\n\nIP is a protocol as defined in my text states that, “The IP protocol provides a hierarchical, hardware-independent addressing system and offers the services necessary for delivering data on a complex, routed network. An IP address is composed of a network ID and a host ID. The network ID, of course, refers to the network on which the device is housed. The host ID is the id which has been assigned to the host computer on the specified network. The combination of these IDs makes up an IP address and allows routers to deliver packets to the intended recipient.\n\nAdditional topics that I wish to highlight from my reading are the purposes of ARP and ICMP. ARP stands for address resolution protocol and it is the means by which a computer on the network can find out who and where the other computers are on its network. This achieved by using an ARP cache table and ARP request frames and their corresponding responses. ICMP is used by routers and allow them to communicate problems on the network. ICMP is also utilized for other diagnostic and troubleshooting purposes. Some of the ICMP messages include source quench, echo request, and echo reply, the latter two being utilized by the ping protocol. \n\n========================================================\n\nTA Please note the following e-mail conversation I had with Professor Lindstrom:\n\nI’m not opposed to that.\n\n \n\nFrom: matthew.moses@gmail.com [mailto:matthew.moses@gmail.com] On Behalf Of Matthew Moses\n\nSent: Thursday, January 27, 2011 9:58 PM\n\nTo: Craig J. Lindstrom\n\nSubject: Current Reading\n\n- Hide quoted text -\n\n \n\nProfessor -\n\n\n\nI have a question about the current readings. To help me better understand and internalize the class I have purchased a text to read and reference (TCP/IP from Sam's Teach Yourself series by Joe Casad). I was wondering if you would allow me to use topics from the book that supplement topics in class and other topics that interest me as my current reading selection. If that would be acceptable, please let me know. If not I can keep doing reading articles from the online sources in addition to my extra reading.\n\n\n\nThanks so much,\n\n\n\nMatt Moses\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis chapter was really helpful for me to solidify the concepts we covered in lecture on Monday and Tuesday, in addition, to the concepts we had previously covered in lab. Reviewing the concepts of ARP and ICMP will now help me be better prepared to use those at home and in the work force as I come into connect with network issues. Like I mentioned before, I’m really interested in getting Cisco certified so understanding these concepts will help me pass the certification exam.\n\nVocabulary RARP : Reverse ARP – This is utilized when the MAC address is known but the IP address is not. My text states that this “is used in conjunction with BOOTP protocol to boot diskless workstations.” The text further states that this works “opposite of ARP”.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor my reading this week I read the section in my book about TCP and UDP. TCP has been praised for its connection-based functionality but my book highlights several additional features that make it great. Listed here are those features:\n\n·         Stream-oriented processing\n\n·         Sequencing\n\n·         Flow control\n\n·         Precedence and security\n\n·         Graceful close\n\nWhile UDP certainly lacks those features the author of my book, Joe Casad, goes on to explain that many of the features that are provided with TCP can be used with a UDP protocol only handled up at the application layer. UDP is therefore very quick and can be used in many situation were reliable, guaranteed delivery isn’t critical at the transport layer. When guaranteed delivery is vital and when you would rather not have to worry about that by building your application to support guaranteed delivery, TCP is your protocol of choice.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe section of the book was important to me because TCP and UDP are foundational protocols used on the transport layer. I will deal with these all throughout my career it sounds like. I was also still trying to work at understanding these protocols better. The lab this morning really helped but several things where still unclear. The section of the book really helped clear things up.\n\nVocabulary Payload : I looked up this word to get a better understanding of what it means. It is typically used in context of a military carrier, space craft, or commercial airline. The payload is what is being carried. In the case of a network packet, the payload is the data that is sent in a packet, located after the header portion of the packet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article assigned this week as the current reading dealt with the issue of IPv6, entitled Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ) http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703. The article reported that the last IPv4 address have been handed out to the internet numbering registrars. We are projected to be okay until 2012 when we the registrars and ISPs run out of their pool of IPv4 addresses. Soon we’ll have to make the complete transition to IPv6. Luckily, most modern computers running Windows since XP, Mac since OS x, and most modern smart phones are ready for the change. However, what will suffer the most are home “routers” and other servers and routing technologies that were built for IPv4 and unfortunately are not designed or programmed to be compatible with IPv6. Many internet service providers like Comcast will have to find out how to get IPv6 grade DSL modems into the homes of their subscribers.\n\nSwitching to IPv6 will provide us with a whole bunch of new addresses. Compared to the 4.3 billion possible addresses provided by IPv4, IPv6 will provide an astonishing 340 undecillion. Meanwhile, companies with extra IP addresses are being asked to return them, however, there probably won’t be much initiative to do so because once we officially run out of IPv4 address the laws of supply and demand tells us many companies should be able to capitalize on those rare IPv4 addresses.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nMy future in the IT world will be IPv6. It is important that I understand what is happening so as I go out into the work force in the next year or so, I can be prepared to help my future employer become prepare for and transition to IPv6. Understanding the fundamentals of IPv4 and IPv6 will greatly help me troubleshoot and diagnose transition problems. It will also prepare me for any programming applications that will require my work and that are built upon IPv6 principles.\n\nVocabulary dual-stack : A dual stack approach is when I computer speak IPv4 or IPv6 as needed. The author of the articles goes on to explain that, “Native dual-stack is superior to tunneling or doing one or more NATs in the network; direct, native access is faster and does not break certain applications, therefore resulting in a better end-users experience.”\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read about DNS name resolution in my book to help supplement the class lecture and lab exercises. DNS is a powerful protocol that allows users to reference fully qualified domain names (FQDN) instead of using IP addresses. There are many advantages to using this protocol. For one, it’s easier for a user to remember a FQDN rather than an IP. Secondly, IP addresses can change over time. It would be super annoying to keep memorizing new IPs because they’re constantly changing.\n\nThis section of my book also summarizes how one would register a domain name, manage a DNS, and configure a DNS server. In addition, it also summarizes iterative and recursive queries to the DNS servers. The main client server will send a recursive query to its DNS server and it will in turn iteratively call a query on DNS servers until either an IP of the desired FQDN is found or an authoritative response for an IP not found can be returned.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe concept of DNS is super important to me and my future career. If I am ever called upon to setup or manage a company’s network it’ll be vital for me to understand these concepts so that if the network with which I am trusted with becomes very complex and multiple DNS servers are required, I’ll be able to handle those situations. DNS also seems like it will be helpful for troubleshooting a variety of technical errors.\n\nVocabulary Time-to-live : I looked up this word on Google because I have seen it several times. In this context, it means the number of seconds remaining until the cached record is discarded. As far as I understand, once this TTL number is expired the cache entry will be removed and the next time the name is sent for resolution this process will be repeated and updated data will be re-cached. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSince, I we have just been reviewing for the test this week I picked a topic of interest to myself. Like I’ve mentioned before I am really interested in IT security so I picked the following article from NetworkComputing.com entitled “Releasing Firesheep: Right Intention, Wrong Action” (http://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/releasing-firesheep-right-intention-wrong-action.php). The article again addresses the long standing issue for the need to prevent session hijacking. Session hijacking is when a user on a network sniffs the data and picks up packets of information containing another user’s session or cookie. They can then with a few computer maneuvers create a new HTTP session using that data and then have a duplicate session. The reason why this news article is so important is because it details the release of a new Firefox add-on which anybody can use. This new add-on called ‘Firesheep’ essentially allows an individual to do a one click session hijack. Pretty crazy, huh?\n\nThe author of this article has called this bold move by the creator of Firesheep, Eric Butler, a move with the “right intention” but with the “wrong action”. I agree that this issue has long been debated and discussed and many companies have done little to take action. I do feel that this puts a power too easily into the hands of many who are too irresponsible and who wouldn’t have the maturity to figure out how to actually do a session hijacking manually. The release of this new “add-on” makes a point but I believe there were other ways to address this issue. The world we live in is becoming ever so more interconnected which naturally leads to more and more security holes. This add-on which was released back in October 2010 turns a crater into a valley. Hopefully many companies like Facebook and others who don’t address this issue will get the message and start to beef up their session security.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nNetwork security is something that I have long been interested in. I also really enjoy web development. Both of these disciplines are directly affected by the issue of session hijacking. Keeping myself up-to-date about these issues, what they are, and how systems are compromised will allow me to better code, design, manage, and secure networks and applications.\n\nVocabulary side-jacking : Side-jacking – a.k.a. session hijacking – Session hijacking as defined on Wikipedia “is the exploitation of a valid computer session—sometimes also called a session key—to gain unauthorized access to information or services in a computer system.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_hijacking) Side-jacking or session hijacking is a serious issue that web developers and networking administrators face. Programmers must take into account this serious security issue and try to program and encrypt to prevent security holes.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read a chapter from my book on network intrusion. I have read a lot about security lately but it really interests me. The chapter covers the type of intruders, their goals, and a variety of intrusion techniques.\n\nThe author outlines three different types of intruders as (1) adolescent amateur (2) recreational intruders (3) professionals. The adolescent amateurs are not typically very dangerous, but nonetheless, should still be kept in check. The author notes that they are mainly messing around and trying to have fun. They mostly just use stuff they find online. The recreational intruders are in it more for the “intellectual challenge” my author notes. Sometimes they are in it to make a statement or they may be a “disgruntledly employee” (pg. 376). By far the most dangerous in my opinion are the professionals who have an agenda with the information they obtain from their victims.\n\nThe rest of the chapter goes on to explain several of the common intrusion techniques that these intruders will utilize. One that I would like to summarize here is the “Trojan Horse” technique. A Trojan horse is general a computer program or website that appears to do one thing but actually does another thing. Often intruders will setup a similar website to the one a victim is familiar with. For example, bank websites are often used and the user then inputs their username and password into the fraudulent website. The attacker now has their login information and can tamper with their accounts. There are a variety of other similar techniques that a security specialist should be aware of and should train his network/computer users to be familiar with.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSomeday when I work for a company as one of their security specialists I need to be informed of these techniques so I can design my network, software, and computer setups to help prevent these attacks. I’ll also have to make sure the other employees are trained against these attacks. The strength of an organization is strongly influenced by how “security-minded” its individual employees are.\n\nVocabulary SANS : SANS – SANS is a “SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security” (http://www.sans.org/faq/) It was originally started as a “cooperative research and educational organization” (http://www.sans.org/faq/). Today it still allows “security professionals, auditors, system administrators, and network administrators to share lessons they are learning and find solutions to the challenges they face” (http://www.sans.org/faq/). It seems like a really good community to be involved in so I subscribed to one of their newsletters. It seems like it is a Wikipedia/Facebook for the above mentioned types of people/roles.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n“Understanding Windows NTFS Permissions” on WindowsSecurity.com discusses the features of Windows NTFS File system version 5. The full article can be found here: http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/Understanding-Windows-NTFS-Permissions.html\n\nThe article is a bit of of date but I think the same principles and similar features apply. The author goes over inherited permissions and explicit or standard permissions. He shows several screen shots of Windows permission screens to help give a better understanding of what's really going on which helped me more fully internalize what he is discussing. These file permissions are powerful and can allow thousands of different combinations. If an administrator can master these principles and features he or she can have a wonderfully secure and controlled file system.\n\nHe specifically address an interesting issue when the rule of thumb about “deny takes absolute precedence” is not valid. If I understand correctly the situation he gives, the reason why an “allow” takes precedence over the deny is because the “allow” is explicitly given to a group which happens to have a deny permission inherited to it. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThese topic is important for any networking administrator to understand. I am interested in entering the networking discipline for a career and if not for a career then I will definitely be doing my own server hosting in my own home. I want to be the master of my network and therefore need to understand these file permission issues.\n\nVocabulary NTFS (New Technology Files System) : NTFS – WikiPedia.org New Technology File System (NTFS) This system was new for Windows NT and subsequent versions of Windows including the current Windows 7.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFor my article this week I found a white paper from NetworkWorld.com (http://resources.networkworld.com/ccd/assets/7550/detail?idglg=nwwsite_na_Security_article_news_RX235947_Network%20World_Bob%20Brown_wpwcsr). The white paper was produced by McAfee about corporate mobile security. I picked this article because we have been discussing e-mail and one of the big pushes for mobilizing the corporate world is so that individuals can have access to their corporate e-mail on the go. In addition to e-mail, individuals also want access to other company assets like proprietary information such as their work files and data.\n\nWith the increased growth of smart phones like the iPhone and Android phones many companies are beginning to take stock and realize the advantages their companies can gain by utilizing such technology, however, with these new devices and features come greater risks. The article listed several threats these new technologies introduce. I quote those risks here: \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Lost and/or stolen devices\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Removable storage media (for example, Secure Digital [SD] cards)\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Bluetooth\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Viruses, Trojans, unapproved applications\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Web browser\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->IP-based attacks\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Infrared(IR)\n\n(Page 4 of the White Paper)\n\nThe article discusses each of these vulnerabilities and then goes on to introduce McAfee’s Enterprise Mobility Management (EMM) solution. While I am not a huge fan of McAfee, I believe that their EMM solution that they present does offer a solution to the above mentioned vulnerabilities. They are starting a very important journey for our industry into the EMM. There is so much potential in smart phones and this potential can only be reached if industries embrace the power of mobile phone and they won’t do this unless those devices are secure against these and other threats.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis was important for me to read especially as I prepare for a career in security and networking. I may be in charge of managing a company’s mobile imitative or making sure that it is secured. It is important to me that I get knowledge about the vulnerabilities and the product solutions on the self that can handle the brunt of the securing work for me.\n\nVocabulary white paper : White paper – Wikipedia defines a white paper as “an authoritative report or guide” which addresses an issue and possible solutions. “White papers are used to educate readers and help make decisions”. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper) I hadn’t completely understood the purpose of a white paper before this so I’m glad that I looked it up and now can see my article in context. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article I choose for my current reading this week came from IBM.com, entitled “Securing a Web Server” (http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/web/library/wa-secureweb/). I thought it was particularly important since we have been discussing web servers this week. The author details many of the common attacks launched on web servers today. Web servers are particularly vulnerable parts of an organization. The reason they are so vulnerable is because they are easy to access and front facing in order to deliver content to clients and customers.\n\nI would like to summarize one method of securing a webserver that I really had not yet considered. The author instructs that internal applications and external applications should be housed on separate servers. Obviously, after reading this it makes good sense but many organizations probably let this security slip. An attacker who gains access over an external application through an exploit or other technique could get access to the internal applications and their data shares.\n\nIn addition, I also wanted to make mention of another suggestion the author makes which is to review your logs. Yet again, this technique seems like common sense but I suspect that many web server managers do not review their logs. Logs which remain unviewed are useless and just take up system resources. Regular audits will help you prevent, detect, and exploit attacks against your system. The time is well spent reviewing logs. I imagine if an afternoon was spent developing simple queries and scripts to run on the logs that this process could be made much more simple and easier to be performed routinely. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI plan to get more involved in web server hosting this summer so security of web servers is a topic of importance for me. These skills will become particularly helpful if I am ever in charge of maintaining or monitoring my organization’s or department’s web server(s). In addition, as I program it will be helpful to be an educated programming who does not allow these attacks to be executed on my code.\n\nVocabulary Vulnerability scanning : Vulnerability scanning – is a process of using software and/or hardware tools to discover vulnerabilities and weaknesses in your systems.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article I choose this week is entitled, “Why move to MySQL from Microsoft SQL Server?” by Robin Schumacher. (http://dev.mysql.com/tech-resources/articles/move_from_microsoft_SQL_Server.html) In his article, Mr. Schumacher outlines the similarities and differences between SQL Server and MySQL. \n\nMySQL is a lot more robust that I had previously thought. I have used MySQL on project prior to reading this article and knew that it worked well and reliably. However, I have heard different comments from a few individuals that made me think that MySQL was not quite in the same ball park as SQL Server. For routine database uses, MySQL has you covered. In fact, from the list of features that he listed for MySQL vs. SQL Server MySQL has a ton of functionality that I have never used and really wouldn’t need to use. From his table, MySQL has the following advantages over SQL Server:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Open Source\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Great platform compatibility\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Pluggable storage engines\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Unique Query Cache (stores query and result set)\n\nHowever, MySQL does have its weaknesses. Mr. Schumacher states that MySQL has no concept of roles or external authentication. He also mentions that its auditing abilities are weak. The author does make a good point by stating that MySQL is not really out and about to have every feature. It is meant to fulfill the role that it needs to. It is geared for small to medium sized businesses. Overall, MySQL is a great database. I will probably use it for many projects ahead. SQL Server is also a great database and has special features that I might need to call upon in my career.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article was helpful in increasing my understanding of MySQL and its strengths and weaknesses. I now know more about the many features of MySQL and SQL Server. If I am ever called upon to use those databases in my career I will better equipped to manage, maintain, and utilize them.\n\nVocabulary storage engine : storage engine – Wikipedia states that a storage engine is the underlying software used to perform the CRUD functions on a database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1318,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI was originally reading about Network Address Translation in Wikipedia, but then I decided to just study that for class and have more fun with the article assignment. I read an article about the history of Ping. I didn't understand all of it, but I was excited about how much of it I did understand and how much more I was able to figure out. It also talked some about the development of TRACEROUTE and how it relates.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAlthough this article does not in itself impact the world or industry much, the PING protocol itself has had enough impact to have been included in an USENIX Association award. The impact this article had on me was to make everything we are learning more relate-able. Someone saw a need, and found a way to solve it. That is all we are really doing.\n\nVocabulary TTL : Time to live (sometimes abbreviated TTL) is a limit on the period of time or number of iterations or transmissions in computer and computer network technology that a unit of data (e.g. a packet) can experience before it should be discarded.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1339,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article.\n\nThe article was about network connections and benefits of converting the NICs to 10 gigabit connections for heavily virtualized servers. The main premise here is that as servers become more powerful, people will naturally load them down with more and more VM's. The only problem with this comes from the fact that now the same network connections are being shared among more and more VM's thus lowering the bandwidth available for each VM, as well as increasing the latency.\n\n\n\nThis problem has been solved in many ways by many IT professionals, the most common being to utilize quad gigabit NICs. This introduces a few of their own issues, the largest being that of power consumption.\n\n\n\nThe article proposes that consolidating many quad gigabit NICs with 10 gigabit NICs will save us money in the long run. This will mostly come in the form of energy savings, but also will come from lower cabling costs (mostly labor). However, it also introduces a few of its own problems, mainly being that consolidation will help in many cases, but will hurt in others as traffic is fighting for the same bandwidth on each connection (the pipes are bigger, but there are less of them). The rest of the article is about how to overcome those issues.\n\nThe first step presented in this article was about giving the VM's the ability to connect directly to the hardware NIC to reduce the CPU overhead associated with virtualizing hardware. This is accomplished with IOMMU (amd) and VT-d (Intel) support, which allows the VM to use physical memory addresses rather than virtual memory addresses when using the NIC.\n\n\n\nThe second step is to use multiple ques, one for each VM. Once again, this reduces the CPU load on the hypervisor. This will also reduce the latency for each VM as well, once again improving the connection for the VM's.\n\n\n\nThe last step is to use SR-IOV, which is basically splitting the single NIC into many smaller NICs (up to 256 apparently). This will take care of the remaining CPU overhead caused by virtualizing various NICs as well as the interupts that will slow things down.\n\n\n\nThe conclusion is that you can save money by using 10gigabit NICs in servers, and get better performance to boot.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact here is that there will allow the performance of the servers to increase, while reducing power consumption and reducing the network configuration complexity. This will also allow for more dense server clusters, because there will not be a network limitation on them for a while.\n\nAny advances in this area will be very beneficial for the IT industry as a whole.\n\nVocabulary SR-IOV : Not really a word I know, but SR-IOV is a a specification that allows an IO device to be split up into up to 256 smaller IO devices, as long as the chipset supports it.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe ARTICLE.\n\n\n\nSame site as last time (Anandtech.com, it has some great IT resources), but a different article. This article is about ZFS, and its use in a SAN or NAS. ZFS is an open source file system that has some very useful features for those specific applications. The article really points out two main ways that ZFS increases performance, they are the ARC Cache, and the L2ARC.\n\n\n\nThe ARC Cache (Adaptive Replacement Cache), it is a block level cache located in the system memory (RAM). The amount of RAM used for ARC is generally the amount of total RAM minus 1GB. The ARC cache stores the most frequently access data for on the server, and therefore can help increase the I/O performance of the server by keeping that frequently access information on the RAM, and not having to access the physical disks for that information.\n\n\n\nIn addition to having the ARC cache, there is also the L2ARC cache. The L2ARC cache is there to increase the performance even further in a cost effective way. The theory here is that the while RAM is very fast, that to get enough storage space it would be cost prohibitive. The L2ARC is simply a RAID array (typically SSD's. While SSD's are costly compared to normal HDD's, per gigabyte they are very cheap compared to purchasing more RAM) for the frequently used information that is slightly less frequently used than the information that is in the RAM based ARC Cache. This presents the actual HDD's from being accessed for anything other than the very infrequently used data. These caches fill up with the frequently used data over time, and both of them are what increase the performance on the server.\n\n\n\nIn the benchmarks that the site performed, it was indicated that the ARC cache and the L2ARC cache combined to increase the I/O input from roughly 2300 IOPS at the beginning of the 4 hour test, and increased to roughly 21000 IOPS. As you can see ZFS provides an impressive performance advantage over traditional file systems.\n\n\n\nIn addition to these benefits over more traditional file systems, there are also additional benefits that can be extremely useful for data storage oriented solutions. ZFS has a built checksumming feature, which is essentially what allows it to be what is called a “self healing” file system. This means that it is extremely unlikely to have information that is corrupted stored on the server. This is create for storing sensitive information, as data loss is much more unlikely to occur than with other file systems.\n\nIn conclusion then mentioned that they're future SAN servers will be ZFS based, although they will likely include more CPU power in the server, as all of that extra bandwidth takes additional CPU cycles especially considering the automatic checksumming that it does. It is not a perfect solution, but it is an important evolutionary step in performance for SAN servers.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nHaving faster data servers can make the IT industry much more cost effective. Servers based on ZFS can save companies money. The companies will save money because they will need less servers in their SAN datacenter to provide the same level of performance that would be provided by other servers. Less servers means less energy consumption, and less cooling costs as well.\n\n\n\nMore performance for the same price and power consumption will always be a good thing for the IT industry. \n\nVocabulary IOPS : IOPS are defined as Input Output Operations Per Second. They are a way for benchmarking storage devices, and make it much easier to compare different types of storage devices. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Article.\n\n\n\nThis article is a little bit different than the last one that I did. So far, I have read articles on the network connections (10GBs Ethernet connections) and then on a file storage system (ZFS and its caches). That got me a little bit interested in the actual storage configurations on an actual server storage (mostly in connection to the L2ARP Cache made of SSD's mentioned in the previous article).\n\n\n\nThis article is about the performance of different types of disks (SAS, normal SATA drives and SLC SSD's) for difference types of data loads. More specifically, the article was trying to determine if the more expensive SSD could be a viable cost effective option for certain types of data loads.\n\n\n\nThey end up using varying numbers of each of these drives in different size RAID configurations for use in varying benchmarks. From these benchmarks learned a few things that I pretty much expected, and a few things that I did not initially expect.\n\n\n\nIn sequential reads and writes, the striped array of normal SATA disks (16 x1TB Western Digital RE3's) performed quite well (roughly 1TB/s reads and writes), but in reality, the all of the configurations were fairly close on these metrics. And more importantly, this type of workload is not very common for most servers (other than file servers that are transferring large files). However if that is the workload that your server needs then perhaps a large spindle of cheap SATA drives is the way to go for the best price and performance.\n\n\n\nA more interesting workload was the composite workload (66% sequential reads, 33% write). Here the SSD's have a much more dominating position, although once again, this benchmark does not clearly display which type of drive is the ideal. The SSD's do take the lead in this benchmark, but the normal SATA drives are not terribly far behind. The ideal storage solution will likely depend on the amount of storage that you need and your overall budget. If your storage needs are large, then obviously 16 7200RPM SATA drives will be the better choice over the SSD's.\n\n\n\nThe other composite workload was 66% random reads, and 33% write. This is the benchmark where the SSD's absolutely prove their worth. One SSD is faster than 8 SAS drives and 16 SATA drives with this type of workload, with the magnetic storage devices falling farther and farther behind as more SSD's are added. In fact, in this benchmark AnandTech noticed that 8 SSD's were slower than 4 SSD's and did some additional testing to determine what the issue was. As it turns out, the RAID controller didn't have the horsepower to keep up with 8 SSD's in RAID 0.\n\n\n\nThese findings stayed consistent throughout the rest of the benchmarks (mostly real world). In tests where the majority of the workload was sequential, traditional magnetic disks proved to generally be the more cost effective solution (especially per GB). However, in workloads that are almost entirely random (the article points out SQL random reads where the SSD's are more 12 times faster than the next closets configuration, as well as OLTP applications).\n\n\n\nIn conclusion, the article talks about how for these specific types of workloads and applications, that SSD's are becoming increasingly viable. Performance was generally 3 – 13 times better, and power consumption was one tenth of the classic SAS drives. This is obviously a win/win for those types of situations.\n\n\n\nI am admittedly a bit of a hardware geek, and I really enjoyed looking at the various configurations performance levels. I also really enjoyed looking at three different views of how data is transferred, stored and accessed. I would like to think that I have a bit more of a complete viewpoint on the IT infrastructure and its associated protocols and underlying structure than I did before, as I now have had somewhat of a top to bottom refresher on how data moves around these systems.\n\n\n\nI am actually kind of curious what kinds of articles count for these reading assignments. As I mentioned before I am a bit of a hardware nerd and would really like to know if I can be reading any of these IT related articles (There is a really interesting one that is about standard voltage CPU's versus low voltage CPU's in servers), or if I should be focused on more data comm specific topics (aka, the internet and various methods of transmitting files between computers). Any guidance here would be great, as I am having hard time selecting the articles out of such a wide spectrum of information.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article will have is fairly predictable. As more information about these (relatively) expensive SSD's and their excellent performance for certain applications becomes known, the more they will be used. As more are used, the end users will have less waiting time, and the businesses will be better utilizing their resources and become more efficient. They will also be using less power, which will save them money in the long run, as well as being delightfully “green”...\n\nVocabulary OLTP : On Line Transaction Processing, apparently used in a generic sense in this article. This was the one \"word\" in this article that I had to look up, as most of the other words more common than the last few articles I read.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article.\n\n\n\nThis article is about ICMP. I know that we learned about this protocol in class this week, but I didn't really feel that I had a solid understanding of the subject, so I decided to look up what information I could on Wikipedia (which I recently discovered we were allowed to use as a source for these readings from one of the TA's). I also thought that It would be a good use of time to read more about what we are studying right now, rather than reading ahead and learning something that we are going to be studying next week.\n\n\n\nI think one of the things that I learned (or re-learned) was that the ICMP protocol is at the layer before TCP and UDP (which I am slightly more familiar with, so it was a good connection to make). I also have a much more clear understanding of the Time to Live of each of the IP datagrams. It makes perfect sense why this must be here, otherwise if the recipient could not be found, then the datagram would continue to travel throughout the network, taking up valuable bandwidth.\n\n\n\nAnother thing that I didn't realize (and perhaps the biggest thing that I was confused about) was when ICMP was being used. Wikipedia states that it is primarily used by operating systems to talk to each other about things that are going on in the network (“destination host unreachable”, etc). The article talks about how Ping is one of the few user applications that actually uses ICMP, which would explain why we used Ping so much in our last lab (I have use Ping a lot at work, but never really thought much about how it works, but now that I know what it is primarily used for, it makes much more sense to me).\n\n\n\nThe last thing that I noticed that I think was really important, was that the ICMP doesn't guarantee perfect delivery. I find this really interesting, and will likely study more into this topic next week. The fact that so many things that we use in networking, are not guaranteed to be perfect communication. This would immediately make me wary of doing things like online banking, but I know that there are ways to make the connections reliable, I just don't know them yet.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact that ICMP has on networking is mostly that it is one of the lower layer protocols that allows computers to talk to each other. It is completely transparent to the user when it is working correctly, but completely shuts things down when it is not working. ICMP is used to troubleshoot networks. If we couldn't do this, the internet traffic would grind to a halt pretty fast.\n\nVocabulary TTL : Time to Live. The time that an IP datagram can exist on a network before it is thrown out. This is to prevent datagrams endless looping and taking all of the bandwidth.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article\n\nThis article is on Port Address Translation. I decided that I would read about that a bit this week because it was something that piqued my interest during the class discussion last class period. Professor Lindstrom brought up the topic after discussing NAT, but didn't really delve into the topic and leaving the discussion of it for next week. However, the reading for last week had a basic overview of PAT within it (the cisco whitepapers). I got some of the information that I wanted there, but not everything, which is why it is the topic I chose to read more about this week. I wanted to see if I understood it as well as I thought that I did. Here is what I found out.\n\n\n\nPort Address Translation is actually quite simple. It is essentially using NAT, but it works not with IP addresses, but with a single IP address and different ports. What this means is that a whole network can be communicating with the outside world with a single IP address (Which consequently means that to the outside world it looks as if all network traffic coming from the PAT device is also coming from a single host device).\n\n\n\nPAT changes both the host IP and port number on the fly to make everything work, and it does it in such a way that it is transparent to the end host, and to the destination as well. It also does this in such a way that it will only translate IP addresses and port numbers of the internal hosts, hiding the true endpoint of an internal host on a private network. This is something that in general is good, as it is another way for the users privacy to be maintained.\n\n\n\nOne of the main advantages that PAT has is that it allows multiple computers to share a single IP address. In a time that we are so restricted in the number of IP addresses that are available, this is wonderful. Another advantage is that computers that don't need inbound IP addresses don't consume them.\n\n\n\nThe main downside is that this is not very scalable. This works well, but some applications use more than just a single port, and in a large scale environment this doesn't work well as there are only so many ports available. Another big downside is that the firewall will need to be configured differently than with normal NAT. The bigg3est problems come from when external things need a connection to a specific computer need to use NAT traversal techniques to function correctly.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact that this has on the industry is huge. The fact that this saves IP addresses in and of itself is huge. This allowed IPv4 to last much longer that it initially could have. However, this could be considered to be one the main downsides to this technology, it was used as a stopgap to delay the inevitable, rather than just doing what needed to be done (IPv4 to Ipv6).\n\nVocabulary NAT traversal : General term for a technique that establishes and maintains TCP/IP network or UDP connections traversing NAT gateways. Its need to to make client – to client network applications function correctly behind PAT\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article is the one that was assigned.\n\nThe article was about what implications having the world run out of IPv4 addresses will have on the world. The last IPv4 addresses were just recently sold, but they are guessing that it will still be some time before we are completely \"out\" of addresses. In fact, they are under the impression that only 14% of all the assigned IP addresses are being used at any given time.\n\nThe conclusion of the article is that in general, most people will be unaffected by the future change, and that it will likely be some time before people reluctantly switch to IPv6 (it is costly, and doesn't improve performance or reliability at all). The \"people\" that are really going to be affected are those that have large amounts of growth needed in the future. The biggest category of users here are the ISPs. They will be the first to feel the pain.\n\nOne thing that I thought was very interesting, was that the IANA can request that unused IP address be returned for reassignment, that the people don't actually have to listen to them, and can instead sell them. I thought that was very intriguing.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article isn't so much about having impact, because it is ABOUT impact.\n\nThe impact of IPv4 addresses running out is that when they run out... people buying new devices would not be able to connect to the internet. As the number of internet devices is continuously expanding, this would effectively kill all growth.\n\nIPv6 isn't \"fun\" to switch to as it doesn't technically do anything different for people. The only thing that it does for them is cost them money, but it also lets them have the ability to connect to the internet, which over time as it becomes more costly to continue trying to use IPv4 addresses, people will eventually switch.\n\nVocabulary IANA : Internet Assigned Numbering Athority\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article.\n\n\n\nThis article is about DNS. The reason that I decided to read and write about DNS, was that I had some questions about it that were raised when I took the test.\n\nThe main thing that I was hopping to resolve through this reading was about how long the DNS results stayed in the cache. When it came down to it, I was unsure of what exactly happened with how this worked for DNS. I was getting DNS and DHCP confused in my head, so this was a good read to help solidify what differentiates these two protocols.\n\nAs it turns out, I did describe the question on the test correctly, but I was unsure, so I had to come back and check that for the reading.\n\nTo summarize though:\n\nDNS stands for Domain Name System, and it is the method that computers use to change FQDN's to IP addresses so that they can actually go to the website that was requested. DNS is a Client-Server hierarchical distributed database. This means that no single server is responsible for knowing all of the IP addresses of all FQDN's, but that the name server that is over each zone is responsible for all of the FQDN's that are within it. This structure makes this really stable and secure, as no single server is responsible for everything.\n\nWhen a computer doesn't know what the IP address is for a FQDN they will send a query to the DNS server. That server will then go and ask a whole bunch of other servers (usually starting at the root unless it is cached) and then report back with the IP address. The host computer then caches the results of that query, and can then go to the website that it was originally looking for.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDNS has made a huge difference. It has made it so the internet could actually expand and become usable for normal consumers (aka, the non-nerds that couldn't be bothered with remembering numbers for all of the websites that they wish to go to). The distributed nature of this means that no single server will ever get overwhelmed with requests, and that the internet will remain stable in that respect.\n\nThis has made it so the internet could be what it is today.\n\nVocabulary Athoratative Name Server : The server that is responsible for responding to the requests for the IP associated with the FQDNs in their assigned zone.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI'm doing this early, because I forgot last weeks article because of the killer programming assignment :(. Is there any way to get points back for these?\n\nThe article:\n\n\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd548340(WS.10).aspx\n\n\n\nThis article is about some of the new Active Directory Group Policy settings that are available to use on windows 7 machines. The specific policy settings that I am looking at, is called “Applocker”. Applocker is a very interesting way to do software restriction policies. Software restriction policies existed previously for Windows XP and Vista, but they functioned in a more limited scope.\n\n\n\nAppLocker lets the system administrator explicitly allow or deny software to run on a computer based on a myriad of things. Whereas the old software restriction policies were based on almost entirely on file hashes, Applocker lets you restrict or allow software on the file name, the hash, the location, the publisher and pretty much anything else that you could think of.\n\n\n\nThis Policy is based on setting up rules (much like a firewall), so within the policy itself you can give different software access to different groups of users. For instance, you could limit students to only running Microsoft Office and using Firefox, while full time employees would be able to use any software that is installed on their computer.\n\n\n\nUnfortunately Applocker is only available for Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise, so this won't work for me at home, but I can use it at work to keep the students from playing Solitare and installing Google Chrome.\n\n\n\nThe other thing that AppLocker introduces, is the ability to allow software to be installed based on if it is an update to an already installed program. With the old software restriction policy, you would have to go and add the new hash to allow the program to run. With Applocker, you can allow things like FireFox 3.6.*, so any update after that will be allowed to run, as long as the publisher also matches and says that it is from Mozilla. This significantly reduces the maintenance for the policy.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis little addition to the Group Policy Management software for Windows 7 provides a nice solid reason for IT professionals to upgrade to Windows 7 for the increased granularity of control and reduced maintenance time for these new policies.\n\n\n\nThis makes Windows 7 even more viable for corporate usage, which is good considering the security improvements that Windows 7 brings to the table.\n\nVocabulary Hash : A file hash is a mathematical representation of whether or not a file is the same as another file. Each hash is unique for each certain file, so it is a way to determine if a file is the same file that was originally installed or transmitted.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe Article: \n\n\n\nThis article was about IIS. I figured that since I had installed IIS for the labs, that I would actually read a bit more about it, to see what there was to learn.\n\n\n\nWhat I noticed immediately from the article that IIS is not the predominating web server that is on the market (roughly 22% of websites are IIS, while 16% of the biggest websites on the internet use it as well).\n\n\n\nOther interesting things to note from this article, is that IIS has been made remarkably more secure over time, and it goes through and mentions the things that are changed with each release, and the security features that were implemented. Specifically, they attack profile was made smaller with each release. I though that was very interesting.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nBecause the article is informational and talking about an already well known product, and it is not so much presenting anything new to the target audience. The \"Impact\" of the article is lessened.\n\n\n\nHowever, because whoever reads this is enlightened considerably, I would say that it is impacting random people on the internet in a very important way. They have knowledge.\n\n\n\nVocabulary ISAPI : Internet Server Application Programming Interface\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article:\n\nThis article is about the SAN's. A San is a \"Storage Area Network\", and is basically its own network that is made up of entirely storage devices. THe cool thing about SANS is that the storage appears to be a local drive for the computer that is using it as storage. This is actually one of the main things that differentiates SAN's from NAS's. A NAS is easily identified as remote storage, and it is listed as such in the operating system.\n\n\n\n\n\nSANs are also different that NAS's in the fact that they can be located far away from each other, and can communicate over other forms of Data communication. This means that you can actually have drives located in different locations that are actually in the same volume.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe main benefits of this are pretty simple actually. Because they appear to be local storage, but are not, this means that you can move servers around without having to worry about storage, and can also move failing/faulty servers over to new hardware by simply moving around these logical drives. THis is great for IT people.\n\n\n\nAlso, because the drives are often connected over Fiber, this means that they are very fast, which can be great for certain markets and user bases (particularly things that need lots of data bandwidth, like video editing firms and things like that).\n\n\n\nBasically SANS make things much easier for IT professionals, and therefore make them much more cost effective. That is a good thing.\n\n\n\nVocabulary LUN : Logical Unit Number\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1364,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article Virtualization Technology Moves Forward As New Year Begins  Amy Newman talks about how virtualization and cloud computing impacted the computer world all throughout 2010.  Even when the nation was struggling these technological ventures were able to increase their stock \n\nIn a survey of 200 IT managers of large and midsize companies, 90 percent of companies were considering or implementing at least one form of client virtualization, and 91 percent of these within the next 12 to 24 months.  \n\nMany of the companies who have already started using client virtualization have underestimated the complexity of implementing such a system.  \n\nImpact\n\nMany companies already are or will be implementing client virtualization in near feature. It is in the early stages and more effort should be taken to understand what complications could occur during implementation. \n\nVocabulary Client Virtualization : Saves all of the user's programs, applications, processes, and data centrally,this allows users to access their desktops on any capable device, such as a traditional personal computer, notebook computer, smartphone, or thin client.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: TCP/IP Tutorial     Source: http://w3schools.com/tcpip/tcpip_protocols.asp \n\nTCP/IP are the protocols used to communicate data across the internet.  Both serve their own unique purpose. For example, Transmission Control Protocol enables applications to communicate with each other such as Mail and iCal. Internet Protocol enables computers to communicate with each other. \n\n  It is TCP's job to break the data down into packets which IP will then route to the corresponding computer and then TCP will reassemble these packets on the recipients computer. \n\nOne of the main functions of TCP/IP is sending emails.  These protocols use many other protocols to accomplish this feat, such as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access Control), and MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions).  With the the help of these other protocols TCP/IP is able to do many of the things that we have become accustomed to such as sending/receiving pictures and videos, transferring files, and even Facebook.\n\nImpact\n\nThis tutorial was very helpful to my understanding of how TCP/IP works.  In my job I have to support many of the functions of outlook. This tutorial really helped my connect the dots on what is going on behind the scenes. \n\n\n\n\n\n  \n\nVocabulary MIME : Stands for Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions. Enables emails to contain more content, such as pictures and videos. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nInternet Protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nInternet Protocol is the primary protocol used for transferring data packets across the internet. It collects information from the source and has the responsibility of sending the datagram to the intended recipient.  There are two versions of IP, the first and most dominant is IPv4. IPv6 is its successor and is rapidly gaining more and more use. \n\n\n\n\n\nBecause of the way that Internet Protocol is designed, it can only offer a best-effort delivery. It makes no guarantee of delivery.  To help with this, IPv4 offers a checksum to ensure that the ip headers are error free at the routing nodes. However, IPv6 has abandoned this practice for the benefit of rapid forwarding between routing nodes. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nInternet Protocol is widely used and understanding it and how it works is extremely important in todays world. This article helped me to understand the basics of Internet Protocol. It was confusing at times if I didn't follow the links to understand the other words they used to describe Internet Protocol. But that is to be expected, because there are so many aspects that go into making IP work. \n\nVocabulary datagram : A basic transfer unit consists of header and data areas, where the header contains information sufficient for routing from the originating equipment to the destination without relying on prior exchanges between the equipment and the network. The source and destination addresses as well as a type field are found in the header of a datagram.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: Network Address Translation     Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation\n\n\n\n\n\nThrough Network Address translation you can use one IP address for many different devices.  This is done by separating private and public networks.  For example, NAT would map all of the private IP addresses on a home(private) network to a single IP address. This IP address is what would be used by the internet, or public network. \n\n\n\n\n\nThere are two levels of NAT: basic NAT and PAT. Basic NAT deals with only IP address translation, while PAT(also called NAPT) deals with both IP address translation and port address translation. The part of NAT that deals with translating the source part of the part is referred to as SNAT, and as if you couldn't guess the destination part of NAT is called DNAT. \n\n\n\n\n\nNAT works through snooping both incoming and outgoing datagrams. It is usually found on network devices, such as routers, but can also be used on servers and other devices to support the firewall on that device. \n\nImpact\n\nNAT is a very import part of networking, and this article taught me a lot about how it works and what it is doing. \n\nVocabulary snooping : the logic used to resolve the problem of cache consistency. Snooping logic in the processor broadcasts a message over the bus each time a word in its cache has been modified. The snooping logic also snoops on the bus looking for such messages from other processors.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: \"Top ten Smartphone Security Tips\"\n\nSource: http://www.cioupdate.com/trends/article.php/3924241/Top-10-Smartphone-Security-Tips.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article they highlight the top ten smartphone security tips for the common smartphone user.  They make a few good points.  They say that most smartphone users assume that their smartphone is more secure than their pc.  This is a common misconception.  Wherever data is accessed, there are criminals out their waiting to get a hold of it. \n\n\n\n\n\nSome of the tips they give include being weary of using public wifi hotspots such as coffee shops and airports.  These areas tend to be the source of many malware and hackers. They also suggest using virus protection on the phone and encrypting the data.  One of the simplest things you can do is to put a passcode on the phone to ward of unwanted users of the phone. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nBy reading this article my eyes were opened to the dangers that lurk out there for mobile phone users.  I am definitely going to implement some of these tips, since I do use a banking app and other confidential information is on my phone.\n\nVocabulary isaca : stands for the Information Systems Audit and Control Association. They are a worldwide association of IS professionals dedicated to the audit, control, and security of information systems.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle: The 25 Most Common Mistakes in Email Security\n\nSource: http://www.itsecurity.com/features/25-common-email-security-mistakes-022807/\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article steps through the 25 most common mistakes users make when interacting with emails.  They say that one of the most common mistakes that email users make is by thinking of an email account like an address, and they only have one.  Instead, they suggest to think of email accounts like keys and to keep at least three different accounts. Each account fulfills a different purpose: 1 for business, 1 for personal contacts, and 1 as a catch all for subscriptions and other hazardous activities.\n\n\n\n\n\nThey also offered advice on maintaining strong passwords, using spam filtering, encrypting sensitive emails, and using digital signatures.  \n\nImpact\n\nNine out of every ten viruses that infect a computer reach it through an email attachment. Also, there are numerous phishing attempts on companies everyday.  If there is sensitive data, there is somebody out there trying to get their hands on it.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThis article taught me about the basic of maintaining email security. And as an Information Systems professional that knowledge is crucial to teach to those who we manage.\n\n\n\nVocabulary zombie : A computer infected with a Backdoor Trojan that listens for remote commands and carries out remotely controlled actions.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nTitle: Client Server Model\n\nSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server\n\n\n\n\n\nThe client-server model is an application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between servers.  The server shares it's data with all of the clients when requested, but the clients typically do not share resources with the server.  Usually the server and client will be on separate hardware devices, but it is possible for them to reside on the same device.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany functions such as email, web access, and database access are built upon the client-server model. It has become one of the main components of network computing.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe client-server model has many advantages and disadvantages.  By using this structure, data is usually more secure since servers have better security than individual client machines. Changes to data can be seen quicker, since everybody is accessing the data from the same place. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nBy reading this article I learned more about how the client-server model works, and also a summary of the benefits and disadvantages of using this model compared to a p2p model.\n\nVocabulary partition : Divide into parts, pieces, or segments.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network1.htm\n\n\"How Wifi Works\"\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article it talks about how wireless works to transmit data.  It uses radio waves in a similar fashion to walkie-talkies and cell phones.  It converts the 0's and 1's into radio waves, and the other way around as well.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThere are several different wifi standards.  802.11a,b,g, and n.  b became really populare for a while because of it's relatively low cost, however as the other standards costs have come down, b is losing popularity since it is the slowest of all the standards.  The faster standards use OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing). This coding technique splits the radio waves into several subunits before sending them in order to reduce interference.\n\nImpact\n\nIn todays world hot spots are popping up all over the world.  It is become more and more important to understand how wifi works and how to use it optimally.  This article was simple and effect in teaching me about how wifi works and which standards are best to use. \n\nVocabulary orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing : a more efficient coding technique that splits that radio signal into several sub-signals before they reach a receiver. This greatly reduces interference.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1350,"Article Summary\n\nThe cell networks claiming 4G is a fraud. They claim 4G, but it's not the technology that is actually known as 4G. True 4G can do 100 mbps in high speed and gigabit at a standstill. It's really 3.1G. Sad, just like the marketing term \"routers.\"\n\nImpact\n\nReveals the true fraud of marketing. Everyone doing all they can to get \"ahead\" when they're nowhere near where they claim to be. The article helps me to think a little more deeply before I believe the fancy marketing slants that companies take.\n\nVocabulary 4G : Data communicate for wireless used in cell phones. True 4G is capable of 100mbps in motion, and 1 gbps at standstill.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nLight Peak interconnect technology, designed to link PCs to devices like displays and external storage, is ready for implementation. It was announced in 2009 and originally designed for fiber options. Although the capability still exists, they are utilizing copper in the beginning to get it on shelves. It is akin in some ways to USB3, but can have more throughput if you use fiber. They expect Light Peak to be used in conjunction with USB3, but not to replace it. \n\nImpact\n\nSimply put, Light Peak will not replace USB3. Firewire has been a popular medium for higher end networks since USB came out. I imagine Light Peak will be similar. Still, I don't see much use for it on the consumer end. It will be better served in data centers, as those are migrating more to an optic network anyway, with Sans and such.\n\nVocabulary Light Peak : Light Peak, announced in 2009, was originally designed to use fiber optics to transmit data among systems and devices, but the initial builds will be based on copper\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/3911731/Juniper-Expands-IPv6-Migration-Options.htm\n\nJuniper Networks announces added support to their JUNOS network operating system with what is called DS-Lite. DS-Lite assists service providers to support IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously. With the exhaustion of the IPv4 IP's, there is an ever growing need for IPv6 support. To quote the article, \" The DS-Lite approach joins the list of IPv6 migration options available including Carrier Grade NAT (CGNAT), 6rd (IPv6 Rapid Deployment) and traditional Dual-Stack approaches.\" So many service providers are caught in the middle and there is only a limited amount of content that is yet IPv6 enabled. The article outlines the way in which DS-Lite sends the traffic within the network and on the equipment developed by Juniper Networks. The article outlines that education about IPv6 is no longer the issue. Essentially companies are in the testing phases.\n\n\n\n\n\nA final quote: \"It's incumbent upon us to make this transition as painless as possible,\" DiMicelli said.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nOutlines the real need for corporations to start thinking and testing IPv6. Thought it's not an issue with all markets, this is especially important for the Federal and Defense space which have requirements to migrate to this new protocol. It gave me insight of a new method being used that we will be potentially integrating with in the future. I am sure I personally will deal with Dual Stack functions in the future. It didn't direct me to understand IPv4 or IPv6 any better than I currently do, but it did give me an insight to what is in development to resolve the issue as we migrate to a new standard.\n\nVocabulary DS-Lite : DS-Lite (Dual Stack Light) allows service providers to begin to adopt IPv6 while still elegantly connecting hosts to IPv4 content that exists on the Internet\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch\n\nI wanted to learn more specifics about the Network switch. I learned the first ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1990. I also learned there are layer specific switches, as well as switches that can act on many layers, known as multi-layer switches. Switches do what is called Microsegmentation, so you don't have to use half-duplex on your network like what you would have to do with a hub. Switches are also used to connect different types of networks. There is also a technology called power over Ethernet where attached devices don't need a power supply.  Switches are divided into the managed and unmanaged classification. Unmanaged are essentially plug and play and are often cheaper. Managed switches give you a lot more control and additional tools.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI have a much better understanding of switches. I often have struggled with the difference between hubs and switches, but now I understand. I find it useful that a \"network switch\" spans all the layers of connectivity and account for a lot of the interaction between different types of networks. I would like to work more with switch rather than use that which marketing refers to as a \"router.\"\n\nVocabulary Microsegmentation : The segmentation of a collision domain into as many segments as there are circuits, minus one (#segments = #circuits - 1). This microsegmentation performed by the switch cuts the collision domain down so that only two nodes coexist within each collision domain. This way, collisions are decreased and only the two NICs which are directly connected via a point-to-point [disambiguation needed]link are contending for the medium.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380870,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nThunderbolt has speeds of up to 10Gbps with dual-channels for send and receive. It's copper based, but it has greater possibilities of scaling, potentially 100 Gbps. No breach of protocol, as in many devices can use the port and function today. Longer cables with this technology. There are few devices, but there will be a lot more soon. Thunderbolt first was released on the new MacBook Pro's. While this is a higher-end user port it may creep into all aspects of computing as the world progresses.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nHas the potential to be the next USB, which would affect all peripherals for our computing world. It may be the next step forward. This article simply gave me a reason to be excited about Thunderbolt.\n\nVocabulary Thunderbolt : Has the potential to be the next USB, which would affect all peripherals for our computing world. It may be the next step forward. This article simply gave me a reason to be excited about Thunderbolt.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=32597\n\n\n\n\n\nA new fiber optic pipe with capacity of 3.84 terabits a second is now ready in certain segments. It is being recognized as one of the most advanced submarine cable systems in the world. Verizon plans to extend it's global mesh architecture to this cable. Essentially this is a big step in connectivity between these contras. There is now 9,320 miles connected via this system and others provided by the EIG.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis means faster internet between Europe and Israel and the adjacent countries. Could also mean better connectivity of those countries to the world.\n\nVocabulary EIG Consortium (Europe India Gateway) : A group of companies that manages the gateways between Europe and India. These companies include: AT&T; Bharti airtel; BT; Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.; Cable&Wireless Worldwide; Djibouti Telecom; du; Gibtelecom; Libyan Post, Telecom and Information Technology Company; MTN Group; Omantel; PT Comunicacoes, S.A.; Saudi Telecom Company; Telecom Egypt; Telkom SA Ltd; and Verizon.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/ipv6-and-dns-on-the-interopnet.php\n\nInterop, a convention, is building a production network for attendees and exhibitors as well as providing an infrastructure to demo new technologies. The big question is how to support IPv6 at the show, as well as IPv4 or dual-stack configurations. They are also working on IPv6 over wireless as well. They are also going to use DYN DNS to split the DNS services between hidden masters on the show floor and Dyn's DNS service. Cisco's Network Registrar will be integrated in order to update DNS for host registrations. Essentially they're doing a lot to demo the modern technologies of today at this show.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is one of the first real technology events that aims to fully support IPv6. Depending on the success will greatly influence other events. Either way it will be interesting to see user response to the technologies presented.\n\nVocabulary dual-stack configuration : The ability to run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously on a single host.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/entdev/article.php/11070_3925646_2/VMware-vs-Microsoft-Virtualization-Is-Hyper-V-Good-Enough.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article outlines the offering of Microsoft Virtualization (Hyper-V) and compares it to VMware's vSphere technology. Essentially vSphere is the big boy in virtualization and has the largest share in this area. However, Citrix (Xen Server) and Microsoft (Hyper-V) are close behind. This article mainly deals with Hyper-V.\n\n\n\n\n\nCost - Today Hyper-V Server 2008 (R2) is free to download. If a user has a Windows Server 2008, Hyper-V is a bundled product. The competition however, VMware and Citrix do not offer a free-version that is not limited. Though the costs of Windows Server 2008 are high, they are less on the high end than the top tier Hyper-V. Microsoft is trying to attract clients via a price position.\n\n\n\n\n\nFeatures - Both products offer similar features, yet vSphere has a longer track record. Microsoft is on R2 and vSphere is on 4.1 with a release coming later this year. They may have different names, but the result is the same.\n\n\n\n\n\nSupport - Hyper-V has a competitive advantage in the way of hardware comparability. Due to the use of the Windows Server 2008 architecture, all of the hardware compability baked into Windows works with Hyper-V. Contrast this with vSphere which is quite restrictive.\n\n\n\n\n\nManagement - vSphere is based on Linux and Hyper-V is based on windows. The article is pro windows, but really this is a preference.\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrently Hyper-V is new and leverages Windows. Microsoft can offer it for \"free\" because this is not their primary business. The author does point out that this offering could disappear any day.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt shows that Microsoft desires to get into the world of Virtualization. Obviously VMware is doing quite well in this arena which weakens the Windows Server offering. I personally would still not got the Hyper-V direction due to the lack of a track record and the fear of eventual costs. Virtualization is hot, and is the new way to compute.\n\nVocabulary Hyper-V : Microsoft's virtualization service offered through Windows Server 2008 in response to VMware's vSphere.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2011/02/solving_scale_o.html;jsessionid=HHR4S5HZQHKZXQE1GHOSKHWATMY32JVN\n\nA big problem with scale out storage is although there is no limit to the capacity of storage, oft times the power needs and consumption are not taken into account which increases the overall cost with the scale. This is a big problem. Also as the cluster grow the processing usage is reduced overall which means a lot of resources are just being wasted in the form of processing power. There are a myriad of things companies can do to reduce this loss. For one use of lighter processors (such as the atom chip) use less power, as well as less heat reducing the need for high forms of climate control. The trade-off for this is of course performance, but this may be adequate for many storage based services like box.net and others. Virtualization of the individual cores can increase the overall efficiency by making one quad core system work as four nodes. Virtualization overall can aid in this process as well. Lastly you can force the individual nodes to take more processing limits and push them harder. \n\nImpact\n\nFor me personally this helps me to plan for my current project at my day job. I am looking for a way to scale out a database of billions of records while not breaking the bank on my virtual server costs. The biggest costs in servers are memory, but I will be doing a lot of hard-drive grid based servers as well. With things like this in mind I can plan for when we get off a virtualized host and buy our own hardware. If we can see the type of server load we experienced and plan accordingly we can avoid many pitfalls and hopefully reduce our cost as we scale out our storage. I found this article extremely interesting.\n\nVocabulary Scale out storage : Model of storage when performance and capacity scale in unison as a new node in a storage cluster is added.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1270,"Article Summary\n\nAn article from computerworld.com tells about how oracle was given a lawsuit for stealing corporate secrets. The Texas based company, 2FA, is accusing oracle for stealing software components that are used in their products which would give millions of dollars in royalties to 2FA. \n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9204021/Oracle_slapped_with_lawsuit_over_alleged_IP_theft_by_subsidiary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis news article could impact the way oracle has to develop their computer software. If the case is in favor of 2FA then oracle will have to pay a lot of money and will have to re engineer their software to be in accordance with the agreements with 2FA. \n\n\n\nVocabulary litany : a tedious recital or repetitive series\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAn article explains about how we are very close to running out of IPv4 address spaces. This is a problem because without any more addresses left to allocate to people, there will be loss of internet service to consumers. Some companies are already working to get their addresses switched over to IPv6 so that they won't be interrupted when those addresses run out. But the majority of companies haven't started to overhaul because of either lack of knowledge or insufficient funds. \n\n\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/crossing-great-divide-migrating-ipv6\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article should have a huge impact on all companies that aren't already preparing for the end of the IPv4 addresses. Businesses won't be able to continue adding services to their networks and this will cause them to get behind in their industry. The article says that these addresses are to run out this month which should even be a more urgent and pressing matter to fix. \n\n\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. It is to replace the IPv4 protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article talks about how Egypt has taken their networks off the internet in just a matter of minutes. The cause of this is because the government ordered the main IPSs to change settings on their routers that would disable the BGP routing announcement which tell the outside world the IP address of the interface on the inside. The reasoning could be behind the government trying to suppress the demonstrations and protesters that have gathered throughout Egypt.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207040/How_Egypt_pulled_its_Internet_plug?taxonomyId=167&pageNumber=2\n\nImpact\n\nThis impacts the world when an entire country goes off the internet. Communications in and out of Egypt are halted and this could affect other systems dependent on Egypt's systems. This is also a good example for other countries not to follow. This should show the US or any other country that it would be a bad idea to kill the internet for the entire country. This will affect all aspects of the economy in Egypt. \n\n\n\nVocabulary border gateway protocol : A protocol backing the core routing decisions on the Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article tells about how to setup a VPN network. This is very useful for many reasons. This article mostly focuses on computer security while using public hotspots. The problem with using a public hotspot is that most traffic is unencrypted and it can be sniffed by others on the same hotspot. What a VPN connection does is it tunnels the information through an encrypted connection to a server and that is passed through the public network. \n\n\n\nOpenVPN, WiTopia, HotSpotVPN, and StrongVPN are the methods that are talked about in the article. These are software packages that can easily be installed on a computer to setup the VPN server. These cost money though so there are other alternatives by creating one manually but this requires more effort. The StrongVPN is rated the best package out of all of them but it depends on what your needed features are to decide which is best for you.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9205401/3_personal_VPNs_offer_safer_Wi_Fi\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was a tutorial of how to setup a VPN network. I haven't known how to do this and have always wanted to know how to setup one in my personal network. This article is especially helpful because it also compares multiple methods to setup different types of networks. I on the other hand don't wish to pay money to set one up and I also like to have more control of how my network operates so this has taught me that it is better to create my own.\n\n\n\nVocabulary PPTP : The Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a method for implementing virtual private networks. PPTP uses a control channel over TCP and a GRE tunnel operating to encapsulate PPP packets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAs reported by government data and surveys, IT professionals are not more likely to get hired for jobs. A lot of spending in the economy is moving towards increased hardware and software to build the cloud on the internet. Businesses are still trying to recover losses from the recession and reports say that cloud computing is growing and will help recover these costs. This year, hiring will only grow by 2% at larger organizations. \n\n\n\nThe good news is that there aren't likely to be many reductions in IT positions. The United States outsources a lot of work to India but this causes problems when organizations need reliable customer service. Moving this type of work back to America will fix these service issues and will also provide more jobs.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9210140/As_cloud_grows_IT_hiring_flatlines\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis impacts the future of our careers. It will be more difficult to find jobs since there aren't many places that are hiring. This also means that to find positions that are hiring, they will most likely be wanting someone with more expertise and skill than the average IT professional which means that we need to be more educated and ready for a certain jobs requirements. \n\n\n\nVocabulary cloud computing : describes computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nA big topic for the future of tablet computers is how to store data on them. Many people still need to carry their laptops around outside of the home and office just because they want to keep their data centralized. Many people would rather just use their tablets because of their ease to carry. One way that IT professionals want to fix this problem is to have cloud-based storage. This would allow people to work on their tablets and then have the data stored online so that when they return to their computer, it is more readily available to them. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe reason it isn't a standard yet is because of the infrastructure. There isn't enough storage space for all users. But storage space is getting better. There are many services such as Amazon's S3 service, Apple's MobileMe, and Google. If it is to become a standard, most users would most likely need to pay a monthly fee for storage space.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/the-ipad-data-dilemma-where-cloud-storage-can-help-834\n\nImpact\n\nThis would impact all mobile users as it would make all devices more interconnected. This will also cause problems with networks because there will be an even greater need for more address space since there will be so many unique devices on the internet. This will also allow IT professionals to have more work since there will always need to be someone to expand enterprise infrastructure.\n\nVocabulary quota : A proportional share, as of goods, assigned to a group or to each member of a group; an allotment.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article talks about the advantages and disadvantages of legalizing cell phone jamming in the United States. There is a law that strictly forbids the use of cell phone jamming. This is a problem since there are so many cell phones that are used to perform illegal activities. In prisons, inmates are caught with cell phones all the time. These inmates are then able to continue their illegal activities such as ordering hits on people. By disabling cell phones in prisons, it would decrease the impact of crime that emanates from them.\n\n\n\nThe controversy arises where the line should be drawn. If the government is able to jam electronic devices, what is to stop them from jamming what the government doesn't want the people to hear. Specific rules would need to be in place to determine when it is legal to jam devices.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213420/Elgan_It_s_time_to_legalize_cell_phone_jammers\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article could impact the whole data communications world. The flow of information to the outside world is a freedom and right that we have in the United States. By allowing the government to limit what can and cannot be transmitted, this could interfere with that right. If it is to be used for good, then this will also allow us as IT professionals to stop violence and use our expertise for good. Not only does it provide more work available for those looking, it would be a good deed for whoever wants to stop crime.\n\n\n\nVocabulary jam : To interfere with or prevent the clear reception of (broadcast signals) by electronic means.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nNASA reports that sheets of ice are melting and raising the water level in the oceans. Over the next 100 years it is expected to change dramatically. Scientists believe that the cause has been because of global warming. Companies such as HP and IBM are teaming together to provide energy management services that will reduce carbon emissions in the environment. \n\n\n\nIT professionals will be consulting with other companies to offer better energy management solutions. These solutions include alternate electrical power services and also to change building infrastructure like changing air control units.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://blogs.computerworld.com/17956/as_oceans_rise_it_vendors_respond\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis will obviously impact the environment for the good if changes are made to improve air quality. IT professionals will need to have more experience and a broader knowledge of building improvement. The jobs are getting more diverse and it is our responsibility to learn as much as we can to do the tasks that employers are wanting of us. It is good that we are at BYU learning these diverse skills so that we will be ready for job opportunities. \n\n\n\nVocabulary data center : a facility equipped with or connected to one or more computers, used for processing or transmitting data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nRSA is a security company that provides encryption technologies for two-factor authentication. They have reported to have had code stolen that may tell users how to calculate the random generating passwords. The company still has high hopes though saying that just having the code isn't enough. A hacker would need to know the random seed and the password that generates the token in order to completely hack the authentication. The company is still investigating how bad the breach of information is. For now, they recommend everyone to have strong passwords and PINs that can't be easily guessed. Since tokens are expensive and most users don't like them, this could make it less likely an option to hassle with for security measures.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis impacts all the current users of RSA technology because it could lead to people not trusting in the security they are using for their systems. Once that happens, the company will go down. There seems to have been a lot of successful attacks against security companies lately. This could mean that we as IT professionals need to implement better security standards and maybe come up with new encryption algorithms, especially with the quicker pace technology is advancing. Security is a big part of the IT industry and with companies losing trust in them, they will turn to other alternatives such as contracted work. This could put IT jobs at risk if security companies lose their businesses. \n\n\n\nVocabulary securID : a proprietary algorithm that is designed to produce random numbers in a pre-determined sequence\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIran has been the source of a major cyber attack against internet security. It is not for sure whether the attack was sanctioned by the state or by individuals but it is most likely the state since it was such a well organized attack. Iran's government has been pushing to get as much private information of its users as possible. Iran tried to authenticate a SSL certificate through Comodo but was not authorized. It only took about 15 minutes for Comodo to detect that it was an illegitimate certificate. The purpose of providing a fake certificate to users means that the security connection between the user and the server is insecure. The attacker would be able to access all the information sent between this connection thus able to spy on all their activity. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215092/In_Iran_new_attack_escalates_ongoing_cyberconflict\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis brings up the importance of security in the web. Cyber attacks will be the most dangerous attack that we could look at in the future. While the motive of the Iranians may have been for good by trying to monitor its users in the country, this could also be a very bad thing if the information they receive is used to cause harm or to steal identities. It is important to have strong security measures on infrastructure so that the negative aspects are avoided. \n\n\n\nVocabulary pfishing : a way of attempting to acquire sensitive information such as usernames, passwords and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nCitibank, JP Morgan, and Kroger have reported to possibly have had a security breach in their email. Email for these companies is managed by a company named Epsilon. Epsilon detected unauthorized access to their email databases and it could possibly be that the information leaked could be used to phish the customers of those companies. So far they haven't detected how much damage has been made. But they do know that only customer names and emails were taken from the database and no other account information. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215443/Update_Bank_customers_warned_after_breach_at_Epsilon_marketing_firm?taxonomyId=17\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a very good example of why normal computer users should be educated in how to recognize and deal with phishing attacks. It would be very easy for the people that have stolen the information to make users believe that the email they are getting is legitimate when it's not. People should know that these companies will never ask for information such as credit card numbers or social security numbers. Even though it may be easier for IT people to catch suspicious emails that are sent to them, we should be teaching others how to detect and not respond to them.\n\n\n\nVocabulary phishing : the practice of using fraudulent e-mails and copies of legitimate websites to extract financial data from computer users for purposes of identity theft \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1266,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nWhat is 4G, And Do I Need It?\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371304,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nI was curious about all this business about 4G wireless technology. 4G is the term for the next generation of phone-internet-connection technology. It turns out that there is no real definition of what technologies exist in the spectrum of 4G because there has been no consensus on what this is. In reality the ITU recently \"formally defined 4G to exclude every existing technology that anyone is claiming to be 4G.\" The 4G term is currently a marketing ploy to attract customers to the newer technologies coming out based on mobile-internet technology.\n\n\n\n\n\nJust because it does not have a technical definition does not mean the industry is not trying to define it. The author, Sascha Segan, explains what he believes the definition is and this synopsis will explain a few of those ideas. This new technology consists of mobile connection speeds of 5Mbits/s or more. This new technology is fast enough that it is not only acceptable for mobile technology, but also for wireless technologies like home wireless broadband. These technologies with these speeds are continuing to increase throughout the United States.\n\nImpact\n\n4G technology is important to understand considering how important mobile technology is as a growing technological industry. This article has shown me how 4G currently is a marketing term rather than a definition but it does give an identity to newer mobile technologies. This helps me to understand what these new technologies are capable of so I can keep my eye out for more information about them.\n\nVocabulary voice-over-IP system : Communication protocols, transmission technologies, and methodologies, that deliver voice communications over an IP network, like the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nServer virtualization has stalled, despite the hype\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/t/server-virtualization/what-you-missed-server-virtualization-has-stalled-despite-the-hype-901\n\n\n\n\n\nVirtualization is a new technology that hit the industry several years ago. Many people have seen the benefits from it and have ulitized it in their businesses or homes. With the emergence of virtualization of course many people have found innovative ways to use it in new ways. It was only a matter of time before people started to use it for server technology as well.\n\n\n\n\n\nBut this technology has slowed. Many companies have tried it in some form or another, but they have not fully utilized it. Although there are many benefits to using virtualizing such as increased server productivity and less use of hardware, only about 30% of the servers out there have been virtualized. The reasons it has not been used as much is because servers are important to business functions and there is some risk in using a new technology such as virtualization. The people who are playing with virtualization technology are not necessarily the same people who handle the servers. That and investment money for these ideas is being less paid for because of the recession.\n\nImpact\n\nThese virtualization programs are the way of the future for several new technologies and definitely have their advantages. Servers will continue, inevitably, to continue to become virtualized as the technology and ideas for virtualization continue to increase. Although it has not taken off yet in the industry, it will continue to expand and companies will find new effective ways to use virtualiztion to their advantages.\n\nVocabulary virtualization : Technology that has traditionally been run on hardware can be transformed into a virtual image and run on an OS as a distinct machine\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.opus1.com/ipv6/whatisipv6.html\n\nWhat is IPv6?\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Internet has been using Internet Protocol (IP) for decades now. It is the main way computers communicate with the Internet and it is not going anywhere. The problem is that the current 32-bit IP addresses are running out. IPv6 has been created to take care of that problem plus many others. The idea is that over time IPv6 will take the place of IPv4 as the main protocol for the Internet and improve it.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis version of IP has been designed for greater features in addresses by making them 128-bit in size, adding so many new addresses for the Internet that there is far less risk of running out any time soon. It also has functions to improve management, performance, and mobile connectivity. If this protocol becomes standard, as it is currently doing, based on its design, it will be easier to modify with new protocols and technology as it enters the market so there is less need for a massive overhaul of IP in the future.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article goes to show that the Internet is a constantly evolving place, especially as more people use it and newer technologies enter the market; after all, they are making IPv6 to solve problems being caused by an old version of technology. It appears that IPv6 is growing as well with technologies being created to interact with it and also IPv4. As it takes its place, the Internet will be improved and newer possibilities for technology will enter the market with the improvements it will bring. The interesting thing is that over time, IPv6 will probably become obsolete like its predecessor in IPv4 and a newer protocol will be created to take its place as well. It seems to be the cycle of things.\n\nVocabulary IETF : The Internet Engineering Task Force - an organization tasked with choosing protocols to be used with the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk648/tk361/technologies_tech_note09186a0080094831.shtml\n\n\n\n\n\nHow NAT Works\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Internet is getting huge and the IP addresses are running out that are needed to access the Internet. NAT was created to allow IP addresses to be used more efficiently. It allows for something that accesses the Internet, like a router, to have only one IP address to access to the Internet and the LAN can use othe IP addresses to connect amongst each other.\n\n\n\n\n\nNAT takes IP addresses and converts them to other addresses on the network and helps coordinate things better. \n\nImpact\n\nNAT has provided a soltution to the problem of not having enough IP addresses. It uses technology efficiently and allows more access to the Internet for everyone. This is great how technology has so many solutions for everyone.\n\nVocabulary NAT : Network Address Translation - this is what the article was about and it translates IP addresses to NAT addresses to control connections.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://features.techworld.com/security/196/the-future-of-firewalls/\n\n\n\n\n\nThe future of firewalls\n\n\n\n\n\nFirewalls are nifty devices that provide security for networking systems. The problem is that these days, bandwidth is massive at very impressive speeds but firewalls cannot process the information fast enough to provide the max potential of that connection. It doesn't help that as firewalls have advanced, they have provided a lot of security but that added security has added a lot more processes that needs to be done to data, thus making it arrive even slower.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe idea in this article is to introduce an \"edge network\" that has maybe a master control that knows where to send the data coming in for processing. Instead of receiving the information and then transmitting it, it would know how to quickly break up incoming information based on what it is and send it to another device created just for a desired processes. So then there could be many machines working together to break up tasks that a firewall does now and make the information process a lot faster. The idea follows a grid-computation system where a master controller sends data with code to a computer that can quickly process it.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this idea of an \"edge network\" to make it in to a firewall really would help speed up information between systems and allow information flow to be at even greater levels. With the specialization of tasks, security can be increased as well.\n\nVocabulary Grid Computing community : The idea that many computers work together to do computations on a general sense as one virtual computer network. The idea is that a controller would send data with specific code to a machine to be processed and then return the results and that this could be done on any machine without having to have something on these machines be preinstalled. An entire processing network emerges from this.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Internet has run out of IPv4 addresses! It is all over, the Apocalypse is upon us. Actually we are not in any real danger, but the old ways of doing things on the Internet will soon be changing. The Internet will need to make a transition from IPv4 to IPv6 which is a new technology that runs on 128 bits rather than 32 bits. The move will be difficult because there is very little transition technology between the two versions.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are several ideas to how to get this technology advancing so more businesses will start to use it. Large companies like Google and Facebook have large plans to get IPv6 out there and with large Internet companies like them leading the way, many more people will be ready get over to the new technology. As professionals we should start to learn how to use IPv6 in order to use the new technology.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWith the switch, there will be more ways to get connected to the Internet but the transition between these two protocols will be a headache for many professionals considering there is no easy way to do it. Many companies will invest significant amounts of money to by new hardware that is necessary for IPv6 and many people will have to up there knowledge on this technology.\n\nVocabulary Hexadecimal Notation : A system of 16 distinct symbols place in an order to make a specific compound. The symbols range from 0-9 and A-F. This is how IPv6 addresses are written.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSOAP Tutorial\n\nhttp://www.w3schools.com/soap/default.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nI just had an internship interview where they asked \"Do you know anything about soap?\" The first thing I thought was Duh, I use it all the time. Luckly I quickly realized that tech protocols and what not always have weird abbreviations that sound like normal objects, so of course I asked \"Is it a protocol?\" Not knowing anything about it and soon discovering it is a protocol used to communicate between applications using XML, I decided it would be something good to learn for my article since it is apart of data communications.\n\n\n\n\n\nSOAP is a protocol used to understand XML on the application level. It is designed to send messages over HTTP so it is compatible in all browsers and operating systems that have access to the Internet.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is designed along the same lines as XML but with different tags such as <soap:Fault> or <soap:Envelope> etc. SOAP has a header, body, and fault that contains errors in it. It has the ability to receive and respond in the protocol to get information back and forth between application smoothly and effectively. \n\nImpact\n\nThe biggest impact from SOAP is the ease in transmitting information from one application to another over a network. Because it uses HTTP, it is using a medium of transport that already exists and is already spread out across the world of technology so it is easy to use SOAP and you know it is going to reliably arrive via the medium because so many other things that use HTTP get to their locations as well. SOAP is a great way to get this data across mediums and to get the XML read effectively on the applications.\n\nVocabulary SOAP : Simple Object Access Protocol - a protocol used to transmit and read information through web services.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.ibtimes.com/articles/113291/20110216/watson-jeopardy-robot-eric-nyberg-cmu.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nHow Watson Works\n\n\n\n\n\nRecently, IBM has created Watson, a super fast super computer that was able to beat out two contestants on Jeopardy. This is a huge leap in artificial intelligence technology. He was able to understand a question, process it, and have an answer within a second. Watson is made up of 90 IBM Power 750 servers using 15 terabytes of RAM and 2,880 processor cores. That is a lot of processing needed to answer a question. It can look through 2 million pages in three seconds. This is powerful technology.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe problems it has of course is it takes so much hardware just to be able to get these answers. Also it had difficulties understanding harder problems because they were complex and had less of a pattern to them. It definitely was a powerful demonstration of where technology is going with all this processing power and all those connections that are needed to trade information to make it make decisions like a human can. \n\nImpact\n\nThese improvements in artificial intelligence are making it easier to process information and find answers to complex problems. The article mentioned how Watson can be used in the medical field to help diagnose problems and be used to solve complex environmental issues with computer simulations based on how much information it can contain and process and also the complex determination software it has. Computers are starting to get to the point they won't only process information, but help people determine answers to questions.\n\nVocabulary Open Advancement of Question-Answering Initiative (OAQA) : Protocol and methodology used in software to ask and answer questions with computers. It is hooked to hardware that can process the information needed to answer these questions.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.crn.com/news/security/229219597/tipping-point-security-focus-shifting-from-network-to-endpoint.htm?pgno=1\n\n\n\n\n\nTipping Point: Security Focus Shifting From Network To Endpoint\n\n\n\n\n\nSecurity is a vital part of any business's protection of its network. Now there are many more devices that are outside a companies firewall be it phones, tablets, laptops, etc. These devices hold vital information for the company and they cannot be 100% protected by traditional measures like firewalls or active directory or servers because they are not always connected to it. So more measures are being taken to improve end-point security.\n\n\n\n\n\nMore ways are being developed to attack companies' information through the information on these mobile technologies, that is why security on them is become important. Since the attack is more on information rather than getting through a barrier, the information itself needs to be protected rather than preventing unwanted access. Since this is a new level of technology, this security of end-points isn't the new way of doing security, rather it is a new layer of security that must be dealt with to add to network security on a companies digital infrastructure.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this added level security is a new means of protecting data and is allowing new methods of security to be developed. As new ideas of attacking information is being developed, so are these new ideas of security. Endpoint security must be developed if someone wants to keep their level of security up or else they will become susceptible to new kinds of attacks.\n\nVocabulary End-point security : End-point devices are devices that have access to a network or data outside the main connections of a network and the security of it is vital to keep data safe. The security must be developed in a way that does not have to rely on the network itself for security considering the endpoint device might not always be connected to the network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.com/blog/hinchcliffe/sharepoint-and-enterprise-20-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/280\n\n\n\n\n\nSharePoint and Enterprise 2.0: The Good the Bad and the Ugly\n\n\n\n\n\nWe have been talking a lot about permissions in class recently. I remember using SharePoint back when I was a QA tester and how we tested permissions for SharePoint all the time and it made me realize, SharePoint is great for Data Communications!\n\n\n\n\n\nSharePoint has been growing in the business world with over 55% of the market using it or considering it. Not bad for the business world. SharePoint allows users to not only upload documents and share them with others, but it is also being used as a social media tool for internal affairs in their own networks. One can set up permissions on documents, information trails, etc on SharePoint and allow people access to them or not. \n\n\n\n\n\nSharePoint is changing the way businesses work in an easier to use environment for information sharing and permissions are an essential part of that. SharePoint does  have its issues in that it needs a really stable network to function and it does rely on older technologies, but in big companies, that tends to be what people use and as ISYS professionals, we need to remember I data communication skills to work with SharePoint's permissions.\n\nImpact\n\nSharePoint is becoming a dominate player in the market of business tools. By using it companies can share information easier and more efficiently than ever before. They must have permissions on it to protect vital information for important people and it will continue to become a central part of companies networks as it becomes more and more implemented in the business world.\n\nVocabulary Enterprise 2.0 : The idea behind newer enterprise organization technologies that allow companies to communicate and share information in a more digital age.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.betanews.com/article/Massive-SQL-injection-attack-may-affect-over-a-million-sites/1301688515\n\n\n\n\n\nMassive SQL injection attack may affect over a million sites\n\n\n\n\n\nThere is a a website called LizaMoon that is using a software to create SQL and commit SQL injections into vulnerable websites that lack the security against these attacks. It is infecting databases with a certain malware of some sort that causes all sorts of damages to these websites.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt's incredible to see how many websites are not taking security measures to prevent these injections and it is appearing to be growing as it is used more and more. The website predicts that at LizaMoon's current rate it could infect millions of websites.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact is that SQL injection is growing in prevalence in the market. We need to learn how to prevent these injections to be better professionals and to protect our important corporate data wherever we happen to work.\n\nVocabulary SQL Injection : The art of finding a way to inject your own SQL in to another's database through some sort of input and causing harm or farming data from their database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n10 Tips for Wireless Home Network Security\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelesssecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nWireless networks are neat because you can access the Internet from anywhere like magic! But now that your computer can access the Internet  from anywhere, that also means it is easier to break into from the outside and allow people to take your information because you are connected to the Internet everywhere! That is why security is important. So do stuff to keep it from getting hacked yo!\n\n\n\n\n\nThe tips are pretty simple but are crucial like having a strong password according to random number letter and character standards. Also to assign static addresses to things attached to the network, enable firewalls, designate certain ports, using encryption etc. Using simple tips will prevent most people from accessing a network. These protective technologies already exist in the consumer grade technology it just neesd to be turned on. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere are a lot of people out there just driving around in cars looking for open networks to access and still people's information. Using security measures will prevent them from getting your information. When you use this your information will be protected and it will be that much more difficult to access your important files.\n\nVocabulary Service Set Identifier : This is SSID and is the name of a wireless network and is used to access networks.\n\n "]
["---",1306,"Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,,t=&i=52615,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article is a brief introduction and synopsis of the different layers within a WAN and LAN. To be more precise, this article gives a summary of how each layer handles the data being sent from a sender to its recipient. In layman terms, it breaks down what layers seven through four do in order to allow the message to be sent over a network. Layer four, being the TCP layer, opens up a channel and utilizes layer three, the IP layer, to send that information. Once received by a recipient's network, it discusses the function of layer two and the role of ethernet (ethernet was used as an example, listing off other protocols that could be used). It does not go into detail about the bottom layer.\n\n\n\n\n\nDefining protocols and role summary of each of the layers involved is the purpose of this article, focusing on the main points of each layer. This article seems to clump layers five through seven into the same function set, so it does not go into detail as to what these layers do. However, since the focus was on how data is sent over a network, the idea that each layer is necessary for a successful transfer of information is successfully conveyed without any detail needed on what these layers do. For example, these layers work in a cascading fashion, relying upon the top layers to send information down to their layer before they can perform their function. This sequence of events is what the article focused on the most. Therefore, not every aspect is covered, just those parts that give a basic understanding of data communication.\n\nImpact\n\nBefore this article I was almost entirely ignorant as to how data communications worked. Quite frankly, i had no idea that there were so many layers involved in sending data over a network. Now i understand just how much goes into sending a little bit of information from one computer to another. In addition, I wasn't really sure what role TCP/IP played in this event, and i certainly had no idea that ethernet was more than just a cord i plugged into my computer. I find it very interesting just how ignorant i truly was before this article. \n\n\n\n\n\nProbably the most interesting thing i learned about is the error detection and correction built into TCP, and that UDP is an alternative to TCP. Although not explicitly stated in the article, i can see the advantage of sending something using UDP for the sake of speed over accuracy. This idea makes me think that there is a lot more decision making to be done when developing a system than just the language i want to write- I also need to think about the data protocol too!  \n\nVocabulary User Datagram Protocol : UDP is an alternative to TCP that does not establish a connection, makes no guarantees and provides no flow control or error detection.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9187839/Virtual_machines_need_regular_defragging_researcher_says\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article is about disk fragmentation and how this can be a larger detriment to virtual machines that physical machines. Primarily, the article focused on how the performance of a virtual machine can be, in many ways, harder on a disk than the native OS installed on the machine. This has to do with the fact that virtual machines will require the disk to be read more often as virtualized machines are often replicated on one physical machine. This causes issues with fragmentation.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe study talked about in this article demonstrates how this issue occurs, and stating that the effect is most profound in a non-unix environment as Unix stores information in such a way as the problem is not as serious, though the article does not state why this is the case. On a physical drive hosting multiple vms, the files can become more fragmented beyond just the physical writes on the disk. The virtual machines still store information on virtual disks much like a physical disk stores information. this causes the virtual disks to be fragmented. If the vms are themselves fragemented on the physical drive, then the fragmentation of the vm drive is added to the fragmentation of the physical drive. All this fragmentation kills performance. \n\nImpact\n\nVirtual Machines are interesting to me because I don't really understand how they work. The high level concept of a virtual machine is easy enough to grasp, but the low level machinations are beyond my comprehension. This article helped some in answering some basic questions of how they work, though i admit that i am still fairly ignorant on how virtual machines work. How this helped me was by teaching me that virtual machines run operating systems just like a real machine does in every aspect. It never occurred to me that virtual machines store files on a virtual disk, and this disk may be fragmented, and this fragmentation actually affects the physical writes that occur on the disk.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn addition, this has taught me the need for continual server maintenance if i am to ever run a vm on a server some day. I always thought that a vm would be able to store any files created on a vm as a single file on the physical disk regardless of the fragmentation of the virtual disk (this is what i thought after learning that a vm actually saves files on a virtual disk from this article, so it was a very brief thought). But now i understand virtual machines much better, and i feel like i would be more capable of using them in the future because of this article.\n\nVocabulary defragmentation : a process that reduces the amount of fragmentation in file systems. It does this by physically organizing the contents of the disk to store the pieces of each file close together and contiguously. It also attempts to create larger regions of free space using compaction to impede the return of fragmentation.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source:http://www.eetimes.com/design/embedded-internet-design/4019855/TCP-IP-Embedded-Internet-Applications--The-Network-Layer-Part-2-IPv6-ICMP-and-UDP?pageNumber=0\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is a more technical article describing the IPv6, ICMP, and UDP standards. The discussion focuses on a variety of things, but namely on when and why these standards are implemented, giving the RFCs for further reading on the subject. There is a great amount of talk on implementing ICMP, and it also discusses the reason for UDP and IPv6. The different aspects of the article don't tie into each other, but appear to be part of an ongoing series of articles explaining aspects of networking both upcoming and recent. It gives the advantages and reasons for each standard discusses, perhaps as a guide for potential users of the technologies.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article taught me a great deal of lower level implementation details concerning ICMP. The discussion of IPv6 was not as useful or interesting as the ICMP portion, nor was the UDP all that informative. Though i learned a fair bit in class about how the ICMP is used in networking today, it was very useful to learn some of the lower level ideas behind how this technology works. It helps to explain why ping does not always give the most sure fire answer to computer connectivity on a network. Although the discussion was a bit above my level of understanding, it was very interesting to read.\n\nVocabulary TFTP : Trivial file transfer protocol- a protocol that utilizes UDP. It is a very basic file transfer protocol used to send small data between computers, and to start up computers like routers that do not have storage in them.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talked about what a firewall is, the history behind its origin, and how a firewall may work. Since Firewalls are complex and have developed multiple methods of performing their functionallity, the article is brief and lists many other main articles about the features a firewall may use. These features range from Proxy to NAT.\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional reading into these articles listed in the main firewall article reveals a heavy emphasis on letting only recognized traffic through, and provides protection for the computers behind the firewall.  It makes clear that a firewall is more than a program on a computer, but rather a large, sometimes interconnected piece of hardware and software to monitor and prevent IP datagrams entering a network.\n\nImpact\n\nI did not know much about how a firewall worked before this article. Although we learned a little bit about firewalls in the lab this week, it did not register with me that firewalls also consist of hardware. My only knowledge of firewalls came from the limited interaction i had of turning my pcs firewall on and off. This article helped me understand that firewalls do more than just analyzing datagrams, but also are a means of literally hiding machines from the internet as a whole. This article also helped me understand why firewalls are helpful in preventing ip spoofing.\n\nVocabulary IP Spoofing : The ability to change a sending computer's ip address so as to hide the real machine's location while sending data over the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol#Flow_control\n\n\n\nThis article explains in greater depth the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and focuses on the basic mechanics of how it works. The article gives a brief history of the development of the protocol as a program written by researchers of the IEEE. From there it goes into the purpose of the protocol, how the packets are broken up, mechanisms of the protocol, how it established connection, and details how it is a reliable transport protocol. This discussion of the reliability and connection oriented nature of the protocol makes up the bulk of the article.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nMy understanding of the TCP is greater enhanced by the explanation provided in this article. I learned many things about how TCP establishes a \"session\" between two devices by keeping track of ip address and port numbers. It was interesting to me to learn the ways that TCP could be spoofed primarily by gathering information about the packets being sent. But i think i gained the most knowledge about TCP in how the reliability of packets is ensured, which in turn shed broader understanding as to why TCP is not always the right way to send something over an internet. There is simply too much overhead in a TCP call for some major applications, and too much time is spent verifying transmission or waiting for verification for some applications like Video and VoIP. Because of this article, i understand better how TCP is used in networking.\n\n\n\nVocabulary TCP sequence prediction attack : a hacker hopes to guess the next sequence in a TCP transmission in the attempt to inject their own packets, either to transmit their own data to the receiving computer, to end the transmission, or to disrupt transmission in some other way,\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: Assigned by Professor Lindstrom\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the switch that must occur now between IPv4 and IPv6. A great deal of the article focuses on why this must happen, explaining the costs involved with switching to IPv6 and why we have the problem in the first place. There is mention of the fact that some address spaces may be up for purchase in years to come from companies who had large portions of the ip spectrum allocated to them. But even with this possible market, it is better to just go with IPv6 since eventually everything will have to run on this, and it will be better in the long run to start having everything support this protocol.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI found this article very interesting. Professor Lindstrom has repeatedly told us about the need to switch to IPv6 and that we would run out of addresses in IPv4, but now i understand that the switch is much more involved, costly, and necessary than expected. I was not aware that IPv6 could not communicate with IPv4. This helps me understand why it has taken more than a decade to adopt the protocol.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) : the solution to allocating every minute user with its own IP Address, but rather allowing for ISPs to assign each end user an ip from it's table of network addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\narticle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation\n\n\n\nThis article talks about what NAT is, and the different types of NAT. The article also delves further into the drawbacks and advantages of NAT, including a discussion about how IPv6 is supposed to remove the need for NAT. It goes into the history of why NAT was made, how NAT works with certain protocols, and how the internal networks will communicate with external networks. It also talks about PAT and how NAT performs this with certain protocols that require a port address as well as an ip address.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI found this article to be more confusing than helpful because it used different terminology than what Professor Lindstrom uses in class. For example, it talks of PAT as being NAT overloading, but it does not call NAT overloading. I will now have to go back to the slides and notes from class to understand better how these two relate. However, I found it interesting to see how the theory behind NAT (the four different types explained) are not used any more because they are too difficult to understand or implement. From what i read, it seems like the only useful NAT is symmetric NAT, which sounds like the NAT we learned in class.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Ephemeral Port : A short lived port used by an OS to map ports for short lived connections, such as a TCP or UDP connection.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTA Sir: This is a reminder that you were going to allow the submission of the first one i describe here for last week's reading assignment due to some weird behaviour in the submission. Thank you! Any questions, please email me at derigible@gmail.com\n\n\n\n\n\n1)Article Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article pertains mostly to what Active Directory is and how it can be used to organize a network's security, grouping, and activity roles. Best practices and suggestions are discussed, as well as common problems with Active Directory as the network becomes too large. A brief history is provided at the beginning to discuss the origins of Active Directory.\n\n\n\n\n\nMuch of the article is based upon how to organize an Active Directory, focusing namely on how Active Directory can be used as it scales. It also discusses briefly how this system requires a level of planning before implementation. Scripting and other maintenance measures should be performed occasionally to ensure proper directory set up.\n\n\n\n\n\n2)Article Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAP\n\n\n\n\n\nIMAP is a protocol developed to correct some of the problems associated with POP, or Post Office Protocol. The structure of IMAP (Internet Message Application Protocol) allows for the user to be logged into an email server with multiple clients. This feature was not supported by POP, and thus corrects one of the problems. Other problems and solutions are discussed in this article.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article also discusses why IMAP was developed beyond the correction of POP. Since many email servers use proprietary protocols to retrieve emails with their clients, there was need for a standard that third party clients would be able to utilize to access these servers. Thus POP and IMAP. The disadvantages of this protocol are also included.\n\nImpact\n\n1)I found this article to be very enlightening as I was very fuzzy about the hierarchical order of Active Directory. The labs discussed the tree organization of the system, but i was unaware of just how structured Active Directory can be. This article helped solidify to me the power of active directory and just how little we actually touch on in this class. It would be interesting to learn best practices behind using Active Directory.\n\n\n\n\n\nI also was surprised to learn that Active Directory has Schema Objects, essentially acting as a database would act. I had no idea that you could cut off a whole group of people by changing the schema objects instead of having to go into each group and editing their roles and rights. I am unsure of what this means, but it seems very important.\n\n\n\n\n\n2)I found it very interesting that this protocol's original version is no longer used at all in later iterations. I also was unaware that IMAP allowed for negation of UID without any restraint. Though i am not sure why, the article makes it seem like this is a bad idea. It intrigues me that this would be something for the protocol and i wonder what the reasoning behind this is. It really impresses upon me further that i need to be careful when configuring anything with my email servers.\n\n\n\n\n\nVocab 2:MIME\n\nMultipurpose Internet Mail Extensions- the standard that allows email messages with more than just text in its body.\n\nVocabulary Schema Object : A logical structure of how to store data, much like a database would store data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1268,"Article Summary\n\nI decided to read a little bit more about Net Neutrality since we talked about it a briefly during the first day of class.  The article is from Wikipedia under \"Net Neutrality\".  The article gives a short explanation of Net Neutrality and what the great debate about it is.  It provides a some of the history behind the debate and what some of the proposed solutions are.  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nNet Neutrality matters because it is something that affects our use of the Internet.  The debate is ongoing, but as things continue to develop, we may be affected based on our personal use of the Internet.  We may have slower access or may be charged for our use of the Internet.  This would change the way we use the Internet and how business would function around the world.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Net Neutrality : If a given user pays for a certain level of Internet access, and another user pays for the same level of access, then the two users should be able to connect to each other at the subscribed level of access.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article explains the meaning of a virtual machine.  It explains the history of the virtual machines and explains the two different kinds of virtual machines (system virtual machine and a process virtual machine).  It also provides an explanation of the makeup of the different virtual machines.  The article does a good job of giving an overview of virtual machines and their functions.  \n\n\n\nThe article can be found at:\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nBefore the lab this week, I had never really had first hand experience with VMs.  When I say this, I mean I have never really known when I was interacting with a VM.  VMs are widely used in the business world and continue to be implemented.  Many companies use VMs to act as their servers or just to take on a specific role.  Since they are fairly easy to use and they are cheaper than purchasing another physical computer, they can reduce the amount of money spent by companies trying to keep up with the latest technology.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Virtual Machine : A virtual machine (VM) is a software implementation of a machine (i.e. a computer) that executes programs like a physical machine.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article provides a brief insight into the creation and purpose of IPv6.  Since IPv4 first began being used in 1981, it has been widely used and accepted since.  IPv6 is slowly replacing IPv4 and the article explains some of the biggest differences between the two.  IPv4 uses 32 bits while IPv6 uses 128.  Some of the additional features included in IPv6 are also included in the article.  \n\n\n\nThe article can be found at:\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWhether or not we realize it, we've all been using IPv4 since it was instituted.  The reason IPv6 is important to understand is that it will soon take the place of IPv4.  Everything will need to switch to IPv6.  The computers used for business, commercial, and home use are all coming with IPv6 capabilities.  It is important to understand some of the basic differences between then as the change is implemented because it could change the way business and other forms of data communication occur.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSince the lab this week focused on firewalls, I decided to read a little bit more about firewalls to increase my understanding.  The article I read explained a few of the main purposes of firewalls.  It gave a brief history of what a firewall was before computers and how they have been adopted today to help protect computers and networks from unwanted information or harmful software.  The article also provides a few different techniques used by firewalls including packet filtering, application gateways, circuit-level gateways, and proxy servers.  It goes on to explain each of these in more detail and how they work.  \n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe lab really helped me understand some of the basics about configuring a firewall, but this reading also see how important a basic understanding of a firewall is in the industry.  Firewalls are used by every company or business that does anything involving the internet and other networks. Even a very basic knowledge of firewalls can help any employee of any business.  Firewall use extends beyond the world of business because each personal computer needs some sort of firewall protection to prevent damage or harm to the computer.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Firewall : A firewall is a part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communications.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article explains the main functions of a server.  It introduces three different kinds of servers that could be implemented.  It then explains a little more about some of the common servers that are used everyday.  Those servers include web servers, mail servers, file servers, print servers, and many others.  The remainder of the article provides explanations of server usage and the software and hardware used by servers.\n\n\n\n  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nUnderstanding servers is very important.  Even a basic understand of a server will benefit anyone who works with computers (which is just about everyone). A rudimentary understanding of servers would allow someone to understand how communication works between computers and can help solve some of the problems that may be encountered with computers.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Server : a computer program running as a service, to serve the needs or requests of other programs (referred to in this context as \"clients\") which may or may not be running on the same computer. (This is just one of the many definitions that can be found for servers.)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article summarizes the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.  It explains some of the history behind IPv4.  An important part of the history is that those who created IPv4 had no idea that that many addresses would be used.  The article goes on to explain some of the differences between IPv6 and IPv4 and what the transition may be like as IPv4 addresses become more and more scarce.  The transition has some issues, but it will quickly change when companies begin to realize that the IPv4 addresses are no longer available.  \n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nSince the Internet is such an important part of today's world, knowing the fundamental differences between IPv4 and IPv6 is crucial.  Because the IPv4 address are being exhausted, computers, networks, and anything else that interacts with the Internet will have to change.  As an employee in the industry, understanding IPv6 will bring additional value to a company.  Businesses will have to make the switch and people will need to understand what that means for each company and the transactions that take place there. \n\n\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers, meaning that the number of possible addresses soars vastly higher to 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456, or 340 undecillion for short. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSince we've been learning about DNS and working with it in the lab, I decided to read up a little bit more about it.  This article explains some of the basic purposes for DNS.  One of the examples that it gives that is more familiar in our everyday lives was the example of DNS as a phone book.  The phone book provides humans with the ability to identify different companies and then find their associated phone number.  Much like the phone book, DNS allows humans to reference particular websites in \"human friendly\" terms.  Once the human friendly terms are used, the DNS can find the IP address for the website.  The article goes on to talk about its history and provides some helpful diagrams.  \n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI had heard of DNS before now, but I didn't realize how useful it is.  Understanding what DNS is and how it works is helpful and can have a big effect on companies and their networks.  They are also helpful to prevent unwanted website from being viewed on your network.  By configuring the DNS, a business can prevent unwanted sites from being viewed and in turn, they can control most of what goes on in the business as far as the Internet goes.  DNS is also helpful to everyone who has no idea what an IP address is or what its function is.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary DNS : The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article explains some of the basic components of DHCP and what it is used for.  It goes on to explain the basic function of DHCP, assigning IP addresses.  The process of assigning the address is explained step by step.  The site also gives some background as to why DHCP was implemented.  To prevent any accidental assignment of the same IP address to two different clients, DHCP was created.  Human error can cause major miscues, but with DHCP, those miscues are significantly lower since the software has the ability to assign the addresses rather than a human. The article is very helpful in providing more details about DHCP than I have learned thus far.\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nDHCP is a protocol that is used everyday.  By understanding what it is and how it works, it is easier to appreciate all the work it does for us and all the time it saves us.  Without DHCP, we'd be stuck assigning IP addresses on our own.  This would take a lot longer than we probably all would like.  It would also give way to more errors causing problems on our networks and either slowing down our access to the internet or preventing companies from participating in e-commerce.  DHCP save us time and money.\n\n\n\nVocabulary DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to a computer from a defined range of numbers configured for a given network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article summarizes the basic functions of Active Directory.  One of the interesting things that I had not known previously is that Active Directory has only really been around since 1999.  The history of Active Directory (AD) is interesting and it has been revised many times to make it more useful.  The main functions of AD are introduced as LDAP, Kerberos based authentication, and DNS based naming and other network functions.  The additional security features that can be added by using AD can be very beneficial, especially when managing a large network of computers.  The article also explains some of the deeper functions of the AD and provides a helpful guide to terminology commonly used with AD. \n\n\n\nThe article can be found at:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nUnderstanding AD can be very helpful.  I really didn't have any idea what AD was before this week.  After our classes on Monday and Tuesday, I wanted to understand it a little better.  After reading this article and clearing up some of the confusion I had with one of my group members, I feel like I understand a small portion of the capabilities provided by AD.  One of the things I'm most impressed with and that will be very applicable in the future is the additional security that can be provided by changing the settings in the AD.  The AD can be effectively used to manage a large network of computers and to protect information on a network.  It can also be used to prevent employees from changing the settings on companies' computers.  These things will be increasingly important in the future.  \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Active directory : Active Directory (AD) is a directory service created by Microsoft. Active Directory uses a number of standardized protocols to provide a variety of network services.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAfter the last two labs, I wanted to understand Group Policy better.  The article I read talked about Group Policy and where it is commonly used.  Although GP is used in the corporate world most often, it is also used frequently in schools and smaller organizations to manage the \"cans and can'ts\" of computing.  It talks about being used and implemented in Active Directory as well as Novell ZENworks Desktop Management.  The article continues by explaining how to update the GP, basically expounding a little more on the command \"gpupdate\".  Another part of the article mentions the processing order for GP.  I found the article helpful and that it was useful in helping me review some of the things we've been covering in class and working with in the labs.  \n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_Policy\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nGroup Policy is instituted all around the academic world.  Schools use it to prevent student from messing with files and ruining computer.  By limiting the students ability to muck things up, school can effectively protect their systems.  Corporations use GP for the same kind of things.  Understand how GP works and how to enable and disable certain aspects of GP will allow me to understand how to set up a network if I'm called upon to do so at some point down the road.  Understanding at least a few of the policies that can be implemented can be very beneficial and can prevent loss of data, corruption of files, and viewing protected files.  As more and more dangers arise, GP will become more and more important.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Group Policy : Group Policy is a set of rules which control the working environment of user accounts and computer accounts.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article is shorter than most of the articles I've been able to read.  It briefly summarizes hMailServer.  It mentions the email protocols that it supports, which includes POP3, IMAP, and SMTP.  I didn't realize that hMailServer uses MySQL, MS SQL, PostgreSQL database engines.  It also mentions the support behind hMailServer.  It is supported by forums and uses a voting system that allows users to vote about what features should be implemented on the hMailServer.  The rest of the article goes on to explain some of the benefits of hMailServer like Antivirus, and AntiSpam.  \n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMailServer\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nSince we're using hMailServer in our lab, I decided to read into it a little more.  Almost every business has some kind of emailing system.  Some companies just use gmail or Windows Live to handle all of their email, while other companies use mail servers like hMailServer to set up their mail systems.  It's important to understand how the servers work so that if I get asked sometime in the future to set up an email system, I'll have a basic understanding of what needs to be done.  It's also useful because the majority of the communications done in business are done across email.  Knowing how things are transferred and what protocols are being utilized is very helpful.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary hMailServer : hMailServer is a free email server for Windows created by Martin Knafve.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAfter a short discussion in class about various web browsers, I decided to read a little bit more into what they were and how they came about.  I knew enough beforehand about browsers that not a lot of the information in the article was new to me other than the history.  The article mentions the beginnings of web browsers and Netscape Navigator.  It continues by giving some of the statistics about competing browsers and mentions the decreasing share of Internet Explorer and the slow increase of Opera, Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and a few other browsers.  The functions of the browsers are explained and some of the advantage of various browsers are provided.  The article ties the functions in with the features of each browser.  It is interesting to see the advantages and differences between the many browsers.  \n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nBrowsers are a critical part of any business that works with the Internet.  Software development companies have to know which browsers will support different applications.  The applications that are developed need to be tested on the popular browsers to ensure that they are functional.  Just having a basic understanding of each browser and what they are capable of doing is important and can greatly enhance a business.  It is also important to understand browsers so that we can help any co-workers who may be lost and totally unaware of the endless possibilities that are offered when they step away from the world of Internet Explorer.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Web browser : A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1293,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-net-neutrality.htm\n\nImpact\n\nIt was interesting to me to learn a little bit more about net neutrality. It had not occurred to me, until I read the article, what kind of problems we would have if there was no net neutrality practiced (such as the article gave as an example: an AOL subscriber not having full or equal access to their Yahoo email vs. AOL email). However, I do not fully agree that the gov't should have extra policies and governing forces to regulate the internet. I believe the system is working well as it is, and tampering with the system could cost needed tax dollars and make many people unhappy.\n\nVocabulary Net Neutrality : The non-discriminatory nature of essential Internet components such as servers, ISPs and transmission lines.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article was the one referenced in Lab 3: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS.\n\nThe article discussed HTTPS and how it is a regular HTTP message in the application layer that is then encrypted in the transport layer. This ensures that anyone intercepting the packets sent will not be able to see the original message; the will however see the IP addresses of the sender and recipient.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me better understand what was being presented in the lab today. I understood that HTPPS was a more secure version of HTPP, but I did not know how.\n\nVocabulary Man-In-The-Middle attack : When an attacker makes independent connections with the victims and relays messages between them, making them believe that they are talking directly to each other over a private connection, when in fact the entire conversation is controlled by the attacker.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIPv4 is approaching its end. Even though only about 14% of the IPv4 addresses are being used at any given time, the majority of addresses have already been assigned. IPv6 is the future of Internet Protocol, but , like any change, it is meeting a fair bit of resistance.\n\nOne of the big problems is that IPv4 and IPv6 are easily interchangeable. Equipment capable of using IPv4 can't use IPv6, and machines capable of only IPv6 can't easily go back to IPv4. There will be ways of converting from one to another, but it will greatly slow network speeds.\n\nIn the end, we need to be prepared. Most people won't have to make a lot of changes, but companies that offer many web services will need to make the change, and the sooner the better.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helped me understand what \"the big deal\" was behind IPv4 addresses running out. I recently started working for a company that provides customized software and hosts a database server for non-profit organizations. Though we do offer off-line packages, most have only online services. It will be interesting to see how much we have to adjust when IPv6 addresses become the standard and we are forced to convert.\n\nVocabulary Classless Inter-Domain Routing : A way of handing out IP addresses. It was to replace the Classes (A, B, etc) as a way of having more network addresses and push back the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. It worked!\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nslookup\n\n\n\n\n\nI wanted to learn more about nslookup command we used in Lab 6. The article explains that ns actually stands for Name Server. Nslookup is the way a user can query the DNS. There are many commands that can be used to obtain various information, or theuser can leave the command blank after nslookup, and the user will receive the name of the current server being used as well as the server's IP address.\n\nImpact\n\nThis helped me understand a little more what I had done in class. Originally I had thought that typing in \"nslookup\" was returning the name of the server as well as the current IP address being used by the user(me), instead of the IP address of the server. It is kinda fun to look at different websites and get a little more information about them!\n\nVocabulary resolv.conf : Name of the computer file used to configure the DNS resolver library.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article describes SSL (and TLS which is the more recent version of SSL) and how it is a protocol that encrypts \"segments of network connections above the Transport Layer.\" SSL was invented back during the Netscape days, and became a standard in internet security pretty quickly. Of course, there have been many updates since the original! When using TLS, there is a handshake with the server in which keys are confirmed and established, and a security level is created. \n\nImpact\n\nI saw a site the other day (https://join.me, it really is a cool site) that said, for security, they use \"256-bit SSL encryption- The same security levels used and trusted by major banking institutions.\" I wanted to understand what that meant, so I turned to the ever-so-helpful Wikipedia. I now have a greater understanding of what join.me is using for their security.\n\nVocabulary Cipher Suite : A cipher suite is a named combination of authentication, encryption, and message authentication code (MAC) algorithms used to negotiate the security settings for a network connection using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) network protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read is found at http://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/private-wans-for-better-performance.php\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, the heading above says \"Article summay\" but I think it is meant to say \"Article Summary.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talked about how some companies are having problems with commercial network services (connecting to other internal networks through commercial ISP). It talked about possible solutions, and gave some suggestions for businesses looking into those solutions.\n\nImpact\n\nIt was interesting for me to learn about private networks as a solution. At first I was thinking \"That would be SUPER expensive for businesses spanding across states and countries!\" But as I was reading about the Iowa Hospital Service and their problems not being able to get medical information around fast enough to all their hospitals and clinics (and their expected increase), I realized the benefit may outweigh the cost. The switch to a privately controlled network is expensive, but for some businesses, it may be necessary.\n\nVocabulary QoS : Quality of Service-the ability to provide different priority to different applications, users, or data flows, or to guarantee a certain level of performance to a data flow.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI decided to read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article gave a brief history (starting with Windows Server 2000) and talked about the improvements which have been made.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt gave a detailed description about the resources (i.e. printers) and security principles (i.e. users, computers, groups), as well as the organization (domains, trees, forests.)\n\n\n\n\n\nSome trust terminology is given, as well as some ways to use Active Directory on Unix, as well as alternatives.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI wanted to learn more about Active Directories. I realized earlier this week how past employers were able to put limitations on my computer, and why some people had more access than others. I was also a little confused with some of the terminology (trees, forests) from the lab, and wanted to learn more about them.\n\n\n\n\n\nI just recently started a new job for a smaller company, and I can see how this type of information can be helpful to me.\n\nVocabulary Kerberos : A computer network authentication protocol, which allows nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI found my article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article is about POP3, and was very informative.\n\n\n\n\n\nPOP3 is a well used protocol and is known for downloading mail from and deleting mail on servers. Most clients allow you to disable this.\n\n\n\n\n\nPOP3 uses well-known port 110 (POP2 was port 109), but after initiative contact, it can listen securely (with encryption) on well-known port 995.\n\n\n\n\n\nPOP has been around for a long time. POP4 has been at times suggested, with improvements making it similar to IMAP, but no serious suggestions have even been proposed since 2003.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI wanted to learn a little bit more about POP3. After reading about it, and a little bit more about IMAP, I think I would go with IMAP. I would rather keep my email on my server, and I think IMAP keeps track of email better (using 32-bit UID), using less processing power for a larger mailbox.\n\nVocabulary UIDL : Unique ID Listing-A POP3 mail server function that assigns a unique number to each incoming mail message.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article suggested earlier this week, found at : http://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article gives a fairly in-depth example of what happens when a person visits a website. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe author gives 10 steps, with sample HTML, and explains what happens at each step. Some of the steps are required and happen every time (The browser looks up the IP Address for the domain name), while others MAY happen, but don't at every website (The browser sends further asynchronous (AJAX) requests).\n\nImpact\n\nI really enjoyed the article. The author wrote at a level that I understood most of what was going on. Much of it seemed familiar (what we had gone over in class), but the article helped clarify some things.\n\n\n\n\n\nOne of the questions I had (Why a servers requires a redirect instead of just handing over the right pages) was answered. Funnily enough, the answer makes total sense (they want the visit hit for the specified URL so it will get a better search engine ranking; also, it is not \"cache-friendly\" to have multiple URLs for the same content.\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Anycast : A routing technique where a single IP address maps to multiple physical servers\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webmail\n\n\n\n\n\nThis talked about webmail: what it is, a history, and how it is different than other mail clients.\n\n\n\n\n\nPeople used to have to connect to a server and download their email to their machine. It wasn't until earlier this decade that web based email was even offered for free (with advertising)! Still, even with some of its downsides, its ease makes webmail the most used by consumers.\n\nImpact\n\nI wanted to read this article to see what the huge difference was between webmail and POP3, and why some people prefer (and pay for) Outlook email services and others like it. Though I mostly use Gmail, which is awesome, I know understand a little more about Gmail's limitations. However, it easy use and constant improvement, not to mention the price, will keep me there a long time!\n\nVocabulary Webmail : Simple Web-based email, or email that is based on the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1260,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nHow to Setup a Home Network in 5 Simple Steps\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2375207,00.asp\n\n\n\n \n\nThis article outlined five steps to setting up a secure home network:\n\n \n\n1.  Connect your router. The router enables each device to connect to the internet and to each other. The router is connected to the modem. Before connecting any devices to the router, the article recommends to wait until there is a good strong connection.\n\n \n\n2. Access the router’s interface and lock it down. Once there is a good signal, connect your computer and access the router’s software. In this step, the articles say to change the computer’s IP settings to the router’s IP settings so that the user can configure the router.\n\n \n\n3. Configure security and IP addressing. This is one of the most important steps because it prevents anyone from using your data and bandwidth. First of all, it is important to change your administrator password. Secondly, the SSID must be changed. This is the name of the wireless network. It should be changed to something unique that the users can identify, but not too unique so that anyone can identify where the signal is coming from. Next, the person setting up should go into the router’s wireless security page and use WPA. This will require all clients to enter a password to connect.\n\n                When a router is new, it is kept at its default DHCP setting which means that the router gives IP addresses to each client. Hackers know default IP addresses and therefore, it is a good idea to change the router’s IP.\n\n \n\n4. Set up sharing and control. If the users are using Windows 7 (which is what I have), you can set up HomeGroups to share documents, pictures, videos and other files easily.\n\n \n\n5. Set up user accounts. If there are certain files, that you don’t want accessed by every user, you can restrict access at this part of the setup. This can be done in Windows 7 using the control panel and selecting user accounts.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped me further my understanding of what a network is, and how to set it up. I have never setup a basic network. Because I’m very much a beginner when it comes to computer networking and data communications, it was helpful to know how to setup a secure network in my home. Currently, we share internet with our neighbors (we live in a duplex) who set up the network. After reading this article, I am sure there are certain security measures that our neighbors aren’t doing which would make it easy for someone to hack into our system. When setting up the router, I am sure that my neighbors have used the default settings instead of manually going into the router’s wireless security page. In addition, the article recommended that we change the router’s default IP address. I highly doubt that my neighbors have done that. Overall, this was a very helpful article for me that went over the basics of setting up a home network.\n\nVocabulary Network Attached Storage (NAS) : a file-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to clients\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nEthernet (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet)\n\n\n\nEthernet is a Local Area Network that is connected by one or more cables. It was first developed in 1975 and has since evolved tremendously. Machines in an Ethernet communicate by sending packets through a medium. When packets are sent, they are received by every machine, but if the packet isn’t addressed to a machine, the machine discards the packet using the Network Interface Card. Repeaters, hubs, bridges, and switches have enabled Ethernet to extend its proximity and enhance its performance.\n\n \n\nTCP/IP Model (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_model)\n\nThe TCP/IP model includes four layers: application, transport, internet, and link. The application layer has protocols that deal with process-to-process communication through the internet protocol. The transport layer is responsible for making sure that the receivers receive the packets. The internet routes the packets. The link layer moves packets in the internet layer of two different hosts on the same link.\n\n \n\nCSMACD (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSMACD)\n\n\n\nIn Ethernet, CSMACD is what manages sending of frames. It listens to see if the medium of the Ethernet is being used, and if not it sends the frame. Sometimes frames will be sent at the same time and collide. When this occurs, CSMACD resends frames after waiting for a random amount of time. CSMACD improves performance\n\n \n\nARP (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol)\n\n\n\nARP is a protocol that determines the MAC address of another machine in a LAN. Once the MAC address is determined, it is stored in a table to enable the sender machine to send packets to the receiving machine. This only needs to be done once.\n\nImpact\n\nThese articles were very difficult to read because of the technical jargon. I didn't feel that they were for beginners in data communication. For this reason, I had to google other articles helped me understand the basics. Afterward, I could begin to understand more of what they were talking about. Overall, few parts of the Wikipedia articles helped me understand more on these topics. The hardest topic for me to understand is the TCP/IP model.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Abstraction : process of combining multiple smaller operations into a single unit that can be referred to by name\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nPing, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping\n\nICMP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol\n\nInternet Protocol, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol\n\n\n\nPing is used to test the availability of a host on an internet protocol network. To test this, Ping sends Internet Control Message Procotcol (ICMP) echo request packets and waits for the host to respond. While sending the packets, Ping measures the time it takes for the host to respond and if any packets have been lost.\n\nAlthough used by Ping, ICMP is a part of the internet protocol. It is mostly used by operating systems of computers that are networked to send error messages. All ICMP packets have an 8-bit header. The first byte represents the the ICMP type. The second if for the ICMP code. The third and fourth are a checksum for the entire ICMP message. The rest of the ICMP packet is the data.\n\nInternet protocol (IP) is used to relay packets through an internetwork from the host to the destination. This is done through packets’ IP addresses. IP is considered a connection-less protocol. As a result, it is considered unreliable (This is because it doesn’t keep track when packets arrive. It only sends packet B after packet A is delivered). Possible faults that can occur include:\n\n    1. Data corruption\n\n    2. Loss of data packets\n\n    3. Duplication of arrival\n\n    4. Out-of-order packet delivery\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThese articles helped further my knowledge in those topics. It especially helped me to understand more about what was going on in Lab 2 with all of the \"Pings.\" Some of the articles however, were very technical and used language that I didn't understand. When I looked up other articles to define that technical jargon, I was confronted with more.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Connectionless Protocol : communication between two network end points in which a message can be sent from one end point to another without prior arrangement\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNetworking 101: Understanding TCP, the Protocol\n\nhttp://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/netsp/article.php/3593936/Networking+101:++Understanding+TCP,+the+Protocol.htm\n\nTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are both in the fourth layer of TCP/IP Protocol suite. TCP is considered end-to-end meaning that in order to communicate TCP from one computer to another, they have to be connected. TCP works with data streams. In other words, it can deal with unordered, corrupted, or missing packets.\n\nWhen a TCP packet is sent, it acknowledgement is always returned to notify the sender that the packet was received. For this reason, it is a very reliable protocol. In TCP, there is something called piggybacking ACKS which allows both sides send data at the same time. In addition, it is possible to send an acknowledgement for more than one packet at a time. These two factors make TCP an efficient protocol.\n\nTCP also has a feature called the Sliding Window Protocol. This window represents the amount of unacknowledged data that can be sent.\n\nTCP is the most frequently used protocol.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to be very helpful. The title of the article indicates that it will explain TCP in beginner language. It help me understand more about lab 4 and realize how much more reliable TCP is than UDP. It is interesting to know that TCP tries to send as much data as possible before receiving an acknowledgement. That is one of the reasons for its efficiency. \n\nVocabulary SYN : synchronization packet, in other words, Start Connection\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nRecently, all the last IPv4 addresses have been handed out. For the average consumer, this is not a big deal; however, businesses and future employees of the business world need to be aware of how they can operate without any new IPv4 addresses. The article states that the first main problem is that “one variety of IP data can't travel on a network set up to handle the other variety.” This would make it very difficult to use our standard online services such as email. The second big problem is that there isn’t an incentive for internet consumers to move to IPv6 addresses. Hardly anyone is using them and it is a big investment to purchase new hardware and software to handle IPv6.\n\n \n\nAlthough, the last of the IPv4 addresses have been handed out, professionals predict that there will probably still be IPv4 addresses for sale in 2012. As fewer and fewer Ipv4 address are available, the prices of them will go higher and higher. There are organizations that have excess IP addresses. Among these are IBM, the US Postal Service, Apple, and Xerox. These organizations are being asked to relinquish their unused IPv4 addresses.\n\n \n\nThe transition to Ipv6 addresses will be very difficult. Many organizations are still developing business plans for these transitions. It is difficult because businesses will almost not be able to support their Ipv4-using customers with their Ipv6 addresses. The two cannot communicate. They will have to rely on a “dual-stack” method which means that a machine can operate with Ipv4 or Ipv6.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to be very helpful and informative. This is very important to understand for me because businesses are going to be looking to their technological teams to solve the problem of converting from Ipv4 to Ipv6. This could change completely the way businesses support customers, the way businesses operate, and the understanding of networking I will have to have. I will be entering into the middle of this mess after graduation.\n\nVocabulary American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) : the organization that manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHow Domain Servers Work\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/dns3.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nDomain Name Servers (DNS) make navigating through the internet much easier for the human user. DNS translates domain names to IP addresses. For example, a domain name may be google.com or yahoo.com and those domain names will be translated by the browser to an IP address that the computer will recognize. DNS is unique because it is the database that receives most requests. There are billions of DNS requests made every day by the millions of people trying to access the internet.\n\n \n\nIn a given address, EDU, COM, NET are examples of the top-level domain. Every top-level domain has millions of second-level domains. For example, COM has google.com, yahoo.com and so on. The “left most” word such as www is the host name. It specifies a specific machine in a domain. All of the names in a domain must be unique. When a domain name is registered it goes through several registrars who add the domain to a list.\n\n \n\nWhen a user types a web address and hits enter, the browser converts the domain name and the host name to an IP address. A request is then sent to a name server. If the name server already knows the IP address of the requested site, it answers. If not, it contacts one of the root name servers until it finds a server that knows the IP address requested. If it or the other servers cannot find the IP address, it will return an error.\n\n \n\nIf a server resolves a request, it caches it so that it can answer future requests. However, name servers do not keep that information forever. That piece of information has a Time To Live. After the Time To Live is up, that information will be discarded.\n\n \n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nI found this article to be helpful. It wasn’t really anything new that we went over in class. However, it was a good review. It explained how DNS works in simpler terms. Also, since I  feel like my strength in the junior core isn’t datacom, it was good to read and understand DNS a little better at my own rate (sometimes, we go pretty fast in class).\n\nVocabulary Domain parking : the registration of an Internet domain name without using it for services such as e-mail or a website i.e without placing any content on domain.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nDHCP\n\nhttp://news.softpedia.com/news/What-Is-DHCP-49087.shtml\n\n \n\nDHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. DHCP makes our lives a lot easier. DHCP is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices on a network. It does this dynamically. This means that a device can have a different IP address each time it connects to the network. DHCP makes sure that each device has a unique IP address on the network and it releases and renews those assigned IP addresses.\n\n \n\nIn addition to handing out IP addresses, DHCP also hands out the configuration settings such as the subnet mask. This allows a computer to easily be moved from one subnet to another. When an IP address is allocated to a host, it is “leased” for only a certain amount of time. Every now and then, the DHCP server will send out a broadcast message to the network. When the lease expires, the host will send a reply message and the DHCP server will allocate a new IP address.\n\n \n\nOne disadvantage of DHCP is that it will assign any device on the network an IP address. This makes it very easy for intrusions. One of the solutions to this is to turn off your DHCP.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to be useful. It taught be about the advantages and disadvantages of DHCP. I’ve learned that the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. This is important to understand because if there are issues with IP addresses not being assigned, you know where to look.\n\nVocabulary DHCP Release : the client sends this message to the DHCP server telling that the IP address is no longer in use (so it can be safely stored in the scope)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://redmondmag.com/articles/2011/03/03/how-sp1-for-windows-server-2008-r2-will-affect-hyper-v.aspx\n\nLast month a service pack came out for Windows 2008 Server. It has come out with new features that have made things easier for users. The feature that is most well known is the new dynamic memory support.  This will allow organizations using the server to increase their virtual machine density without having to purchase additional physical memory. The article above talked about how to install the service pack.\n\nIn order to install the service pack, you have to first shut down every virtual machine that is running on the server. Afterwards, you have to merge all of your snapshots. When the snapshots are merged, “Windows will take the differencing disk that is associated with the snapshot and writes the differencing data to the previously untouched virtual hard drive file.” The benefit of merging the snapshots is a boost of performance.\n\nGenerally, companies are hesitant to apply the service pack because of how new the service pack is and the risk of bugs, but its benefits.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was very informative. When it comes to servers, I really have new clue about what is going on, but this service pack helped me to understand a little bit more about the new service pack. This is important to understand because Windows servers are the heavily used in industry. As an information systems major, we will have to understand the effects of the new service pack.\n\nVocabulary Hyper-v : Microsoft Hyper-V, codenamed Viridian[5] and formerly known as Windows Server Virtualization, is a hypervisor-based virtualization system for x86-64 systems\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLike most industries, technology is moving quickly in healthcare. Healthcare facilities are using electronic medical records more and more. With this move towards electronic medical records, security risks are also heightened. A recent survey of 1,000 people was conducted in which 49% believed that electronic medical records will have a negative impact on their privacy and their health information. A different study has shown that incidents of fraud from theft of health data has increased in recent years.\n\n \n\nBob Rossi, Vice President of CDW Healthcare said, “Investment in technology addresses some of the problem, but healthcare delivery organizations need to make IT security a real focus and then also make the necessary updates to business processes and approach to personnel training. You will never 'certify' away mistakes, malicious intent, and human nature.\" \n\n \n\nOne of the suggestions that CDW Healthcare suggests to protect healthcare organizations’ is to make sure that organizations gain a good understanding of what their security profile should be like. In addition, they should start with the basics such as installing antivirus software and firewalls.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article matters to me for a couple of reasons. First of all, my family and I often visit healthcare facilities. I want to be sure that these facilities are being secure with the very personal information that I give to them. Secondly, I am want to head towards the healthcare industry with my Information Systems background. Working in this industry involves understanding the needs of healthcare. \n\nVocabulary Infrastructure : In information technology and on the Internet, infrastructure is the physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/t/web-browsers/mozilla-new-firefox-every-16-weeks-005\n\n \n\nNext week, Firefox 4 is coming out. Mozilla has been working on this project for over a year and has also already released many betas. Some of the new features of Firefox 4 include a new tab manager and GPU acceleration. After this version is released, Mozilla has plans to release a new and improved browser every 16 weeks. Some have suspected that Mozilla has felt lots of pressure from Google’s Chrome which has released the newest features to users as quickly as possible, but Mozilla has said that there is no connection.\n\n \n\nRob Sayre, a developer for Firefox said that the goal of the 16-week plan is “to provide regular improvements to users without disrupting long-term work.” Like Google Chrome, Firefox’s new browser will do silent updating—automatically delivering updates. Mozilla has tried to do this before in there last beta, but it wasn’t able to function.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is very relevant to our industry because as the IT professionals of organizations, we will need to be able to recommend the best browsers for the users to use. It seems that with Google’s browser Chrome and Microsoft’s new Internet Explorer, there is much more competition and the users will need to know which browser would be best to use. \n\nVocabulary GPU : Graphics Processing Unit. A specialized circuit that accelerates graphics rendering from the central (micro-)processor. It is used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nHow Web Servers Work\n\nhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-server2.htm \n\n \n\nA web page is a text file with a set of HTML tags that describe to the web browser how the tag should be displayed.  The web browser is software that interprets the tags and organizes the text by the set of instructions that re given to it. In addition, the web browser knows how to access web servers so that it can retrieve web pages from the internet. The web server responds to the requests of a web page. It delivers web pages through the internet. \n\n \n\nWhen a URL is entered, the browser breaks it up. It obtains the protocol (e.g. http), the server name, and the file name. The browser communicates with a DNS server to translate the server name (e.g. google.com).  After communicating with the web server, the server sends the HTML code and the browser interprets the code.\n\n \n\nGenerally, all computers on the internet can be categorized as either a client or a server. Servers provide services to the other computers (hence the name). Clients connect to those services. Servers can provides more than one service. For example, a server can be an email server or an FTP server. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to not be as useful as I intended. I came into this article thinking that it was going to be a little bit more technical and show what really happened behind the scenes. However, it goes over less than what we learned in class. But it was still good to review these principles. I wanted to read an article about web servers so that I could understand a little bit more about what is happening with the servers we are setting up for intext. \n\nVocabulary Telnet : a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nOracle Hacked\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Oracles-Suncom-Hit-Along-with-MySQLCom-in-SQL-Injection-Attack-727118/\n\nhttp://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2037717/suncom-mysqlcom-succumb-sql-injection-attack\n\n \n\nOracle was recently attacked with a SQL injection attack on two of its most well-known websites. The two websites were mysql.com and sun.com. Oracle obtained these two domains after they purchased Sun Microsystems. The result of the SQL injection attack was that parts of website’s databases were sent to a third party website. \n\n \n\nReporters on the attack have said that this was a result of poor coding and testing practices. Any who is familiar with web development knows that SQL injection is very common. Therefore, the blame is put on the web developers of Oracle. When testing websites like these two, securing the website from attacks should always be done. One of the poor practices was that some of the Wordpress accounts had passwords that were only two characters long. The director of product management had a password that was only four digits. \n\n \n\nAfter the attack, a security professional spoke out and said that all organizations should regularly check their code to ensure there are no flaws. Oracle has not commented on the breach of the two different domains yet.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article very informative. I could not believe that a company as large and as technologically literate as Oracle was able to be breached. This is extremely important to understand in today’s business world. No company is too big or too secure for hackers to attack. As an isys professional, it is important to understand all levels of security so that this kind of embarrassment will not happen for my organization.\n\nVocabulary SQL Injection : code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1323,"Article Summary\n\nI read an article (http://www.pcworld.com/article/216028/speedy_usb_30_spec_quickly_becomes_a_consumer_reality.html) that talked about how USB 3.0 is coming up soon. The whole industry is moving fast to adapt the new technology.\n\n\n\n\n\nUSB 2.0 was a big thing, but USB 3.0 is much faster and smarter. It will allow for more powerful processing and better quality. It is more than 10 times faster than USB 2.0 and it can detect devices that are idle and save energy.\n\n\n\n\n\nCompanies have increased their support to USB 3.0 and every day more devices are designed to use it. Everything is moving towards USB 3.0,  not only because of the quality, but because the prices dropped.\n\n\n\n\n\nDevices that don't transmit a lot of data (like keyboard, mouse) are slower to move to USB 3.0, but digital cameras, phones and mp3 players have been moving fast.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact is that we will get some better hardware coming up, but we will also have to spend some money and invest on it in order to use USB 3.0. Things will work faster, but there is a price to pay. I think it will be a while until 2.0 will leave, but the new generation should all support 3.0 and soon it will rule the market.\n\nVocabulary RAID : Redundant Array of Independent Disks , a technology that increases reliability in a hard disk\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article talks about the difference between GSM and CDMA. It lays out many characteristics and tries to explain which one is better in each category. \n\n\n\nIt explained that GSM is more a standard than an actual technology, while CDMA is a little more complex, with more technology involved. GSM uses towers that cover certain areas while CDMA uses one channel for many phones.\n\n\n\nOne weakness of GSM is the quality of calls, but CDMA is more complicated and we will probably move to GSM.\n\n\n\nIt defines GSM as a better option at the end.\n\n\n\narticle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/gsm-vs-cdma.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact to me is that it helps me decide in the future the type of phone I want to have and also understand what is going on in the industry. I feel more comfortable talking to someone about it.\n\n\n\nVocabulary GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.newsfactor.com/news/Verizon-Challenges-FCC-on-Neutrality/story.xhtml?story_id=11100A7AE9TL&full_skip=1\n\n\n\nThis article is talking about net neutrality and how verizon is in a lawsuit against the FCC.\n\n\n\nThe FCC has rules that enforce net neutrality, but Verizon is hoping to use the court to overrule that.\n\n\n\nLast year verizon/google had a net neutrality proposal that was denied, now verizon wants to bring the case to court and be able to do what it wants with its service (at least within the new rules that will be set)\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIf verizon gains the lawsuit, it might change the whole net neutrality idea. It might also weaken the FCC power to dictate the rules.\n\n\n\nWe might soon see companies charging more for specific services or protocols as well as increasing/decreasing bandwidth for different services.\n\n\n\nVocabulary FCC : Federal Communications Commission \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.salina.com/news/story/HAYS--Broadband-going-to-fiber-optic-1-27-11\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber\n\n\n\n\n\nI read the first article talking about how a provider in Kansas is starting to move consumers to optical fiber connections. It talks about the plans that they have for the future.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe second article is talking about optical fiber in general. It explains that Optical fiber is a technology through which we can transfer data through light. The fiber works like a light pipe, reflecting light until the destination. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe advantage is that transmission is faster and it can reach much further without losing data as much as metal cables do. \n\n\n\n\n\nAs a waveguide, the cables can be single-mode fibers or multi-mode fibers. Multi-mode fibers generally have a bigger diameter and are used for shorter, but more powerful transmissions. Single-mode fibers are used mostly for long distance connections.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe drawback is that it is harder to connect optical fiber cables together. It is not as simple as copper cables so that will be more costly too.\n\nImpact\n\nI think the impact is that we are starting to see fiber optics come to us. We know it has been around for a while, but consumers don't really have that. I believe that this will improve general internet stability and connection, as we transition from normal cables to fiber optics. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact might also be that isp's will charge more for a better service or high quality service like that. They might just say that if you want fiber optics connection you need to pay more, but you also get more. That goes back to the net neutrality discussion.\n\n\n\n\n\nAnother impact is that it will cost more to maintain these networks, since the cable is more expensive and we need more technology to deal with them than with normal copper cables.\n\nVocabulary SMF , MMF : Single-mode fiber, Multi-mode fiber\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030360-264.html?tag=topTechContentWrap;mostRead\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC\n\n\n\n\n\nI read this article that talks about how google stopped support for H.264 video encoding in its chrome browser. Microsoft (one of the supporters of H.264) then decided to create its own plug in for chrome that allows users to watch h.264 encoded videos.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article goes on explaining the big issues with video encoding today. Right now google, firefox and some other companies are leaning towards the license free type encoding technologies that they are trying to put together. They move closer to the HTML5 standards and want to be free from patents and etc. Other big companies (Microsoft), however, are afraid of jumping into that same technology because they don't feel safe enough. They want to make sure they will be protected from patent issues if they decide to fully implement the new technologies (webM - VP8).\n\n\n\n\n\nThere is great impasse and a lot of people believe it will be a long time before organizations figure it out and html5 will be available to everyone.\n\nImpact\n\nIn my view, the group that is most affected by this are the web developers/administrators. For now they have to either decide to support certain technologies or try to use them all. The ambiguity makes it harder for them to decide which direction they should go and only causes more problems to the user.\n\n\n\n\n\nI believe that people will have to spend a few years dealing with encoding issues on the web (as they already are) before we can reach an agreement and unify these standards.\n\nVocabulary H.264 MPEG-4 AVC : Encoding technology for video. AVC stands for Advanced Video Coding and it is the most commonly used format for high definition videos.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read this article on Peer-to-Peer networks.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer\n\n\n\n\n\nPeer-to-peer networking is a way to connect computers together. The peer-to-peer concept is that each computer is connected to the other peer computers in the network. It was first introduced with Napster, a file sharing application.\n\n\n\n\n\nUnlike the client/server design, peer to peer is designed to have each computer share and demand processing and networking power to / from every other computer in the network. That way, you can request files to anyone and anyone can request files to you.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, peer-to-peer networks get better and faster as more computers are connected to it. That is because every new computer on the network shares networking and processing power, while in the client/server paradigm every new computer on the network makes it slower, only demanding from the server.\n\n\n\n\n\nPeer-to-peer can be structured and unstructured. Structured means that they keep a distributed hash table with the nodes (computers) and files shared. Unstructured is when there is no such file and nodes must flood the network with their searches to find what they need. This is less effective\n\nImpact\n\nI believe the impact is that more and more people are trying to improve on the peer-to-peer paradigm. Skype already uses it and is improving the technology. Also, people say netflix will be building on it and try to create a new type of peer-to-peer to make their transmission faster.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, peer-to-peer has many legal issues. The technology is linked to illegal file sharing specially in the music industry. I believe that if you know peer-to-peer well you will be in good standing for future market. There is a lot of research being done with it.\n\nVocabulary DHT : Distributed Hash Table\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read this article about openId http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenID \n\n\n\n\n\nIt talks about the general way openId works. Basically what happens is that you register you identity with one of the providers (e.g. Google is the provider for you google account) and you can authenticate by hitting that provider. You can also retrieve basic information on the person.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany companies started providing openId's (yahoo was the first one I think) and it has become very common on the internet. People get tired of creating new accounts with passwords and etc, so they just log in with their Google, Facebook, or whatever account.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are some security and phishing issues, but it's growing a lot.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact for us is that possibly we will not be required to create more and more accounts as we use several services, but we will only login with one account we already have. This will be nice, but there is the danger of, if one person steals your account, he has access to a lot more.\n\n\n\n\n\nWe will possibly be reaching a point where each person will be given some type of internet ID, and through openId there will be \"no\" anonymous internet navigation. We are all identified. That's probably far away and will never be perfect, but sounds cool.\n\nVocabulary openId provider : The server that provides the service through which you can authenticate someone \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2011/03/19/2011-03-19_xxx_domains_approved_for_internet_porn_sites_by_icaan_critics_naked_truth_is_pot.html\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/03/icann-approves-xxx/\n\n\n\n\n\nI read these two articles on how the ICANN approved the new Top Level Domain .xxx for the internet. This domain is supposed to host websites with adult content, like pornography.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt's been many years that people are trying to get this approved. It went to vote about 4 times, and only now they were able to pass it. They approved the new domain besides many opposition from the government and many other institutions.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe idea is to impose regulations on the .xxx domains to prevent malware and bad websites.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe supporters of the domain say it will cause better business practices and that part of the money from fees will be used against child pornography.\n\n\n\n\n\nThose opposed to the domain say it will change little, make it easier for countries who want to impose censorship.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact to me is not very big for a while. As a user, it would be nice to know that every adult website out there would be under the .xxx domain. But what will end up happening is that people will still use all the other domains to do bad stuff. First because they don't want to go through the regulation necessary for .xxx and second because they just don't care.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis to me is a form to make pornography official, while the unofficial market will still be there. Our society will end up getting used to this and consider pornography normal (as if it didn't do that now...)\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1321,"Article Summary\n\nI read an article from redherring.com, which can be found at http://www.redherring.com/Home/26478. The article discussed the rising importance of hacking as a standard form of national defense. In the article, the country Estonia was highlighted as being one of the first to formally address cyber security as a country when it formed the Cyber Defense League. \n\n\n\n\n\nCyberwar is becoming more real, especially when recent episodes like the worm which frustrated Iran's nuclear development program. Estonia is a good target for cyber attacks, and in 2007 suffered from such an attack. Other countries like the United States, however, are not responding in a similar fashion. One reason is that many elite American hackers don't feel good about becoming government employees and feel they are too smart of that. However, just because most American cyber experts work in the private sector, it's in their own self-interest to ensure their own national cyber security. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article signals another paradigm shift. It introduces an emerging reality where threats of cyber warefar are not just science fiction, but real and serious possibilities. Based on the growing tension around cyber security, the demand for this area of expertise will increase in the coming years, and military supremacy will hinge on not just jets and aircraft carriers, but on the skill of nations' hackers. \n\nVocabulary Cyber warfare : Also known as cyberwar and Cyber Warfare. It is the use of computers and the Internet in conducting warfare in cyberspace.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article, \"With Cloud, What You Don't Know Can Hurt You\" from InformationWeek.com. The article begins by summarizing an announcement by Amazon.com regarding its new Elastic Beanstalk cloud service. Basically, Elastic Beanstalk is a service where you initially select your level of service, and when your workload begins to surpass your service capabilities, a duplicate service is created alongside the original to handle the workload. In this fashion, the level of surface grows as a magic (or elastic) beanstalk would. \n\n\n\n\n\nBut that's just on the outside. The main message of the article is that an important factor is what platforms any given cloud service actually supports. The article gives the example of Google's App Engine, which was a previous cloud service. The article describes it as \"...a valuable, managed cloud environment for enterprising developers, with Gadgets and connectors to Google Docs and other apps, provided you wanted to program in Python, specifically Python release 1.2. That was it.\" So we see that with Elastic Beanstalk, App Engine, or Salesforce's Force.com cloud environments, they themselves become not only a cloud, but a platform that developers must adhere to. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article brings up the important fact that there is more to cloud computing than the concept and the hardware behind it all. The platforms such clouds support is as important as anything. Before putting all my eggs into one cloud, it's important to look at the platform implications, and predict changes in requirements down the road. \n\nVocabulary Elastic Beanstalk : Elastic Beanstalk is an automated service that can sub for the former manual auto-scaling designations set by an Amazon customer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from http://www.fiercetelecom.com called Battling Rogue Websites. The article is about a recent act passed by the senate to restrict combat \"rogue websites.\" The act is called \"Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act\" (COICA). In summary, COICA targets websites whose brick-and-mortar equivalents would be shut down. For example, a grocery store that sold counterfeit brands of drugs or other products would be shut down my law enforcement. This bill seeks to do the same to these types of websites.\n\n\n\n\n\nHowever, many of these websites are housed overseas, and we can't simply break in and shut them down. The bill accounts for these issues by granting courts real power - they can issue court orders for local ISPs to block access to certain websites, ultimately preventing any US traffic from accessing them. Also, search engines or credit card companies could be ordered to cease any activities with the offending websites, essentially cutting the sites off from users.\n\nImpact\n\nThe internet seems free, but all of this freedom comes at a cost. While these measures appropriately target malicious websites, these policies are empowering governments to regulate the internet in unprecedented ways. We need to keep a close eye on these developments. \n\nVocabulary COICA : A bill passed by the United States allowing courts to pass and enforce bans and restrictions on websites. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from fiercetelecom.com about the end of IPv4 addresses. It can be found at http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/what-me-worry-no-need-fret-about-ipv4%E2%80%A6-yet/2011-02-03. Specifically, the article alerts us that the last block of IPv4 addresses was just assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). When the protocol for IPv4 was created, no one imagined that some day we'd actually run out of addresses. After all, there are quite a lot of possibilities, and there were only a few computers at the time. Things have changed, however, and IPv4 is exhausted.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article continues to explain that for most end-users, nothing noticeable will change. However, for ISPs, supporting new IPv6 IP protocol address can cause unforeseeable problems. ISPs and businesses alike must invest the appropriate capital into research and personnel to adapt to the changing internet. \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact here is mainly for ISPs and businesses. The exhaustion of IPv4 addresses means that IPv6 is no longer just an idea - it's here for real. There may be many unexpected issues when supporting the new protocol, and knowledge sharing and research are needed to help prevent berakdowns. \n\nVocabulary IANA : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority - Organization that assigns addresses, such as IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article located at http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703. The article announced the end of IPv4 address - the last batch was just given to a company by ICANN. While there were 4.3 billion IPv4 address, the article explains that with the way the Internet is structured, that is just not enough. In hindsight it's obvious, but to solve the problem of a dwindling number of addresses the IPv6 protocol was proposed.\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 began as a RFC and adopting it has become a necessity. End users will most likely not notice anything from a user perspective - everything with work fine. However, for ISPs (Internet Service Providers), there may be unforeseen problems in the switch to IPv6 support,  and ISPs and corporations alike should invest necessary research and attention to ensure a smooth transition. \n\nImpact\n\nAs stated, the switch to IPv6 addresses may not mean much to end users, but for ISPs and large organizations, supporting the switch could very well introduce new problems. It is important for such organizations to research these possibilities and stay up to date on research and developments in order to ensure a smooth transition to IPv6. \n\nVocabulary ICANN : A non-profit group set up in the 1990s by the U.S. Department of Commerce, governs the Internet's inner workings. Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html#ixzz1Dol2wh1r\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from InformationWeek.com found at http://www.informationweek.com/news/government/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229218950. The article discusses a recent request by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to increase it's ability to monitor cyber traffic. Valerie Caproni, the FBI's general counsel, stated that the FBI doesn't want to alter the actual architecture of the internet or its encryption technologies, but to increase the FBI's ability to follow through on its current authority to monitor and police the Internet. \n\n\n\n\n\nPart of the problem is that while the FBI has legal authority to monitor the Internet, there is no standard protocol in place for this. Many of the problems arise on the Internet Service Provider (ISP) level. The FBI relies on the cooperation of ISPs in order to monitor traffic or even fulfill court orders. Without the timely and ready cooperation, the FBI often has to spend a lot of time and resources to follow through. \n\nImpact\n\nThe Internet has shattered so many paradigms, and it is taking institutions like governments and the FBI time to adjust. The FBI is still trying to apply old paradigms of crime fighting to the Internet, but is beginning to see that mere authority doesn't always mean anything in cyberspace. The struggle to give the FBI not just authority, but also power to traffic cyberspace will continue to be an uphill battle and will lead to gradual changes. \n\nVocabulary CALEA : The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994 that allows the FBI to intercept data on the Internet. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read an article from www.fiercetelecom.com found at http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/isps-should-take-graduated-response-piracy-problem/2011-02-24. The article discussed piracy and what is lacking to effectively address this problem. Piracy undermines the incentive for cheaper and better software to be developed, as well as crippling other industries such as music and other media. This translates to lost jobs for normal, hard-working people.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe problem at hand is that ISPs are torn between an obligation to protect the privacy of their users and a responsibility to help prevent and correct software piracy. At present there is no universal agreement between developers and ISPs on how to handle piracy. The author of the article recommends trying a \"Graduated Response\" approach that is currently being implemented in Europe. According to this approach, an organization would be setup to monitor piracy but would only have access to offenders' IP address (no other personal information). Once an offense is confirmed, the ISP would be required to contact that person. If the offenses continue, legal action could be taken. \n\nImpact\n\nPiracy costs billions of dollars worldwide, and so far efforts to stem it have essentially failed. If the graduated response approach proves successful in Europe, it very well could be that we'll see it implemented here in the USA. If that doesn't happen, we may see more invasive measures implemented that could compromise privacy and punish everyone - even non-offenders. \n\nVocabulary Graduated Response : Approach currently being implemented in the United Kingdom to stem online software and media piracy. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from computerworld.com found at http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213359/Not_so_great_firewall_of_Libya_is_switched_on. \n\nThe article discusses Libya's recent efforts to stem the flow of information to its citizens by implementing an Internet lockdown. Since the Internet depends on routers to connect internetworks, completely blocking the flow in and out of the country is simply a matter of preventing its internal routers from accepting or sending data to or from external routers. Libya is doing this via the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). \n\n\n\n\n\nBGP is like switching traffic on and off. The routers are still functioning, but no traffic is flowing. However, internal traffic can still work - only external traffic is blocked. But considering Libya's nominal Internet presence, that means that pretty much all of the Internet is blocked. However, BGP allows for select computers or networks to access the Internet, so it's likely that the President and his advisers have full access to the Internet.  \n\nImpact\n\nThis article shows us that the Internet is can effectively be killed by authoritative figures. Just because it seems like the wild west, all it takes is political authority to switch it on or off. Managing it while it's on, however, is a different story. \n\nVocabulary Border Gate Protocol  : BGP - A protocol allowing for the limiting of traffic to/from a series of routers. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from FierceTelecom.com. The link is http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/ipv6s-next-transition-challenge-broadband-home-network/2011-02-25. Like many articles recently, this one discussed IPv6 and the transition that will be taking place. However, unlike the previous articles that I have read which discuss the challenges facing ISPs and web servers, this article focused on the consumer-level switch. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article compared switching from IPv4 to IPv6 with preparing for Y2K. Switching over isn't just a matter of knowing the new stack, but it's a question of getting the consumer-grade hardware to support IPv6. Companies like Verizon have been doing simulations where a home broadband network is switched over to IPv6. The main issue so far is verifying that all of the hardware is compliant. \n\nImpact\n\nIPv6 has many nuances, some of which may be unforeseen. For broadband companies that support consumer-level broadband networks, it's critical to conduct tests to be able to understand the potential complications of switching consumer networks to IPv6. \n\nVocabulary UNH-IOL : University of New Hampshire-Interoperability Lab that conducts testing, such as the switch to IPv6. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from RedHerring.com found at http://www.redherring.com/Home/26510. The article discussed the Android app market as compared to that of the iPhone. Specifically, while the Android app market has grown by over 80% in the last year, its market share is still slim when compared to the Apple app market. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe app market makes $1.7 billion, compared to Android's $107 million. Because of this huge disparity, Apple doesn't need to worry about bending over backwards to make developers happy. Apple has the leisure of continuing to enforce heavy control on apps that are submitted to the Apple app store, as well as taking whatever profit they stipulate.\n\nImpact\n\nFor potential app developers, this kind of data is very important. While the flexibility of programming for the Android platform is attractive, much of the money is maid on the Apple side of things. However, one could argue that the relative saturation of the Apple market could make even the Win7 platform attractive to app developers.\n\nVocabulary IHS : Research firm based in the UK that performed analysis on the app markets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read and listened to an article/lecture at InfoQ.com found at http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Facebook-Moving-Fast-at-Scale. The article summarizes the accompanying lecture given by Facebook's head of engineering. Specifically, the article discusses Facebook's methodology to address scalability. For most, people think of scalability as being able to increase traffic load, user load, etc. This is what is called vertical scalability. However, Facebook focuses on what it calls horizontal scalability - the ability to continually expand the value the product/service offers.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn most traditional development methodologies, development hands code to QA, QA tests it and hands it to ops, and ops gives it to the customer. If there is a bug, the customer gets mad at ops, who usually takes the blame. However, with Facebook, the developer puts the code directly to production, so if there is an issue, the developer takes the heat. QA focuses on the scalability discussed. This makes for a true agile development methodology. \n\nImpact\n\nThe transition from waterfall to agile methodologies is difficult for many established companies, but Facebook's success is drawing lots of attention and is a serious disruptive force in the software market. Companies and managers who don't adapt may be left in the dust. \n\nVocabulary Horizontal scalability : Scaling the scope of the product - not just the depth. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article on CIO.com found at http://www.cio.com/article/678532/IT_Outsourcing_Study_Highlights_Impediments_to_Innovation. The article discusses the impact that outsourcing has in the information technology industry. Specifically, outsourcing is becoming more and more common. Two-thirds of CIOs interviewed said they are using outsourcing more now than three years ago. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe main point of the article is that most companies that are outsourced to spend most of their time working on formalizing and managing service level agreements (SLAs) and streamlining standard processes. In short, they focus on efficiency. While this can often have detrimental affects on effectiveness, it also means that outsourced companies do not spend any time innovating. In essence, outsourcing means doing things the same way over and over with no improvements. The lack of innovation for outsourced IT work needs to be addressed and taken into account when considering it as an option. \n\nImpact\n\nOutsourcing has become a very economical way to farm out inefficient work, but it needs to be monitored and managed such that innovation is possible. If a company outsources support, for example, it should seek the ability to work with the company to create an environment that fosters innovation. \n\nVocabulary SLA : Service Level Agreement - the specific set of services agreed to be performed by an outsourced company. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1335,"Article Summary\n\nRouters are pieces of hardware designed for the purpose of ensuring that data packets are transferred to the correct destination quickly and efficiently. They route the data using the information stored in the each packet's headers. This routing can occur both within one network and between different networks. \n\n\n\n\n\nWhen multiple routers are connected, they transfer data between one another regarding the best routes for data between two locations. They store this data to assist in subsequent packet transfers. Routers also have the ability to convert between different types of protocols. \n\n\n\n\n\nWhile there are several types of routers, meant for different purposes, they invariably perform similar duties. Some connect Internet Service Providers to one another, others route data within ISPs, but all route data packets. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router)\n\nImpact\n\nI learned quite a bit from this article, though many of the terms used in the description were unfamiliar. However, I did learn of the essential role that routers perform in our everyday lives. The data transfer that we enjoy every day is made possible by these pieces of hardware. \n\n\n\n\n\nA also learned the difference between the things we have in our homes that we call routers and the actual routers used Internet-wide to route our data packets. It was quite interesting to learn this, and I now have more respect for the Internet's (and all networks', for that matter) infrastructure.\n\nVocabulary Subnet : A logically visible distinctly addressed part of a single Internet Protocol network. (I assume like BYU's network relates to the Internet as a whole, though I may be mistaken.)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nFrom the Wikipedia article on NAT: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation\n\n\n\n\n\nI found it interesting to learn exactly what NAT is, and why it is important to the Internet. As a matter of fact, I found it very interesting to learn, because I had wondered exactly how multiple computers on the same network could seem to have the same IP address on the internet itself.\n\n\n\n\n\nBasically, NAT, or Network Address Translation, enables clients on a subnet to access addresses external to the subnet, even if that subnet has only one IP address. This is accomplished by sending packets through a 'gateway' that employs NAT to modify the packet's headers, recalculate the checksums, and send the packets along. To devices outside the subnet, it appears that all communications from within the subnet are originating from the device performing the NAT. \n\n\n\n\n\nThis can present numerous problems, specifically with the reception of returning packets, as it is difficult to determine exactly where to send the response packets when they arrive at the subnet. Upon arrival, NAT attempts to determine their destination through the use of various protocols, which are now effective most of the time. However, we may not need NAT when IPv6 is fully utilized, as the number of available addresses will increase dramatically. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article was very interesting to me, as I had wondered for a long time about IP addresses and how multiple connected networks could utilize the same IP addresses without causing major problems in duplicating the addresses. Now that I understand how NAT makes this possible, I can understand how it works much better. However, I am still rather confused about how the returning packets find their way to the correct destination. It's something that I intend to keep studying. \n\nVocabulary STUN : Session Traversal Utilities for NAT - an Internet standards track of methods for NAT applications in interactive IP communications.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article spoke about the fact that the last blocks of IPv4 addresses have been distributed, and that soon the addresses on those blocks will be exhausted. Therefore, it really is time that we begin moving to IPv6, officially. Because of the huge number of addresses available on IPv6, it will remove the need (though not necessarily the use) for things like NAT. IPv6 provides some important advances over IPv4, though because they are incompatible it will take time, money, and effort to make the transition. However, we have really run out of other options, and so we will eventually have to make the transition. In many cases, this will require hardware upgrades, especially among the average consumer. In some cases, a simple firmware upgrade will do the trick, though it will still require huge shifts in infrastructure. \n\n\n\n\n\nSome sites are already available in IPv6, though many ISPs do not yet support it, so it is difficult for many to utilize it. Additionally, during the transition, it is likely that most things will run on both IPv4 and IPv6, because  not all elements of the network will have made the switch, and translation between the two will be necessary.\n\nImpact\n\nWe need to start the transition to IPv6 in earnest, as the time has come that it will be necessary for technology to switch over. As we do, it will be difficult and costly, but we'll be better off when it's over. The transition will likely take quite a few years.\n\nVocabulary multicast : A set of data sent across a computer network to many users at the same time, not requiring the same set of data to be sent to each user separately.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nCongress recently voted on an amendment to suspend funding for the FCC's net neutrality plan. The FCC's plan was originally approved in December 2010, which passed 3 high-level rules regarding 'net neutrality', including: transparency, no blocking, and no unreasonable discrimination.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe House approved the amendment by a large majority, though in order to truly cut funding, it would also have to pass in the Senate and then survive a probable veto by Pres. Obama. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe amendment would remove the funding for the enforcement of a plan that is already quite controversial, as the FCC's right to enforce 'net neutrality' is questionable. A court recently ruled that the FCC had no such right.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380571,00.asp\n\nImpact\n\nThe FCC has, recently, been trying to enforce what is called net neutrality. This could have a great effect on the future of the Internet, as we decide who, if anyone, has the right to set regulations regarding the Internet and Internet Service Providers. Whether or not those providers would be allowed to prioritize access for specific content could change drastically depending on whether or not that becomes regulated.\n\n\n\n\n\nShould the FCC be able to regulate the services provided, or should that liberty remain with Internet Service Providers and be determined by competitive forces? \n\n\n\n\n\nEither way it swings, the decision will have a great impact on the future of the Internet.\n\nVocabulary Net Neutrality : A principle proposed for users' access to networks participating in the Internet. The principle advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and the modes of communication.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle from:  http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/news/article.php/3925856/Carrier+Router+and+Switching+Market+Worth+$12.8+billion.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about how the market for service provider routers and switches is still growing incredibly quickly. From 2009-2010, the market saw a 20% increase in value, which is quite dramatic. The major players in the market include Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, and Juniper Networks. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe demand for these devices is increasing so rapidly because more people continually gain access to the Internet, and connection speeds are continually increasing. That means that the existing infrastructure needs continual improvement and expansion. Especially with moves to fiber, the infrastructure needs major changes to handle the traffic capabilities.\n\n\n\n\n\nEspecially with recent increases in mobile Internet connectivity, mobile and wireless networks have required significant expansion. \n\n\n\n\n\nThese routers and switches have the ability to handle massive amounts of traffic, with Juniper having recently announced a 4 terabit per second router. Pretty impressive.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article points out the continuing expansion of the world's data networks, which are increasing in both size and speed. The major players in the world of routers and switches are continually working to increase speed and throughput. \n\n\n\n\n\nThis means that we'll continue to see improvements in the Internet's infrastructure, allowing consumers and companies to improve connectivity, speed, and capacity.\n\nVocabulary backhaul : n a hierarchical telecommunications network the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone, of the network and the small subnetworks at the \"edge\" of the entire hierarchical network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nTaken from: \n\nhttp://www.techrepublic.com/article/tech-tip-take-these-steps-to-secure-your-iis-web-server/5287646\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article deals primarily with securing a web server running Microsoft's IIS. The author begins by stating that one of the most important, and most often overlooked, steps is to close all unnecessary ports. This could entail limiting all communication to port 80 and 443. This will help ensure that potential attacks are against the webserver, not the operating system.\n\n\n\n\n\nNext, ensuring that IIS has limited access to the filesystem will also assist in ensuring security. This can be done easily by using the IIS lockdown tool. This will limit IIS's access to the file system and remove privileges for the IIS Internet user. \n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, removing directories that are common in IIS installations helps to remove potential threats using files in those folders. \n\n\n\n\n\nOverall, these are important steps to take in ensuring that a web server running IIS is doing so safely and securely. \n\nImpact\n\nIn this article, I learned several simple but important tips for running a webserver over IIS. It's always important to secure your system, but when opening it to incoming traffic, it becomes even more important. Thus, it's important to take the mentioned steps to help minimize the risk associated with attacks.\n\nVocabulary IIS Lockdown Tool : A tool provided by Microsoft that locks down the accounts used by IIS to the minimum level of privileges. It includes features such as roles and url scanning to help ensure more security.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week, I decided to read the Wikipedia article about Virtual Private Networks. I learned that various technologies are used to support VPNs. Most VPNs utilize some form of encryption, whether it be IPsec, TLS, or other technologies. VPNs are useful in that they allow you (in most cases) a secure connection to a network. This allows your computer to act as though it were directly connected to that network. This includes all services that are normally available only when directly connected to the network. \n\n\n\n\n\nMost VPNs utilize a type of 'tunneling', using encryption, to access the network. \n\n\n\n\n\nDifferent types of VPNs utilize different layers in the networking model, though the architecture in each case is very different. \n\n\n\n\n\nOverall, most VPNs are in use by corporations, as they are most in need of the software. However, many individuals also run their own VPNs.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI recently installed Logmein's simplified VPN service, Hamachi, which allowed me to create a basic VPN despite the fact that I can't seem to get it to work normally with Comcast. \n\n\n\n\n\nBut anyway, I realized how useful VPNs can be in many circumstances, and exactly what they can allow us to do. They could be very useful in many ways, especially if the hosting network and my connection to it are both speedy.  \n\nVocabulary Tunneling Protocol : Computer networks use a tunneling protocol when one network protocol (the delivery protocol) encapsulates a different payload protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/02/heritage-foundation-says-abolish-key-fcc-powers.ars\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article today deals mostly with the idea of 'net neutrality' in a political sense. It talks of one conservative organization's efforts to have the FCC's powers over the Internet revoked. This organization has been urging Congress to repeal and limit some of the more controversial powers that have been given to the FCC. \n\n\n\n\n\nOverall, it would involve repealing the laws that enforce so-called 'net neutrality', media ownership limits (such as television and radio broadcasting), and the authority to govern mergers in the media sphere. These are elements that effect data communications... Whether the FCC will be able to enforce and limit a company's power over media distribution methods will have a great impact on data communications as a whole.\n\nImpact\n\nUltimately, nearly all forms of data communications could be affected by the results of this. While we know that this is only speculation, it is ultimately a big part of the battle between keeping the Internet and data communications regulated by the FCC (kept 'neutral' by imposing regulations), or whether it will be governed and power limited by competition. It's ultimately part of the battle between conservatism and liberalism, but in this case, it could have a great impact on how data communications work in the future.\n\nVocabulary Heritage Foundation : A conservative American think tank based in Washington D.C.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/ \n\n \n\nThis article covers a scenario involving a request to facebook.com, from the DNS resolution, various requests, and finally terminating with potential AJAX requests. It's meant to clarify the steps of server requests for web developers, and does a good job explaining how requests originate, decide where to go, and exactly how the results are delivered. \n\n\n\n\n\nRequests sent to the server happen often, generally many times during a single 'page load', and are handled quickly. How a request is handled depends on the type of request and the receiving server, but are often handled by a web server.\n\nImpact\n\nThis was a very interesting article, and has helped me understand exactly what is happening behind the scenes when I make requests for web pages. It also has given me a greater appreciation for the speed that we enjoy on the Internet, despite the fact that so much goes on behind the scenes for each request we make (and many we don't, too). \n\nVocabulary CDN : A content delivery network or content distribution network (CDN) is a system of computers containing copies of data, placed at various points in a network so as to maximize bandwidth for access to the data from clients throughout the network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article - http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/03/google-bestows-1gbps-fiber-network-on-kansas-city-kansas.ars - talks about Google's announcement to implement a high-speed internet network in Kansas City, Kansas. It is a new step overall in Internet, as up to now very few ISPs have provided connections with such high speeds. Google originally announced its plans for the network in February of last year, though at the time they had not decided where the network would go.\n\nImpact\n\nThis has great potential to have a massive impact on Internet Connections nationwide. While many Internet Service Providers have been slow to provide upgrades to Internet connectivity, Google is helping push the bounds. This likely means that with the increased competition, other Internet service providers will begin to increase speeds, hopefully drastically. If not, hopefully Google will expand the service to allow other places to partake of Gigabit goodness. :-)\n\nVocabulary FTTH - Fiber to the Home : When fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1277,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle Summary\n\n“Videoconferencing for very budget” by John Brandon\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/010711-videoconferencing-for-every.html?page=1\n\nVideoconferencing tools can be categorized according to the consumers in three main categories:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.       <!--[endif]-->Personal use\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.       <!--[endif]-->Small businesses\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.       <!--[endif]-->Corporate\n\nThe author compares the most popular videoconferencing tools in each one of these markets. The prices for these products range from free to $600,000 but they all accomplish the same goal: to help people establish audiovisual communication. Globalization is demanding constant communications with greater distances, and that’s why videoconferencing is so vital to sustain modern business transactions and family communication.\n\nThe author compared IM chat, Yahoo Messenger, and Skype among the most popular videoconferencing tools for personal use. They are all very similar but none of these are 100% reliable and they all depend on the internet connection in order to work properly.  Skype is by far the most popular since it “has the largest user base of any voice carrier -- 560 million, according to its last quarterly earnings report as part of eBay.com -- so it's very likely that business clients and colleagues will already have the application installed”. \n\nSmall business the opportunity to purchase a paid version of Skype and ooVoo.  The later has a better video quality than Skype, but Skype has an advantage, it “has the largest user base of any voice carrier -- 560 million, according to its last quarterly earnings report as part of eBay.com -- so it's very likely that business clients and colleagues will already have the application installed”. \n\nCisco TelePresence System and Polycom RealPresence Experience are the most popular tools for corporations. Installation of these systems require rooms especially designed to support high quality video conferences. Cisco Systems has done a lot of research in this field, “Cisco holds 40 patents related to telepresence, including 20 just for audio (such as an echo cancellation technique that helps make audio sound true to life)”. Polycom RealPresence Experience has also done major achievements, “the camera position is perfect for face-to-face meetings: I could look right into the eyes of a presenter and he looked right back at me. (The Cisco telepresence suite was just slightly off in this regard.)” These systems range in the $600,000 and their annual fees vary depending on the services provided.\n\n \n\nAs we can see, videoconferencing technologies are available to everyone, and they will become increasingly popular. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVideoconferencing is impacting the way we do business nowadays. People just don’t have the time to be physically present in every meeting. This used to be the case for top executives, but now videoconferencing is becoming a necessity even for small businesses. \n\nPersonally, advances in videoconferencing technologies affect me directly, because I rely on Skype in order to stay in contact with my parents. They live in El Salvador, and I just can’t pay for a phone call every week. I haven’t seen them for over two years, and I won’t see them for two more years, that’s why I enjoy services like Skype, because it has kept our family together. The connection to Central America is really bad quality, but it’s better than not talking to them at all. This technology is helping the whole world to stay connected\n\nVocabulary videoconferencing : A videoconference or video conference (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nHow Cloud Computing Changes IT Staff\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/659381/Cloud_CIO_How_Cloud_Computing_Changes_IT_Staffs?page=1&taxonomyId=3112\n\n\n\n\n\nCloud computing is a new strategy that many companies are using in order to access information faster, and provide it to more users at real-time speeds. The deployment of cloud computing changes IT staff's responsibilities dramatically. The author compares this to what happened with society and its roles when the computer was introduced, he says that \"the solution is quite clear: the substitution of software automation for what was manual interaction.\" \n\n\n\n\n\nThe main problem with cloud computing is security. That's Google's major drawback with tis Google Apps solutions. They are very useful, but they do not offer the security features that standard computing offers. The author says the \"new model of computing as \"deperimeterized,\" meaning that security can no longer focus on implementing measures at the boundary of the data center.\" In order words, in order to provide overall security, every endpoint of the network must secured, and that's very hard to do in cloud computing. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe major role that cloud computing will change is that of an enterprise architect. He says that \"many organizations have enterprise architects today, but their influence is often muted by \"the needs of the business,\" which causes non-standard applications to be implemented\". This will change because for organizations to operate at cloud-scale, those kind of one-offs need to stop.\n\nImpact\n\nThe world is moving towards Cloud Computing. I personally enjoy the benefits of this by using Google docs and Dropbox. I think that cloud computing will help us meet the needs of our IT needs both in the corporate world and in our individual lives.\n\nVocabulary Cloud computing : Is location-independent computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand, as with the electricity grid\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nEurope India Gateway Submarine Cable Ready for Service\n\n\n\n\n\nThe EIG (Europe India Gateway) is a submarine cable that can carry up to 3.84 terabytes per second and it will link the following countries: United Kingdom, Bude wtih Gibraltar, Portugal, Monaco, France, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Djibouti, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and India. \n\n\n\n\n\nThis is considered the most advanced submarine cable system in the world. The cost of this cable was $700 million. This will improve the communications between Europe and India. The total length of this cable is 9,320 miles. \n\n\n\n\n\nIn response to this, Verizon stated that it has plans to extend it's global architecture to this cable:  \"This cable activation also shows our customers our strong network investment commitment around the globe. Virtually anywhere our Verizon enterprise customers do business in the world,  they can count on us to use our outstanding network capabilities to deliver their communications solutions.\" This statement shows the importance of data communications not only inside of a corporation, but between nations. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nData communications are vital in today business and political affairs. The fact that Europe and India have cooperated to build the most powerful submarine cable shows that IT professionals must have a knowledge of data  communications in order to excel in the worklplace. Networking and datacomm have revolutionized the way we do business today. \n\nVocabulary Submarine telecommunications cable : A submarine communications cable is a cable laid beneath the sea to carry telecommunications under stretches of water.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nManage Network Traffic In Your 100-Gbit/s Designs\n\nhttp://electronicdesign.com/article/embedded/Manage-Network-Traffic-In-Your-100-Gbit-s-Designs.aspx\n\n \n\nNetworking systems were not designed to manage 100-Gbits/s and beyond. The article explains how packet-buffers and traffic-management logic can be designed to meet the expectations for complicated networking systems. \n\nTMs (Traffic Managers) are used for two main purposes: \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.       <!--[endif]-->To enforce service-level agreements as contracted between service providers and their customers. \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.       <!--[endif]-->Maintain quality-of-service (QoS) attributes for traffic across network bottlenecks \n\nNPU’s are dedicated devices that implement TMs and associated packet buffers with fast silicon. They are becoming popular in the latest carrier-networking products. Because today’s broadband networks involves systems from a range of networks, service providers came up with best-practice network configurations to meet service contracts and traffic objectives given the available hardware. \n\nManaging 100-Gbits/s networks is important because integrated chip designs implement traffic-engineering features in two different subsystems\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.       <!--[endif]-->The Packet-processing subsystem: Responsible for classifying user traffic             into flows and associating correct Class of Service attributes\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.       <!--[endif]-->The traffic-management subsystem:  Responsible to buffer the packets in deep off-chip memories.\n\nBoth of the these subsystems must be designed for  100-Gits/s operation in order to perform well. This component of the TM  is critical because the logic  that makes scheduling decisions must be both advanced and flexible. \n\nIn order to support various traffic engineering models in current carrier networks, the hierarchy of scheduling nodes must be extremely flexible. Queue management  for TCP based data traffic is best implemented with weighted random early detection WRED, where the likelihood of dropping packets increases over a certain threshold. \n\nOne of the design goals is high-memory-bandwidth utilization. This is achieved by dividing the packets into pages of data units aligned to the burst size for write/read toward DRAM.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt is important to design network systems that are flexible to handle low and high traffic. TM’s (traffic managers) are very useful to do this. The need to for faster networking systems is increasing day-by-day in both enterprise and consumer markets. Network administrators must have sufficient knowledge to implement these best-practices in the organization. \n\nVocabulary Ethernet : Ethernet is a family of frame-based computer networking technologies for local area networks (LAN). It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the Physical Layer of the OSI networking model as well as a common addressing format and a variety of Medium Access Control procedures at the lower part of the Data Link Layer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn Iran, new attack escalates ongoing cyberconflict\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032611-in-iran-new-attack-escalates.html?page=1\n\n \n\nComodo group, a seller of digital certificates, was the victim the a cyber attack attributed to the an Iranian group  Cyber Army. It is still not clear whether this group is acting independently or with aid from the Iranian government. \n\n \n\nComodo said that an unnamed partner was compromised on the evening of March 15. This attack is significant because  the kind of digital Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) certificates that Comodo sells are an important part of the infrastructure used to secure the Internet. The certificates are encrypted files that tell the browser it's securely  connecting with a service, like gmail, bank accounts, etc. and that it is not an imposter site.  In America this is important because it helps prevent phishing attacks, but in countries like Iran, it helps keep private communications from prying eyes. \n\n \n\nThis is not an amateur attack, Comodo stated that it was well-planned and carefully executed.  Someone issued a certificate from Google, but there was no request from Google. Comodo doesn't know who was behind the attack, but Iran has the means, motive, and opportunity to execute an attack like this in order to spy on supposedly secured communications between Iranians and the servers used by companies such as Google, Skype, and Microsoft. \n\n \n\nThere is uncertainty about the who is perpetrating these attacks. The hackers could be completely independent, or they could be aided by governments. Terrorism is going after the internet, it's the last bastion.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIT professionals around the world must learn the ways hackers are penetrating secured systems. In this case, HTTPS was hacked, which is very scary since it's how we protect confidential internet connections in governments, corporations, and in our personal lives. ISys students need a deep understanding of data communications, especially internet security. We need to develop better ways to secure SSL and Digital Certificates, those are the kind of challenges awaiting to the new generation of IT professionals.\n\nVocabulary Digital Certificate : electronic document which uses a digital signature to bind a public key with an identity — information such as the name of a person or an organization, their address, and so forth. The certificate can be used to verify that a public key belongs to an individual.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCisco Weaving A New Data Center Fabric\n\n \n\nPasted from <http://www.networkcomputing.com/data-center/cisco-weaving-a-new-data-center-fabric.php?type=article> \n\n \n\nCisco Systems announced updates to its Data Center Business Advantage portfolio. Cisco has also focused heavily on network traffic technology with this release trying to beat the competitors Juniper and Brocade. \n\nThe updates consists of additions to the Nexus line of switches, the Unified Computing System and NX-OS.\n\n \n\nThese additions include the Nexus 3000 and the Nexus 5548 and 5596 switches. These switches include the Cisco's Unified Port Technology , which makes it possible for any port on the device to be configured as a Gigabit Ethernet, 10G Ethernet, Fibre Channel of Fibre Channel over Ethernet.\n\n \n\nOne of the most interesting technologies announced was the LISP (Location/ID Separation Control) on the Nexus 7000. LISP is an IP routing and addressing technology that separates a host's IP identity from its location, providing improved portability and address consistency for virtual machines. \n\n \n\nMost of the products and technologies included  in this announcement are scheduled to ship in the second quarter of 2011. Pricing for the Nexus 3000 is yet to be determined; pricing for the Nexus 5548 and 5596 switches is approximately $750 per port.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFabric computing has evolved a lot in the last decade. Innovations in fabric computing are going to help us achieve faster speeds for corporate business needs, but it will also lead to more innovations in order to bring faster internet to the world in general.\n\nVocabulary Fabric computing : Fabric computing or unified computing involves the creation of a computing fabric consisting of interconnected nodes that look like a 'weave' or a 'fabric' when viewed collectively from a distance.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1315,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nTutorial: Data Communication – Basics\n\nLink: http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html\n\nLink: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)\n\n \n\nData communication consists basically the transmission of data (mostly, but not all, digital in these days) through a channel of communication. This channel of communication is the pathway over which the data can be transmitted. It is very important to understand the all characteristics and requirements of the data to determine the type of communication that will be involved. There are channels that transmit data in only one way (such as a radio station), others that permits exchange de transmission directions (such as \"walkie-talkie\" style two-way radio), and another that permits simultaneously two ways of communication (such as a telephone).\n\n \n\nAlso, there are factors that will have influence in a data transmission type decision. Distance, data security, transmission completeness and correctness validation, device’s features characteristics, protocols, storage, platform, and transmission technology are factors that definitely need to be very well understood in order to define which type of each of them will be applied to a data communication.\n\nComprehend the influence that an electrical distortion or noise will have in a data communication within a microprocessor will, for example, eliminate the necessity of data encryption but will require a temporary storage for data (during transmission), or suggest packs of 32 bits of information. \n\n \n\nFinally, it is crucial to understand that there is a necessity to be up to date about data communication protocols, devices, technology, and requirements.  Users get used to new ways of data communication really fast in these days, which will bring new requirements.  And the understanding of data communications basics added to the today’s knowledge will solve them.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nA good starting to understand any topic is to get familiar with its basics. This tutorial helped me to understand the various types of data transfer and the differences aspects that will define the type of technology, storage, security, and transmission required. It also helped me to understand why we still have some technologies and their limitations (because they are good enough for their applications).\n\nVocabulary Noise : Any interference during data transfer that can cause data loss or transmission fails.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTutorials: \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Internet Protocols (IP)\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Request for Comments (RFC)\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Ping\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->Internet Standard (STD)\n\n \n\nLinks:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_standard\n\n \n\nInternet Control Message Protocol is basically used for diagnostic services in a network. It can carry error messages or indicating availability within a network. It is not intended to transport data or even be used directly by users, with some exceptions such as PING or TRACEROUTE tools. It has versions for IPv4 and IPv6.\n\n \n\nInternet Protocol (IP) is a communication protocol intended for routing packages in a network It is usually oriented to other protocol TCP, often referred as TCP/IP. It basically provides address identity hosts and logical location service. It encapsulates the package data with a header (which contains the purpose of delivery) for transmission.\n\n \n\nRequest for Comments (RFC) describes methods, researches, innovations, and behaviors (such as a protocol) of internet-connected systems. It is sponsored by non-profitable organizations such as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Architecture Board (IAB), and the global community of computer network researches. A RFC of a protocol for example, will have every technical specification and descriptions about that protocol.\n\n \n\nPing is a tool often used by network administrators (and users in today’s world) to test reachability of a component (any element in a given network that has an IP) in a network. It basically sends a package and measures it response (even when no response is given, it will produce a meaningful result for the requester).\n\n \n\nInternet Standard is a RFC that has become a standard by IETF. It means that it has passed by a three step process, and has proved its value after all required reviews. Then it is up to each organization to decide whether or not to implement it.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSpecially after attending the last lab (lab 2), these tutorials helped understand even better what was happening. The real purpose of an IP address for example became more clear for me (I didn’t understand why we need it if MAC addresses were used). It is definitely important to know how ping works to understand the meaning of its result. Finally, know a reliable source (as a RFC) is crucial to sane misunderstandings about protocols and internet standards.  \n\nVocabulary Payload : An ASCII characters package with a timestamp that allows PING to compute a trip time without the necessity of record package sending and receiving history.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTutorial: Optical Fiber\n\nLink: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber\n\n \n\nWhy do we still use optical fiber if we can do almost everything wirelesses (in our house with “routers” or in the world with satellites and 4G network)? The answer is simple, because it can do things that anything else can. It does not suffer with electrical interferences, it does not need to have repeaters very often, it has a very capable bandwidth, it is very flexible, it can multiplex channels for data transportation (up to 432 channels!), it has a very high performance in great distances, it can save space in cable ducts, it is high indicated in high voltage environments, and it is incredibly fast.\n\n \n\nIt has all this good attributes (it also has bad attributes such as cost) because it incorporates a very powerful element, light. Transporting light (instead of electrical signals) eliminates various dilemmas of using metal wires in network: frequent interferences, necessity of repeat the signal, risks of operating in high voltage environments, physical space, and performance. Because light is so powerful, a single optical fiber can have multiple channels for data transportation by slightly change the angle that the data is sent through the fiber. It also has its natural high speed because of the velocity that light has.\n\n \n\nBut optical fibers are not used only on networks. It is used in illumination applications, imaging optics, measurement devices, scientific experiments and researches, medical devices, and even in guns.\n\nIt is made from silica (with some variations), which is a type of glass.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt was very interesting learn about optical fiber. It is definitely important understand its characteristics in order to be able to perform to things: 1) have a solution for specific problems – such as high distances or environment conditions, and 2) avoid to use an expensive technology when it is not completely required. \n\nVocabulary Repeaters  : Devices used in a network to extend the life time of a signal (electrical or optical). They are usually used in large distances networks. They are also known as regenerators. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle: Content Management System (CMS) – Drupal\n\nLinks: \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->-          <!--[endif]-->http://drupal.org\n\nContent Management Systems are definitely important in today’s data communications.\n\nDrupal , a free open source content, is one of them. It is PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) based and is distributed under a public license.  It was originally written by Dries Buytaert, and it became an open source platform in 2001. Even though it is a relatively new project, it is the back end of at least 1% of all websites in the internet today. Because it has a very solid security structure it hosts from blogs till government and big companies web sites.\n\nIt became popular because no programming knowledge is required for its user, although it offers a sophisticated programming interface for developers. The newest version is 7.0, which requires PHP 5.2 or higher, as well as a database (such as MySQL, SQLite or PostgreSQL). In the current version, Drupal comes with a variety of core modules, which provides a lot of features for management content and web site administration (such as advanced search, multiple-level menu system, admin bar, descriptive URLs, and many others). It is also well known by its themes, which allows user completely change a website appearance by a click of a mouse. Drupal became so popular that it has over 830,000 registered users and developers distributed within over 20 national communities in different countries. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt is definitely important to know and understand how people are communicating today. Content Management Systems usually bring a lot of built-in features that implement a variety of protocols for data communication, data security, and data management. Drupal has been used by very large organization which means that we need to know how to use it as a possible solution in our carrier field.\n\nVocabulary Security Through Obscurity : Security Through Obscurity – an attempt of using secrecy to provide security (i.e. change a well known port used by a device to minimize the attacks that it will suffer in the internet).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTutorial: IPv6\n\n \n\nURL: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipv6\n\n \n\nInternet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a successor of IPv4. IPv6 allows vastly more numerical IP address than IPv4 (2^128, approximately 3.4 x 10^38 addresses for IPv6 and 2^32, or 4,294,967,296 addresses for IPv4). It eliminates the necessity for network address translation (NAT) and implements additional features not present in IPv4. It simplifies the network numbering (prefix and router announcements) and address assignment (stateless address auto-configuration). It also facilitates the mechanism of forming the host identifies link layer MAC addresses with a 64 bits subnet size.\n\nIPv6 has the multicast transmission (a transmission of a packet to multiple destinations in a single operation) as part of its base specification. It does not implement the traditional IP broadcast; therefore it eliminates the need of broadcast addresses. To perform a similar operation, IPv6 sends a packet to all nodes multicast group (address ff02::1).\n\nIPv6 hosts have stateless address auto-configuration (SLAAC), which means that they can configure themselves automatically when connected to a routed IPv6 device network using ICMPv6 (Internet Control Message Protocol version 6). Also, IPv6 packet headers facilitate the forwarding process (even though they have bigger header) by improving reading efficiency. Finally, IPv6 packets have optional size of 2^32-1 bits, commonly referred as jumbograms.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSince the world is running out of available Ipv4 IP addresses, it is crucial to learn the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. The size and appearance are the main difference for end users (because IPv6 has 128 bits and it is usually written in hexadecimal format).\n\nIn addition IPv6 has different features that need to be understood, such as the lack of broadcast transmission and the additional node multicast group (to perform similar operations in this case). The different aspects of IPv6 also need to be well known since they will facilitate (for example the stateless address auto-configuration) or even enable features (such as a globally routable multicast group) never experienced before in a so easy way.\n\nVocabulary Jumbograms : Optinal IPv6 support for packets over the IPv4 limit (65535 octets) and as large as 4294967295 octets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTutorial: Drupal\n\nURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupal\n\nURL: http://drupal.org/\n\nDrupal is an open source content management system (CMS), completely free (it is distributed under the GNU General Public License), and it is written in PHP. Because it is a CMS it is used as back-end system for a variety of web sites worldwide (at least 1% of all websites). Due to its powerful performance with large and complex systems, Drupal has been chosen to host many different kinds of websites (governments – including whitehouse.gov and data.gov.uk – blogs, business, and others.\n\nDrupal management is organized in modules, including the “core” modules (those which come installed – but not always enabled – in a Drupal installation). It is also well known by its great variety of themes (which are pretty similar to modules), many of them free as well.\n\nThe main advantage of using Drupal it is the powerful and secure data system management. Users (commonly without any experience of programming) can easily add content to their web sites, and programmers don’t need to worry about common threads (such as SQL Injection) and users authentication and authorization.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n Well, it is very important to be aware of the new technologies been used worldwide. Drupal hosts at least 1% of the entire back-end websites in the world, including large and sensitive websites such as www.whitehouse.gov or www.symantec.com.\n\nDrupal is already integrated with MySQL and can be easily integrated with other databases. It has a very reliable security methodology, helping programmers to avoid common mistakes (SQL injection for example). It is definitely something to look for learning soon if someone wants to keep competitive and up dated in the market.\n\nVocabulary GPL : GPL – General Public License is the most widely used free software license.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTutorial: File Transfer Protocol\n\nLink: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol\n\nWhen we need to copy a file from a host to another network we can build a file transfer protocol on the client-server. The user can connect by authenticating themselves using text sign-in or anonymously, if the server is configured to do it. This is used a lot in the internet and other popular desktop operation systems. The first specification was written in 1971, being replace in 1980 and 1985 and also having different standards amend.\n\nThe client connects to the server by a connection called control connection. The server responds to this connection with three digit status codes in ASCII. These numbers represent the cod number and a text representation can be added. To determine now the data is going to be established the FTP can be run in either active or passive mode. When active mode is used, the IP address and port number is sent to the server and the connection will the established; and when a passive mode is used a PASV is send by the client to the server, who in return will send the IP address and the port number.\n\nThe file transfer protocol has many security flaws and therefore it is not supposed to be used as a secure protocol.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt is definitely important to know FTP because we (in ISYS career ) will deal a lot with servers and file transfers. Specially now on intex that we need to have our web site, I believe that it will be valuable to know FTP.\n\nVocabulary Run-length encoding (RLE : It is a very simple form of data compression in which runs of data are stored as a single data value and count, rather than as the original run. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1353,"Article Summary\n\nI read an article on PC Magazine's website about NAS devices (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2354173,00.asp).  I had no idea what a NAS was before reading the article, but I now know.  NAS stands for Network Attached Storage, or, in other words, it's an extra storage space that can be configured to work within a network.  At first glance, this seemed pretty straightforward, but after today's discussion about basic TCP/IP and the basics of how networks are strung together, I immediately thought about how if these devices are hooked into a network, are the effectively their own little servers?  The answer came quickly that yes, they can indeed function as servers and usually come pre-loaded with their own DHCP handlers, etc.  The biggest difference, I learned, between NAS and a regular server is the fact that a server can perform functions in addition to I/O storage while a NAS simply does storage.  Other than that, though, most NAS's can be used like miniature servers.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe primary purpose of the article was to guide readers into finding the device that's right for them.  As with anything in the computing world, if function (as opposed to aesthetics) is the only thing that changes which option to purchase, then understanding your organizational and personal needs for the NAS is paramount.  Some NAS's are almost entire computers, from the what the article says, if you aren't expecting heavy traffic in and out of the device, there's no reason to purchase an exorbitantly high-end device.One of the categories that intrigued me was wireless vs wired NAS's.  The article made it clear that a wireless NAS really didn't make a lot of sense, since, by definition, a NAS is Network- attached anyway.  In other words, it sounds like companies are trying to capitalize on the buzzword \"wireless\" when consumers are looking for a NAS.\n\nImpact\n\nI think that the impact of this article can be found in the fact that servers are in the hands of consumers now.  While NAS's aren't true servers, in many cases, they can serve a cheap network storage, thereby reducing the need for expensive servers.  That being said, however, I think that the average consumer (who doesn't know what a static IP address is) will soon store everything on the \"cloud\" offered by Amazon or others instead of trying to have their own little NAS that they have to maintain. \n\nVocabulary NAS : Network Attached Storage\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2373975,00.asp\n\n\"How to Avoid Scareware\"\n\n\n\n\n\nI read an article for this assignment without even meaning to.  I would normally read something a little more technical, but this fell into my lap and it was too good to ignore.  Yesterday, I was called to remove a virus from a neighbor's computer, so being the dutiful ISYS major that I am, I went over, computer in hand.  Their computer had actually been taken over by a \"Scareware\" Trojan that claimed their computer had been infected and needed they needed to buy virus protection.  I opened up my computer and started researching and found several mentions of a concept called \"scareware\" that tried to trick people into thinking that their computer had problems.  \n\n\n\n\n\nIt turns out that scareware is big business.  Because the trojan allows your computer to only go to their website, it seems that they are your only hope.  Interestingly enough, the article mentioned that often scammers are caught because they spell things wrong.  In this case, the virus program they were trying to sell was called \"powerfull pc protection\" (with two L's).  The biggest reason why these programs are so successful is because people just don't understand computers.  Little alerts that say \"----.exe appears to be infected!  would you like to start virus software?\" look genuinely terrifying to the average person and so they buy fake software from the people that got them in the mess in the first place.\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter reading the article and several others, I started the computer in safe mode and installed an anti-malware rpogram that wiped the trojan off their computer.  Then, the internet stopped working, so I used my new-found ping expertise to determine that they were on the network, so the problem probably was with their browser.  A few moments later, the computer was up and running and my neighbors were beside themselves with happiness.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis class is paying off already.\n\nImpact\n\nThe reason why virus makers can continue to be successful is because people dont' understand viruses and how their computers work!  Scareware is a simple extension of this basic fact.  As long as ignorance abounds about computers, then scareware will be profitable.  Oh, and ping and clearing the arp cache actually help in real life.\n\nVocabulary Scareware : software that tries to convince an individual that they have a problem on their computer in an effort to get them to reveal personal information or download further \"antivirus\" programs to their computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://virtualizationreview.com/articles/2011/02/10/managing-public-hybrid-clouds.aspx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article, the author Manny Vellon talks about how the concept of Active directory should be applied to cloud computing.  He talks about how the biggest concern that organizations have with cloud-style computing is security, due largely to the fact that there's no one standard for authenticating on the cloud in a way that is universal.  Because every organization is different, authentication techniques that may work on an internal network or company-maintained network will not mesh correctly with those found on cloud networks.  Vellon goes on to talk about how an active directory style authentication system that's universal might be the answer.\n\nImpact\n\nThe concept of Active directory is one that has made maintenance and enhancement of business environments very friendly and easy to use.  That same concept might be useful and beneficial for larger cross-corporation clouds.  If there were a universal Active Directory-style authentication system for large cloud networks, then a lot of the headaches that IT professionals have in meshing in-house authentication with outside authentication might be alleviated. \n\nVocabulary SaaS : Software as a service. It refers to service that is provided on demand by a software maker to customers. It often refers to a model of development where the software solution is viewed as a service rather than a physical product.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.powerpage.org/2011/03/11/yahoo-repairs-server-side-imap-settings-clears-up-e-mail-issue-for-windows-7-iphone-users/\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article, I learned that the source of Microsoft's data glut problems for mobile users has been traced back to Yahoo mail servers that had a problem with IMAP configuration, such that the entire header set of information was delivered to mail subscribers instead of just a summary.  In recent weeks, users of Microsoft phones (and even some iPhone users) had noticed that their data usage had sky-rocketed and they didn't know why.  Microsoft declined to offer a specific reason why this was happening (the glut had been traced back to them), but after a personal investigation by a private citizen, Yahoo'smail servers were pinpointed as the problem.  As it turned out, Yahoo mail servers had a wonky IMAP setting that sent up to 25 times the data that was needed.  Yahoo has since quietly upgraded their servers.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article demonstrates the importance of proper configuration and understanding one's audience and their needs.  Under corporate systems where data transfer is cheap, it makes sense to push a lot of data on the user.  But in a mobile environment where users pay for data usage, pushing lots of data is irresponsible and angers customers.\n\nVocabulary IMAP : Internet Message Access Protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.circleid.com/posts/digging_through_the_problem_of_ipv6_and_email_part_1/\n\n\n\n\n\nFor this week's current reading, I read an article dealing with Spam and IPV6.  IT was an awesome article detailing the problem that email providers and fileterers are facing because of a move to IPV6.  Right now, Spam is dealt with by selectively blocking and unblocking blocks of IPV4 addresses.  Spammers attempt to take over computers and then use them to send email, but it's (relaitvely) easy to block IP addresses or blocks of addresses that are behaving suspiciously.  The problem is that in IPV6, there's such a huge space to hide in, that spammers could, at their current volume of email, send ONE message per IP address, move on to the next and send another, etc. and not have to repeat an address for 1000 years.  That's a lot of space to hide in, and so people are worried about not being able to block the deluge of spam that will be coming if IPV6 is used for email.  There are a couple of solutions to this problem.  One is to create a \"whitelist\" of accepted addresses that can send email.  The problem with this is that you wouldn't be able to receive email from a place you hadn't heard of before or there would need to be an extensive opt-in process.  Another solution is to divvy up a certain block of addresses that can be used for email servers and thus narrow the range of addresses spammers can hide in.  Another solution is to simply continue using IPV4 for email. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is extremely timely as we consider moving the internet to IPV6.  While the harware and software for IPV6 may be in place, there are definite consiequences to using email on IPv6.  I hadn't considered all of the ramifications for this.  It seems to me that all of the \"solutions\" would require a decided shift in thinking.  Either we start handing out addresses that are designated email IPv6 address or continue to use IPv4-- neither of those very palatable.  I don't thin there's a solution yet and it will be interesting to see where the debate goes. \n\nVocabulary PBL : Policy block list. It's a list of blocked IP address that's shared around by people in order to filter spam email. In IPv6, it would be HUGE.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215305/Critical_NASA_network_was_open_to_Internet_attack\n\n\n\nIn this article, I learned about how NASA's servers were shown to be vulnerable to internet attacks because of some improperly configured settings.  For example, one of the servers had an FTP vulnerability that could have been exploited to disrupt space operations, etc.  The vulnerabilities were discovered during an IT audit process where auditors did a security scan of servers and discovered several vulnerabilities.  NASA claims that the oversight was going to be fixed because of an upcoming procedure refresh, but the problems were not fixed in time for the audit and they still have no ongoing plan to test vulnerabilities.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article goes to show that understanding network security and proper configuration of network servers is paramount to success.  Even an organization like NASA has to be careful that network resources are not exposed to attack.  I think that people really have no concept of how much we rely on networking and as a result, they sort of take for granted the fact that networks are secure.  The fact of the matter is that understanding the consequences of mis-configuration is important in order to protect corporate and personal information.\n\n\n\nVocabulary ftp bounce attack : using ftp requests to port scan a server and then send the results to the attacker.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1281,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read a PC MAG article titled “Ten Tips for Public Wi-Fi Hotspot Security” (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2368802,00.asp). The article provided simple tips that help you to keep all your information secure while using the internet at public wi-fi spots. I’ve listed all ten tips below:\n\n \n\nTen Tips to Stay Safe Online:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.       <!--[endif]-->Keep Your OS Updated\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.       <!--[endif]-->Use a Firewall\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.       <!--[endif]-->Remove Sensitive Data From Your Laptop\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.       <!--[endif]-->Use HTTPS and SSL\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.       <!--[endif]-->Opt to Not Save Passwords\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.       <!--[endif]-->Avoid Banking Via Public Hotspots\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->7.       <!--[endif]-->Harden Your Data Defenses\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->8.       <!--[endif]-->Use a VPN\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->9.       <!--[endif]-->Set Network Location to \"Public\"\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->10.   <!--[endif]-->Pick The Securest Network\n\n \n\nAs you can see, none of the tips are very difficult but instead it is just a matter of changing ones habits while surfing in public locations. The tip that I found to be most informative was number 3 – Remove Sensitive Data From Your Laptop. The author recommends that if there is a need to have access to sensitive data while on the road, buy a NAS device or use a service such as LogMeIn to access your home machine.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nBecause of this article I will only connect to wi-fi networks that have password protection and I will set my windows machine to use the “public network” setting in order to harden my defenses against potential hackers.\n\nVocabulary NAS : A network attached storage container for data. Many types of NASes also act as a server that can be accessed remotely. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle Synopsis:\n\nI read an Electronic Design article titled “IEEE and Broadcom Bring for Energy-Efficient Ethernet ” (http://electronicdesign.com/article/communications/IEEE-And-Broadcom-Bring-Forth-Energy-Efficient-Ethernet.aspx). \n\n \n\nThe article described the 802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE). Because the vast majority of the world’s networking equipment uses some form of Ethernet, if adopted, this new standard could help save billions of dollars each year in energy costs. The main difference between the current standard and the proposed EEE standard occurs when the networking equipment idles. The following has been taken from the article.\n\n \n\n“Ethernet sends data in bursts that are often seconds to hours apart. Based on analyses of local-area network (LAN) link utilization, users are only connected 1% to 5% of the time they’re powered up. The IEEE 802.3az amendment to IEEE 802.3 defines mechanisms and protocols designed to reduce the energy consumption of network links during periods of low utilization by transitioning interfaces into a low-power state.”\n\n \n\nInitial estimate say that if the new standard was adopted 100% in the United States it could save approximately $470 million per year. Broadcom already offers multiple networking devices that support this new standard and they have also made sure that it will work with legacy networking equipment.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nBy utilizing this new standard a company could cut back on their energy consumption and therefore increase profitability.\n\nVocabulary PHY : The services in the OSI protocol stack (layer 1) that provide the transmission of bits over the network medium, also known as the \"PHY\" layer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read talked about the efforts that the Egyptians are taking to connect to the internet. A few days ago, as a result of the protests taking place in Egypt, the government shut down all but one of the countries ISP's. Mobile networks have also been shut down in Egypt. However, an activist group called We Rebuild has been finding ways to reconnect with the rest of the world.  \"When countries block, we evolve,\"  the activist group tweeted. They have been using telephones to dial international numbers that connect them to modems. They have also used fax machines. The users of the the only remaining functioning ISP in Egypt have been downloading software that allows them to use the internet anonymously.\n\n\n\n\n\nSite link: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207078/Without_Internet_Egyptians_find_new_ways_to_get_online?taxonomyId=167&pageNumber=1\n\nImpact\n\nThis article shows the importance of the internet and the networks used to communicate across the world. The internet is allowing the people to share their side of the story and contrast that with the what the Egyptian government is saying.\n\nVocabulary Tor : Tor is free software and an open network that helps you defend against a form of network surveillance that threatens personal freedom and privacy, confidential business activities and relationships, and state security known as traffic analysis.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe assigned article (http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703) talked about the future of IP_V4 and IP_V6. Recently, the last portion of the IP_V4 addresses have been distributed. If the analysts are correct, there will no longer be any IP_V4 address available in about a years time. \n\n\n\n\n\nMany companies, such as Apple and IBM have thousands of unused IP_V4 address and may sell them to others who are in need. Soon, consumers will need to buy new hardware in order to access the internet. When the transition to IP_V6 has been made it will allow for thousands of times more address than the current IP_V4.\n\nImpact\n\nFor the average computer user, you wont have to worry about much. The main people who should be concerned are the business who have a large web presence or others who host their own websites. Most newer operating systems are already equipped to handle both IP_V4 and IP_V6.\n\nVocabulary /8 or slash-eight : A slash-eight contains 16.8 million IP addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAs more and more devices are connecting to the internet (ie cars, washing machines, coffee makers, etc.) the need for better security is becoming increasingly important. The difficulty of protecting web enabled devices is being able to do it in a lightweight manner. Desktop computers have sufficient memory to run heavy security software packages whereas the newer household devices and mobile phones do not have large amounts of RAM.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis Red Herring article (http://www.redherring.com/Home/26506) explains that security experts McAffe and Wind River (both owned by Intel) are combining their hardware and software expertise in order to better secure web enabled devices in an efficient manner.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article reminded me of the dangers of having everything web enabled. While it does increase convenience we are opening ourselves up more for hackers.\n\nVocabulary Wind River : A world leader in embedded and mobile software.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article titled IBM Offers New Software For Managing Virtualization, Cloud Systems (http://www.networkcomputing.com/virtualization/ibm-offers-new-software-for-managing-virtualization-cloud-systems.php).\n\n\n\n\n\nAt IBM's PULSE 2011 conference in Las Vegas this week the company introduced their new software that can create virtual server images in minutes. The new software will also \"...automate the management of virtual environments and hybrid cloud systems\". IBM helps to facilitate the movement of enterprises to the cloud by allowing businesses to create virtual servers and deploy them within seconds.\n\n\n\n\n\nIBM also introduced software called Tivoli Provisioning Manager that automates a set of \"best practices\" for virtual data centers and will allow the user to make the best use of a computers resources.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAccording to the IDC, spending on cloud related technology is expected to increase from $17 billion to $45 billion by 2013. IBM is targeting this trend by supplying this new software to increase efficiency and security on the cloud. This will have an impact on my life as more and more of the services I use everyday are being hosted on the cloud (ie Dropbox).\n\nVocabulary IDC : International Data Corporation - The premier global provider of market intelligence, advisory services, and events for the information technology, telecommunications and consumer technology markets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read the pcworld article titled \"Security on a Shoestring Budget\" (http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/221562/security_on_a_shoestring_budget.html). The article mentioned several ways to protect a home or small business network without having to spend the thousands of dollars that are often required to get good network security tools. I've listed the tools below.\n\nFirewall - A good, free open source solution is called Smoothwall Express.  \"SmoothWall Express is a Linux-based open-source firewall delivering advanced features and perimeter protection capable of running on any Pentium-class PC with at least 128MB of RAM.\"\n\nIntrusion detection or intrusion prevention system (IDS/IPS) - The most popular and effective open-source IDS available is called Snort. \"As new malware threats and attack techniques are discovered, rules have to be created and implemented in Snort to allow the IDS to detect and identify them. But because of the size and the contributions of the vast Snort user community, the rules are almost constantly updated and there is no shortage of support available.\"\n\nAntivirus software - The article recommends using Microsoft Security Essentials for anti-virus protection. (The software is free for home users and small business with up to 10 pcs.\n\nStrong passwords - Strong passwords are key to network security. Tools are available that try to crack passwords such as John the Ripper. By using these tools you can see which of your own passwords are weak and need to be changed.\n\nVulnerability scanners - Microsoft also provides a vulnerability scanner that will help you find other weaknesses in the system and suggest ways to improve them.\n\nImpact\n\nI found this article very helpful because it showed me how I can have some security tools similar to those found in the lab without having to spend a small fortune. Like the article states, \"Open-source tools are often not as polished as commercial software--or filled with the familiar bells and whistles that bloat packaged applications in an effort to justify their cost--but they work, and it's hard to argue with free.\"\n\nVocabulary IDS : IDS is an intrusion detection system that monitors network traffic in an attempt to recognize unauthorized access of network machines.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nICMP is a messaging protocol used mainly by operating systems to send error messages. ICMP is different from other transport protocols such as TCP and UDP because it is rarely used to transport data. Most ICMP messages are sent in response to errors in IP datagrams to the IP address that initially sent the datagram. ICMP messages are sent in IP datagrams and therefore we can never know with certainty that they have been received. \n\nCommon ICMP error messages include “requested service is not available”, “host or router could not be reached” and time out errors. Many network utilities such as ping and traceroute use ICMP to perform their functions. \n\nAll ICMP packets will have an 8 byte header that include the type of error that occurred, the code that specifies exactly the type of error and a checksum to ensure that the message was received correctly. The rest of the ICMP message is of variable size, depending on what occurred on the network.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs you can see from the summary above, the ICMP is a very important protocol used in the monitoring and troubleshooting of networks.\n\nVocabulary ICMP : ICMP is an acronym that stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol \n\nUser Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite and it is implemented at the Transport layer. Unlike TCP, UDP doesn’t use any handshake method to ensure that a connection is made to a specific computer before sending data. Also, there are no checks to see if the data being sent is actually being received. As a result, data sent using UDP can be received out of order or not even received at all. Because UDP skips all the connection and authentication steps that are used in TCP is can send data more efficiently and is often used for streaming media. It also has the benefit of sending information to multiple computers simultaneously making it ideal for services such as IPTV.\n\nA few issues concerning UDP are data reliability and internet congestion. If a service that uses UDP also needs to be able to ensure that the data is being sent correctly, often times UDP applications will be implemented in the application layer as needed. Wikipedia states that “congestion insensitive UDP applications that consume a large fraction of available bandwidth could endanger the stability of the internet, as they frequently give a bandwidth load that is inelastic.” The article then goes on to mention that “network-based mechanisms have been proposed to minimize potential congestion collapse effects of uncontrolled, high rate UDP traffic loads.” These network-based tools are routers that use packet queuing and dropping, etc. \n\nFor more information on UDP, you can read the documentation at the following link. RFC 768.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs you can see UDP is very important in today’s world with live video/audio broadcasts becoming more popular via sites such as YouTube and UStream. We need to have a firm grasp on this technology to ensure that it is used to its highest potential and doesn’t adversely affect the internet as a whole.\n\nVocabulary UDP : User Datagram Protocol\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol\n\nNDP stands for Neighbor Discovery Protocol and it used to auto-discover the address of ever node on a network utilizing IPv6. It is very similar to the ARP and ICMP protocols which are used to on network using IPv4. Although it provides very similar functionality as ARP and ICMP it also has many improvements, one in particular being NUD (Neighbor Unreachability Detection). NUD increases the efficiency of packet delivery when encountering failing routers and links. The list below defines a few more of the functions that the NDP protocol provides.\n\n·         Router discovery – locates routers residing on the network\n\n·         Address auto configuration – auto configures the addresses of network interfaces\n\n·         Address resolution – maps IP addresses to link-layer addresses\n\n·         Duplicate address detection – checks to ensure that an address isn’t already in use\n\n·         Smart redirect – allows a router to inform a node about better first-hop routers\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->\n\nAs you can see, NDP plays an important role in the set-up and maintenance of any network.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI enjoyed reading this article after having done the ARP assignment in the lab. It is very important that these services function work correctly because without them it would be a whole lot more difficult to set up and maintain a network. Protocols like NDP and ARP help to automate a lot of these processes.\n\nVocabulary NDP : Neighbor Discovery Protocol\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1316,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://wistechnology.com/articles/6649/ \n\nhttp://wistechnology.com/articles/6648/ \n\n \n\nOn the issue of Net Neutrality there appears to be no neutral ground. To that end, I read two articles (written by the same individual)  that were written in tandem to each other that show opposing viewpoints on the issue.\n\n \n\nNet Neutrality is the concept of treating all sources and types of data equally. Data packets on the internet have traditionally been treated this way. The issue is if there should actually be laws passed enforcing this principal. Those who support net neutrality argue that ISPs could begin restricting the type of content their users could access and begin to control the internet.  For example If an ISP like Comcast decided to restrict YouTube traffic and boost its own video offerings. That company could charge data providers like YouTube for 'premium' service on their networks. The internet would no longer be a free place to do business. Those that oppose Net neutrality argue that things have been going fine for 20 years with no problems and that intervention would actually hurt the system. They argue a demand for packet equality will destroy the ability for companies to provide optimal services to their customers. Companies could use throttling techniques to stop overconsumption from some users or offer discounts to those who are willing to live with slower internet speeds.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nThis issue is important because it is one of the major issues in debate in our national congress. The decisions made about net neutrality will effect how the internet is run in the future. It may be that someday, net neutrality causes the internet will be worthlessly slow because of the overconsumption by some users. On the other hand, someday the internet could be controlled by under-regulated ISP tycoons. It is important that this issue is understood. \n\nVocabulary net Neutrality : a principle proposed for users' access to networks participating in the Internet. The principle advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, and the modes of communication.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6 \n\n \n\nIPv6 is the internet protocol that is meant to replace IPv4. IPv4 was the first publically used internet protocol. The reason that there is a need for IPv6 is that the IP addresses from version 4 are running out. Based on the design of IPv4 addresses only about four billion addresses can be issued. It is estimated that all the addresses will be used up somewhere between 2011-2012. IPv6 fixes this problem by having 128 bit addresses. In addition, IPv6 has other features that will benefit those that make the switch.\n\n \n\nThe problem with IPv6 is in implementation. IPv6 and IPv4 aren’t really compatible with each other. However it is possible to communicate across the two platforms by means of \"tunneling\".  The real issue with implementation has to do with the programs and hardware that will use the new protocol. These systems will have to be updated and in some cases replaced by users before IPv6 can be used. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is relevant because IPv6 will most likely be implemented within the next few years. this will change the ways networks are created and established. Baring some unforeseen breakthrough in IP technology, IPv6 will be the protocol that everyone will have to use to run networks.\n\nVocabulary Tunneling : In the context of IP packets it means \"encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4, in effect using IPv4 as a link layer for IPv6.\"(Wikipedia)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011911-yahoo-ipv6.html?page=1 \n\n \n\nThis article talks about how Yahoo is making preparations to move IPv6 on to its main web site. The article explains that yahoo has been one of the main advocates of the move to IPv6. There is some concern for them that the  switch will inhibit approximately 1 million members from accessing their site. This is a significant concern for the company who is currently facing fierce competition against other web based companies such as Google.  This implementation is has become the second largest engineering project for the company.\n\nFortunately the article also talks about world IPv6 day where the major internet sites will be testing out IPv6 for a day to test the major kinks. This will allow Yahoo and other companies to hammer out the bugs in this system without suffering massive business losses.  This is important as IPv4 addresses being to run out limiting new clients from being able to access the site.\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is important because yahoo is the fourth most popular web site on the internet. With their  implementation of IPv6 it will act as an inceptive for other companies to do likewise. If they are successful at integrating IPv6 this will give them an advantage as the IPv4 addresses run out.\n\nVocabulary World IPv6 Day : June 8, 2011 the day that several large internet based companies including Google, Facebook and Yahoo are going to test IPv6 on their systems to evaluate bugs.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020311-microsoft-to-patch-22-bugs.html?page=1 \n\n \n\nThe article is about 22 bugs that going  to be patched for next weeks patch Tuesday. Of these vulnerabilities, three of them are labeled by Microsoft as \"critical.\" apparently critical updates are the highest risk vulnerabilities. They are assigned to vulnerabilities that can be \"exploited with little or no action on the part of a user.\" this article is even more interesting because three of these vulnerabilities have already been acknowledged by Microsoft and are a high risk for a zero day attack.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact- Microsoft's patch Tuesday is rather important day in the business networking world. It is the day that the patches are released for the month. Microsoft's monthly patch Tuesday allows network administrators to plan for patches. It is important to keep track of these things because ignoring these security patches puts one at risk for attacks. It is also important to know which vulnerabilities Microsoft has not yet released a patch. These vulnerabilities are also venerable to zero day attacks.\n\nVocabulary zero day attack : There are several conflicting definitions for a zero day attack. The most common definition is the exploiting of a newly discovered vulnerability before the release of a corresponding patch \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703 \n\n \n\nSince the article was an assigned reading I will only highlight the points I found most interesting rather than summarize it. The article talks about how we are running out of IP addresses and need to move to IPV6. what is interesting is that, according to the article,  only 14% about of IPv4 addresses are actually being used. The rest have been partitioned to different organizations who are for whatever reason sitting on them. It is interesting because as the article says, the increased scarcity will cause IPv4 addresses to go up in price.  The same organizations who are holding these IP addresses may then turn around and sell them for a profit.\n\nIt is interesting to note that the article also talks about how end users are not really to blame for the lack of progress. Though it is true that home routers don’t support IPv6, the fact of the matter is that most ISP's don’t support IPv6 anyway. Basically its as if the entire world is sitting around waiting for somebody to take the first step. Thank goodness for world Ipv6 day.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is relevant because IPv6 will most likely be implemented within the next few years. this will change the ways networks are created and established. Baring some unforeseen breakthrough in IP technology, IPv6 will be the protocol that everyone will have to use to run networks. I really curious to see if the transition to IPv6 will cause any social changes. Perhaps IPv4 exchanges will become an inflated marketplace. More likely the change will be made and no one will really know the difference.\n\n \n\nVocabulary Dual IP stack  : Using hybrid sockets to accept both IPv4 and IPv6. preferred over tunneling. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021811-google-ups-speed-of-chrome.html?hpg1=bn \n\n \n\nGoogle recently released a beta version of Google chrome version 10.  it is supposed to be 64% faster at loading JavaScript. The article explains how the browser optimizes certain JavaScript code that is frequently run to better improve performance. The article goes on to briefly explain additional features that are included in this version.  The most interesting was a hardware-accelerated video feature that is supposed to reduce load on a computers graphics processer.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nThis article is important because of the browser war. Google is competing against Microsoft's internet explorer and Mozilla's Firefox for market share.  Any improvements to their browser is meant to appeal to new customers as well as retain their old ones. I tried to do some additional research on the driving force of the browser war but mostly discovered more opinions than fact. One thing is for certain, Google as a purely internet based company is very interested in optimized web performance for their sights. It would seem that their jump into the browser war is an effort to do just that. It may be that Google is going to set many of the internet standards for the future much like IE has done in the past.\n\nVocabulary Browser wars  : A metaphorical term that refers to competitions for dominance in usage share in the web browser marketplace. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol \n\n  Dynamic Host configuration Protocol is a way for new computers on a network to be configured for the network. DHCP is the device that auto assigns IP addresses to a computer connected to the network. In addition to this, the DHCP  server holds a cache of resolved DNS names so that they can be accessed by the network. For a computer to get an IP address, there are several steps that the computer goes through. First a UDP broadcast message is send to discover the DHCP. The DHCP then responds to the message and offers an IP address. Once that occurs, the host computer specifically requests that address and then the DHCP acknowledges the request and the host computer receives the ability to use the IP address for a specified period of time.\n\nThe article also explains how the DHCP is vulnerable to attacks. The most interesting attack I read about was attacks on the DNS cache. If hackers can get in and change the DNS cache name resolution, they can redirect users to malicious sites.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDHCP is important because that is how we can connect our computers to networks without manually configuring our IP addresses every time we switch networks. As a student at BYU. I'm sure my computer has to make a DHCP request every time I move buildings. Its important to understand this technology as it is essential for most networks.\n\nVocabulary DHCP discovery  : The message broadcast from a host computer using UDP to request a lease of a IP address. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/01/how-egypt-or-how-your-government-could-shut-down-the-internet.ars \n\n \n\nThis article is about how Egypt shut off the internet. The article has an speculative tone which leads me to believe that it is not actually know what was done to shut off the internet.  They do however give some legitimate explanations to the problem. They explain that Egypt's internet is connected to the outside world through cables that run across to Italy. If those cables where disconnected, Egypt could not communicate with the outside world. The article states that that is however unlikely. The author states that most likely the DNS root server were disabled making it imposable for people to access sites via their domain name.  However, I am a little confused as to the conclusions that were reached because   Egyptians would still be able to access internet sites via IP address. Perhaps the ISP routers were also disabled thereby shutting off all communication.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is important because it explains how networks can be influenced by government intervention. Its hard for me to imagine the internet being shut down in its entirety in this country. But as difficult as it would be to actually successfully do so, It still is possible to have that occur even here.\n\nVocabulary Border Gateway Protocol  : a routing protocol that is used between the routers on either side of the border between two ISPs \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2381842,00.asp \n\n \n\nThis article was about the finalization of a settlement between Twitter and the FTC. Apparently Twitter had two serious breaches of security that compromised administrative accounts in their system. The first was a brute forcing of an administrative password using a guessing program. The second compromise was a password that was stolen from an e-mail. The consequences of Twitters mistake (aside from a two year legal battle) results in increased regulation about security measures from the FTC.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is important for several reasons. \n\nLearning about how to prevent fraud- hackers brute forced the administrative password. Apparently the system didn't restrict the number of times a person could attempt to log in and it made it easy to hack. The second vulnerability involved a password being stored in an e-mail which was compromised. These things need to be carefully monitored to protect companies from the same pains that Twitter is facing. \n\nUnderstand the weaknesses of e-networking- as much as Facebook has become a way of life, it is also something very vulnerable. Individuals and organizations need to understand the issues and dangers of these sites.\n\nVocabulary Micro blogging  :  A microblog is like a blog but it differs from a traditional blog in that its content is typically smaller in both actual and aggregate file size. Microblogs \"allow users to exchange small elements of content such as short sentences, individual images, or video links. (basically its behaviors simmilar to posting a status on facebook) \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031811-rsa-breach-reassure.html?page=1 \n\n \n\nThis article is about how someone has hacked into RSA recently. The focus of the article is how there is a concern that the SecurID that RSA has and uses for there secure communications may be at risk. The article basically states that at this point RSA has not released much information about the hack and so it is difficult to say what (if anything) has been compromised. At the moment, experts say that there is not enough information to assume that the security that RSA provides to assume that transactions aren’t secure.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFrom what little I have been able to learn about RSA it appears that if RSA's SecurID system is at risk, Then every network that uses SecurID to authenticate users is also at risk. RSA seems to be one of those companies that lots of companies use without people realizing it. a vulnerability there would likely impact a significant amount of worlds major business. This article is also important because it helps us realize how shaky network security really is. \n\nVocabulary RSA cryptography  : an algorithm for public-key cryptography.[1] It is the first algorithm known to be suitable for signingas well as encryption, and was one of the first great advances in public key cryptography. RSA is widely used in electronic commerce protocols, and is believed to be secure given sufficiently long keys and the use of up-to-date implementations. The libraries for this algorithm are owned by RSA the security division of EMC. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031711-operation-metal-gear.html \n\nThis article estimates that approximately 600 fake identities exist on the web. These fake personas are called sock puppets. The article summarizes the reasons sock puppets are created.\" the most common is individuals genuinely wanting to be anonymous, the second is companies trying to gain more information about you by \"friending\" you on these networks and reading up on you. And the third is governments trying to gain information about people they are targeting. \n\nAll of this discussion has been brought about because the organization Anonymous recently discovered and released information relating to a request for proposal made by a government security agency. Apparently US central command is interested in acquiring sock puppet software. No doubt they are interested in more than concealing their identity.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is important because its important to understand the risks of social media. If hackers can use sock puppets to friend our friends on Facebook, that puts them one step closer to acquiring our information as well. Many people don't realize what risks are out there on social networking sites. As people in charge of networks, we need to know everything we can to protect ourselves and those on our system.\n\nVocabulary Sock puppet  : online identity used for purposes of deception within an online community. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/033111-microsoft-antitrust-google.html \n\n \n\nMicrosoft is suing Google over anti trust laws in Europe. Apparently in Europe 95% of the search engine market share is owned by Google. And other companies are having a hard time competing. Microsoft claims that Google is preventing some of its sites (including U-tube) from being properly indexed thereby reducing the effectiveness of competing search engines. Microsoft is one of four companies in Europe that is suing Google on this issue.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is important because it is important to understand how these massive technology companies compete with one another. I find it seems like a low blow for Microsoft to try and cry to the government that Google isn't playing fair. Of course, it could be that Google has a point and therefore rightly should sue Google. My personal options aside, its important to observe patterns of the relationships between technology companies work.\n\nVocabulary OEM  : short for Original Equipment Manufacturer, which is a misleading term for a company that has a special relationship with computer producers. OEMs are manufacturers who resell another company's product under their own name and branding. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1301,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/06/wired-explains-4g/\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.com/blog/cell-phones/verizon-announces-4g-rollout-but-are-any-of-these-us-systems-really-4g/5080\n\nBoth articles explain the next evolution of wireless data transfer referred to as 4G. An explanation of both types of 4G services, LTE and WiMax, are explained and summarized.  LTE uses a radio platform to transmit a signal. WiMax transmits signals via microwaves. There are arguments about which type of service will actually provide better results. LTE appears to be the service of choice but an actual answer to that question cannot be determined until the service is in actual use with millions of users transmitting data. \n\nAlthough some of these services have started to be released (Sprint and Verizon now have 4G service available), there is another debate about whether or not these services should actually be referred to as 4G. Both carrier’s current “4G services” offer speeds that are greater than current 3G networks, but the increase in speed is not that significant and some argue that it isn’t yet deemed worthy of a “4G” title.\n\n4G service is still in its infancy but it is very likely that we will see nationwide service across all major carriers by 2012. It is no doubt the future of mobile broadband networks and will offer speeds that will rival current WiFi networks. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe global economy is rapidly depending more and more upon wireless data networks for its on-the-go business needs. Obviously with increased use and popularity is an increased demand for better and faster wireless data networks. All major national phone carriers (AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, and Sprint) have their plans to release these new 4G services in the coming year and have chosen either WiMax or LTE as their preferred method to deliver these services to customers (us). Ultimately these services will provide us with on-the-go broadband network speeds as fast as or faster than most current WiFi networks. The possibilities with that kind of wireless data transfer power are endless. It is possible to see a decline in WiFi networks with such services becoming available. Although they might not be as reliable at times, the accessibility is far greater. \n\n\n\nVocabulary LTE (Long Term Evolution)  : LTE is a 4G mobile broadband platform that will transmit data signals utilizing a radio platform. LTE has theoretical speeds of up to 100 Mpbs download and 50 Mpbs upload. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/1451421/Understanding-Ad-Hoc-Mode.htm\n\nAd Hoc is a type of networking that allows computers or network devices to communicate with each other within a close proximity. One of the true benefits of ad hoc networking is that it does not require an access point for two or more devices to communicate with each other. Most typical networking is done through such devices as a hub or switch which multiple devices connect to in order to communicate with each other. Ad Hoc creates a wireless network utilizing a type of radio network. The communication that occurs between the devices on the network is in a peer to peer fashion. \n\nThe use of Ad Hoc mode is not fairly different from most standard LAN networks in the way that they operate. Only certain protocols are affected through this type of networking because there is no use or communication with a central access point. Due to the lack of a central access point the ad hoc wireless LAN takes on more MAC Layer responsibilities in transmitting data as well. Ad Hoc mode provides a truly wireless solution to data transfer. \n\nImpact\n\nThe benefits of using an Ad Hoc mode are pretty remarkable when you consider how cheap they are to create(do not require central access point hardware). Ad Hoc networking works best with only a few devices that must communicate with each other in a close proximity. An example of when this type of networking could be beneficial is any time data needs to be transferred between two wireless devices without the presence of an access point (switch, hub, etc.). This time of networking could be beneficial in simple file transfers between devices while on the go. Ad Hoc networks are simple and quick to create as well. All that is required is a simple radio network interface card. \n\nVocabulary Ad Hoc Mode : Ad Hoc Mode is a method for wireless devices to communicate with each other without requiring a central access point. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.opus1.com/ipv6/whatisipv6.html\n\nIPv6 is an Internet Protocol that is designed to replace the current widespread IP version, IPv4. IPv6 was designed over 15 years ago but has only made real progress of actual deployment in the past couple of years. There are a number of benefits to IPv6 which brought about its development over the last decade. Some of these benefits include larger address space, increased performance, and additional built-in protocols (particularly those dealing with security).\n\nAs the Internet has gotten more popular over the years the demand for unique IP addresses has rapidly increased. The current solution to remedy the lack of available unique IP address on IPv4 is to use NAT or Network Address Translation. IPv6 will support 128-bit addresses as opposed to IPv4 current use of 32-bit addresses. The huge increase in available IP addresses will potentially eliminate the need for NAT. This will essentially increase network reliability. This is probably the biggest benefit that IPv6 will provide. \n\nProbably one of the greatest things about IPv6 is that it has been developed at a time when people have seen the true potential and expansion of the internet. No one knew 30 years ago that the internet would be as mainstream as it is today. IPv6 has been better designed for this massive growth with its built in security protocols and increased address space. Although IPv6 is still years away from total adoption, it is no doubt going to be the future IP as the internet continues to grow on a daily basis.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIPv6 increased address space is good news for everyone. No longer will internet addresses be such a scarce and expensive item. This means no more “work arounds” (such as NAT) due to the shortage of available addresses. This should result in more reliable networking. In addition to the increase in address space, the ability to increase speed of reading packets based on IPv6 address layouts should result in increased network speeds. Increased speeds and greater reliability result in decreased time in waiting for network requests and replies. This will ultimately save money and make users happier. \n\nVocabulary Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) : IPv6 is the next-generation internet protocol that will ultimately replace the current IP version, IPv4. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.linuxchix.org/content/courses/security/icmp\n\n                ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is an IP protocol that is vital in networking. ICMP’s main function is in sending error messages, although many different types of ICMP messages exist. Each type of ICMP message also has included with it a message code. The message code and type provide a means for knowing what happened with the request (what kind of error occurred and where did it occur). ICMP errors are always reported back to the host IP where the original message was derived from. \n\n                ICMP exists at the IP layer of TCP/IP layer model along with IGMP. ICMP messages are sent in the form of a packet to their destination. Some examples of types of ICMP messages include ping and trace route requests. \n\nImpact\n\nThe ability to ping computers and find each other across a network is an essential part of networking. Not only is it necessary in finding out who is there, it is also used to be able to find out what kind of problems might exist in not being able to reach a certain IP/host (destination unreachable messages, etc.) The ability to gain this information is key in understanding on how to fix a certain problem. \n\n\n\nVocabulary ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) : ICMP is an internet protocol used in the IP suite that is primarily used to send error messages. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tech-faq.com/tcp.html\n\nhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP\n\nTCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is an internet protocol that is the primary method for ensuring reliably delivery of data from one machine to another on a network. TCP works in close relation to IP. The conjunction of these protocols and their importance to networking in general is where we get the name TCP/IP protocol suite. \n\nTCP works by taking a file and breaking it into 1 or more IP packets. IP does the actual sending of the file across the wire but TCP is the connection-oriented protocol that oversees the individual units of data as they are broken up and reassembled at each end of the wire. \n\nTCP is a transport layer protocol that is primarily used for governing how messages are sent to specifically determined locations. Unlike UDP (another message deliver protocol in the transport layer), TCP ensures message deliver in that it seeks out the specific IP that the message/IP packets are intended for. If the specific IP address that a particular TCP message is looking for exists then a reply message will be sent back to the source computer stating that the IP exists on the network. The message is then sent to that specific IP. This process is known as the three-way handshake. If no “hand-shake” takes place then data is never exchanged when using TCP. This is what is meant by a connection-oriented protocol. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nUsing the TCP protocol creates an environment in which the reliability of message delivery can be determined.  Due to the connection-oriented set-up of TCP, there are mechanisms for detecting errors and figuring out the solutions for the type of errors that might exist. Although TCP is more demanding (sufficiency, speed, etc) than other protocols such as UDP, the ability to detect these errors and ensure delivery is what makes it such an important part of networking. \n\nVocabulary TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)  : TCP is a networking protocol that provides the means of exchanging data from one machine to another on the same network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nIPv6 is an Internet Protocol that is designed to replace the current widespread IP version, IPv4. IPv6 was designed over 15 years ago but has only made real progress of actual deployment in the past couple of years. There are a number of benefits to IPv6 which brought about its development over the last decade. Some of these benefits include larger address space, increased performance, and additional built-in protocols (particularly those dealing with security).\n\nAs the Internet has gotten more popular over the years the demand for unique IP addresses has rapidly increased. The current solution to remedy the lack of available unique IP address on IPv4 is to use NAT or Network Address Translation. IPv6 will support 128-bit addresses as opposed to IPv4 current use of 32-bit addresses. The huge increase in available IP addresses will potentially eliminate the need for NAT. This will essentially increase network reliability. This is probably the biggest benefit that IPv6 will provide. \n\n\n\nProbably one of the greatest things about IPv6 is that it has been developed at a time when people have seen the true potential and expansion of the internet. No one knew 30 years ago that the internet would be as mainstream as it is today. IPv6 has been better designed for this massive growth with its built in security protocols and increased address space. \n\n\n\nAlthough IPv6 has numerous benefits, it will take some time before the internet as a whole completely switches over to its structure. There are likely hiccups that will exist in this process but overall it should be a relatively smooth process as all new devices are being designed to be compatible with IPv6.  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIPv6 increased address space is good news for everyone. No longer will internet addresses be such a scarce and expensive item. This means no more “work arounds” (such as NAT) due to the shortage of available addresses. This should result in more reliable networking. In addition to the increase in address space, the ability to increase speed of reading packets based on IPv6 address layouts should result in increased network speeds. Increased speeds and greater reliability result in decreased time in waiting for network requests and replies. This will ultimately save money and make users happier. \n\nVocabulary Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) : IPv6 is the next-generation internet protocol that will ultimately replace the current IP, IPv4. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://kb.iu.edu/data/adns.html\\\n\nhttp://compnetworking.about.com/od/dns_domainnamesystem/f/dns_servers.htm\n\n                DNS is a method to match internet domain names to their corresponding IP address. On a network, computers locate and communicate with each other through their assigned addresses known as IP addresses. However, remembering sequences of IP addresses can get fairly challenging for humans. In order to remedy this problem, DNS allows us to translate IP addresses to specific domain names and vice versa (ex. www.google.com ). This is accomplished through DNS’s hierarchical structure.  \n\n                Each domain name is composed of many parts that are separated by a period (.).  These parts specify which DNS servers the request to go to a certain website/domain will travel to in order to identify the actual IP address of the domain. The first of these “parts” is known as the root server which is denoted by the “.” at the end of an internet address (this is usually excluded by many user’s inputs but is automatically assumed by the system).  From there the request travels to the root server and looks up the previous input before the next “.” (ex. www.google.com. In this example we are referring to the .com). The request then travels to the server responsible for the .com domains and looks up the previous input before the next “.”. This overview is how DNS servers and their requests are answered. \n\n                IP addresses are unique however, and only 1 IP address can be mapped to a single domain. This is why domain names are registered for within their respective top-level domains (.com, .net, etc). Once a domain name is registered for, it is the responsibility of the owner of the domain that users are able to access their IP (this is usually performed through the service that the domain is registered with). \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n                Essentially DNS provides a way for users doing any kind of networking to simplify the way in which they remember the computers that they are requesting to contact. DNS eliminates the need to remember countless strings of numbers associated with IP addresses. This increases the ease and speed of a user ability to browse around a network.  \n\nVocabulary DNS (Domain Name System)  : DNS is a database system that translates a computer's domain name into an IP address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-20035698-266.html?tag=mncol;title\n\n                Mobile wireless technology has grown tremendously in the last 10 years. One of the biggest advances the industry has seen is the ability to access the Internet on the go whenever and wherever you are. Along with these amazing advancements, the Internet has also grown to play an important role in nearly every person’s life.  It is this reason why mobile wireless technology and the ability to surf the web over a mobile phone have become so popular. Obviously with increased demand come challenges. \n\n                Current wireless provider’s networks work through cell towers that are spread out around the globe. These cell towers allow users within its range to hook up to the cell tower (the tower depends on your wireless provider) and access the internet. With the increased demand and number of users that have 2G, 3G, or 4G wireless phones (basically any phone with the capability to access the internet over a wireless provider’s network) these cell tower’s bandwidth can get highly congested in high density areas such as arenas, large cities, etc. When this occurs the network becomes essentially unusable because of the number of requests the network has. In order to combat this wireless providers are turning to Wi-Fi hotspots as a solution. \n\n                Wi-Fi is one of the most used methods in which devices connect to the internet. Advances in Wi-Fi have greatly increased its usability, speed, and range. The current version 802.11n offers bandwidths up to 300Mbps. Wireless carriers have been installing Wi-Fi hotspots in crowded areas all across the globe. The idea is that if people hook up to these networks they will have the internet access they seek and they will be not drawing all the bandwidth of wireless provides cell towers. \n\nImpact\n\nThe ability to access the internet on the go through a mobile phone has changed the way we live. However at times, crowded areas and spotty coverage prevent users from using the network. The option to access a Wi-Fi hotspot will not only allow your internet to actually work but also provide you with faster network speeds (typically) when you encounter one of these “dead zones”. \n\nVocabulary Wi-Fi 802.11n : Wi-Fi 802.11n is the current version of Wi-Fi that allows greater range and increased bandwidth\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20037253-83.html?tag=cnetRiver\n\n                Sen. Charles Schumer is demanding that online companies such as Amazon and Twitter switch their website protocols from HTTP to HTTPS. Charles explains that through programs such as Firesheep, hackers with absolutely no programming skills are able to steal information that other online users pass through the network on an unsecure Wi-Fi network. \n\n                Although many company’s websites do run on the more secure HTTPS, not all major online companies utilize this more secure protocol to exchange data across the web. Schumer argues that although some companies use HTTPS for certain procedures like when a user logs in, it should be made mandatory that all websites exchanging private information should make HTTPS a default “for all use and browsing.” \n\n                Some companies only use HTTPS for certain procedures because HTTPS and its SSL (secure sockets layer) can potentially have an impact on efficiency and ruin a user’s experience. Whatever the reasons it is clear that surfing on the internet using an unsecure connection can be risky if you aren’t careful.                \n\nImpact\n\nTheft of private information on the internet is a real and serious threat. It is something that all internet users should be weary of and take precautions in order to protect themselves. Although certain methods of encryption and more secure protocols such as HTTPS can help, like Senator Charles Schumer is arguing for, the best thing to do is to educate Internet users. All internet users should be aware about the threats of exchanging information on an unsecure connection. The best form of defense against this is to avoid the unsecure connection all together. Although this is very inconvenient, it is the best solution. However, being cautious about the type of information you share over an unsecure connection is probably sufficient in most cases (never conduct financial transactions). \n\nVocabulary HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)  : HTTPS is a combination of HTTP with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encrypted communication across the web. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-20038874-83.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody;2n\n\n                WordPress, a popular web-site that hosts blogs for its users, was hit by two very large DDoS attacks in two consecutive days. The attacks caused a number of popular websites including the Financial Post, the National Post, and TechCrunch to suffer connectivity issues. Although the attacks are being resolved the company reported that handling the continued attacks has proven difficult. The size of the attack reached up to “multiple Gigabits per second and tens of millions of packets per second.” The attacks also managed to impact all three data three data centers owned by WordPress. \n\nDDoS attacks of this size are carried out by one more multiple bot-nets. This makes solving these types of attacks much more difficult than other forms of DoS attacks as bot-nets utilize multiple networks and hosts to carry out an attack on a designated resource.  If enough compromised computers, or “zombies” as they are sometimes called, exist within the bot-net a DDoS attack can effectively take an entire website offline through multiple repeated requested. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n                Although multiple reasons exist for why DDoS attacks may be carried out, they are all intended to bring a certain Internet site or service from operating effectively. The negative effects of these attacks can be disastrous for a company if an attack is not resolved quickly. In this particular case, WordPress  is the means in which many users host blogs that are frequently visited by other users/customers. The unavailability of WordPress or any website providing services for its customers can cause disastrous effects on how its users view the website’s reliability to provide access to their information.  \n\nVocabulary DDoS (Distributed denial-of-service)  : A DDoS is an attempt to overload a website with numerous repeated requests. This type of attack can weaken the website’s performance or even possibly crash it altogether. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://kb.iu.edu/data/afne.html\n\n                Everybody is familiar with junk mail. People have been receiving this type mail in their mail boxes for years. The creation of the Internet and the ability to email has created a similar scenario, only in a digital form. This type of junk mail is referred to as “SPAM.”\n\n                Spam is essentially any unwanted or unrequested email that is received in a user’s email inbox. The main difference between spam and standard junk mail is that Spam has no cost to the sender. Email is a fast free service that is able to relay messages quickly anywhere around the globe to anyone with internet access. If you can imagine the type of advertising power that email can provide, you can begin to understand why Spam is such a large problem. No cost to the sender and the ability to reach millions of people all around the world. \n\n                Spam is also used however for many purposes other than just advertising. Techniques such as phishing, embedded viruses, and obscene material are all possible inclusions with SPAM. The intent of some of these Spam emails can be very harmful and users need to be cautious about which emails they access. \n\n                The number one problem of Spam is that it is time consuming and wastes bandwidth and memory usage (in addition to the harmful messages). Millions of dollars are spent every year on reducing the amount of Spam and developing methods of blocking its harmful effects. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n                Spam is a serious problem that can truly bring harm to an email user if he or she is not cautious. The best practice to prevent receiving these types of unwanted messages is to be cautious where and to whom a user’s email address is used or given. As a general rule however, if you are receive an email and are unfamiliar with whom the sender of the email is, then don’t open it. Taking such precautions can help protect a user from the harmful effects of SPAM. \n\nVocabulary SPAM : Spam is a method of sending unsolicited bulk messages across the web through the use of email. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.switched.com/2010/05/11/what-is-html5-and-why-should-you-care/\n\nHTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) is referred to as the “backbone” of almost every website on the internet. HTML5 is the latest iteration of HTML that promises to offer greater ease in developing today’s more complex web pages. \n\nCurrently plug-ins such as Adobe Flash and Microsoft Silverlight allow websites written in older versions of HTML to process video, audio, or other multimedia features that earlier HTML versions were not developed to handle. HTML5 has been developed with these types of multimedia features in mind and in essence has made it much more efficient and easy to display videos, audio files, etc on a HTML web page. HTML accomplishes this task by using simple HTML tags to identify which type of multimedia you would like to display (Ex. if you wanted to post a video you would use a <video> tag along with the file name of the video). \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n                Creating basic HTML text web pages is a rather simple process once you understand how HTML tags work. However, adding multimedia features to a web page can get tricky. HTML5 seeks to make this process simpler. Eliminating the need for plug-ins like Adobe Flash can save processing power. This is especially important on mobile devices that draw processing power off of batteries. Removing the need for these plug-ins also means that devices such as the Iphone (which does not support Flash) will be able to play videos on a HTML 5 page. \n\nVocabulary HTML5 (Hyper Text Markup Language Version 5) : HTML5 is the latest iteration of HTML that seeks to make handling multimedia features much more simple and efficient. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/webbuilding/archives/page9344.cfm\n\n                Web 2.0 is a term that has been thrown around over the past decade but has only been vaguely defined. Today there are millions of people all using the internet in different ways. Web 2.0 is all about giving these users control over the information and the ways in which they can utilize the internet. \n\n                In the first couple of years of the web’s existence, it was predominately controlled by large corporations who would pay “tech-savvy” people, who understood its structure, to make it work for them. There was little user creation and “social networking” as we know them today. This time or practice is sometimes referred to as Web 1.0. \n\n                This is in contrast to today where almost everyone has a web presence in one way or another and just about anybody can create their own webpage. This is the idea behind Web 2.0. Blogs, tags, social networking, AJAX, and just about every other major web development in the past decade that has made the web more user friendly can all be considered contributors to Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is all about giving power to people! \n\nImpact\n\nSocial networking alone is changing the way that we live, the way people do business, and the way the internet is used. This is only one aspect of Web 2.0 that has greatly impacted the lives of almost every person in world. The impact itself is immeasurable and will continue to increase as the internet continues to grow and adapt with new innovative ideas. \n\nVocabulary Web 2.0 : Web 2.0 is about how the current internet trends have been focused on user control and freedom of information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1285,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the “Computer Networking” article in Wikipedia located at the following URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking.  The article covered the basics of the field of datacom, including defining the discipline (see “Vocabulary Word” section below) and explaining that the three types of network include the Internet, the intranet, and the extranet.  Some examples of such networks were provided, including Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), and Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN).  It was mentioned that networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of media from copper wire cable to optical fiber to wireless transmissions.\n\nBefore explaining these different types of networks in greater depth, the article included an overview of the differing views of networks held by users and administrators as well as a brief history of computer networks.  The history portion provided an interesting overview of the development of network-like communication systems prior to the development of computer networks as they are known today.  This included social behaviors visible in today’s Internet that reflect the pre-nineteenth century use of visual signals to convey messages.  Further developments led to the independent development of systems for conveying packets in the 1960s by Leonard Kleinrock, Paul Baran, and Donald Davies.  The article concludes with an explanation of network topology, which can be both physical or logical and includes things like Bus, Tree (hierarchical), Mesh, etc.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by providing a clear, basic overview of the material that will be addressed.  Some of these basics that I learned here will undoubtedly prove useful as we approach this subject at finer levels of granularity in the weeks to come.\n\nVocabulary Datacom : the engineering discipline concerned with the communication between computer systems or devices.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI wanted to better understand the difference between digital and analog signals, so this week I read the Wikipedia article about \"Digital Transmission\" located at the following URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission.  The article began by defining digital versus analog transmission, noting that digital transmission involves the physical transfer of discrete messages (in the from of a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint channel such as copper wire or optical fibre.  Analog transmission, on the other hand, is the transfer of a continuously-varying information signal.\n\n \n\nThe article explored briefly the disambiguation of terms such as data transmission, digital transmission, digital communications, etc. and explained which terms typically belong to which field of study.  The topic of digital transmission typicall falls under the categories of telecommunications or electrical engineering and handles three main OSI model protocol layers: the physical layer (Layer 1), the data link layer (Layer 2), and the presentation layer (Layer 6).  The article then provided a brief history of electronic transmission, noting that the first analog signal sent electronically was that of the telephone.  It discussed baseband, passband, serial, parallel, asynchronous, and synchronous transmissions and also listed the different types of communication channels, including simplex, point-to-point, and multi-drop.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by concisely explaining what digital transmission is all about.  What a boon this was!  Previously I had an image in my mind related to why certain musical instruments might be called \"analog\" while others might be called \"digital\", but I didn't fully understand until now that the implications of these terms boiled down to the continous (or discrete) nature of the signal being sent.  This increased understanding alone made the article well worth reading.\n\nVocabulary Digital transmission  : the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission medium\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the “Server Message Block (SMB)” article in Wikipedia located at the following URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block.  After briefly defining the principle (see definition below), the article notes that the SMB term does contain some ambiguity.  It could refer to the SMB protocol specification, the server/workstation services used on Windows to implement the protocol, the Samba daemons used to implement the protocol on Unix-like systems, among other possible definitions and usages.\n\nThe article outlines a brief history of the SMB protocol, which was designed at IBM with the goal of turning DOS local file-access into a network-wide filesystem.  The article addresses the implementation of the protocol and notes potential performances issues related to NetBIOS, WAN performance, and extensions to the SMB implementation by Microsoft, which include opportunistic locking, exclusive locks, Level 2 OpLocks, and Breaks.  The article concludes with an overview of the versions and implementations of the protocol, up to SMB 2.1\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by helping me to better understand a concept that I keep hearing about in class but didn’t fully understand.  Having the chance to zoom in on this topic and learn about it in detail was helpful in clarifying what SMB is all about.\n\nVocabulary Server Message Block (SMB) : an application-layer network protocol providing shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I wanted to learn more about the different communication layers we have been discussing in class, so I read the following four articles on Wikipedia:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_Layer\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Layer\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer\n\nI learned that the Application Layer is actually an overloaded term that shows up in both the Open Systems Interconnection model and the Internet Protocol Suite.  In TCP/IP this layer contains all protocols that deal with process-to-process communications via an IP network.  In the OSI model it has a narrower definition, distinguishing between Session Layer and Presentation Layer.  I learned that the application layer protocol provides sematic conversion between associate application processes.  The transport layer provides end-to-end communication services for applications, including oriented data stream support, reliability, flow control, and multiplexing.  TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is the best-known transport protocol and is used for connection-related transmissions.  The Internet layer deals with transporting packets from a source host across network boundaries to destination hosts by specifying an IP address.  The Link layer is the lowest layer in the TCP/IP suite and deals with operations on a host’s link (the physical/logical network component used to interconnect hosts or nodes in a network).\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThese articles helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by providing a meaningful definitions of the layers we are studying.  I also am beginning to understand the difference between the OSI model (see definition below) and the TCP/IP Suite.  Understanding these main focal points is helping me to understand the nature and importance of these models and the layers and protocols associated with them.\n\nVocabulary OSI Model : The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardization. It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system into smaller parts called layers and consists of the following seven layers: application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer (with LLC and MAC sub layers), and physical layer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read the assigned reading, “Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part” in the CNET News at the following URL: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703.\n\nThe article discussed the necessity to move the Internet from the IPv4 protocol to the much more versatile IPv6 protocol since as of February 2011 there are no longer any IPv4 addresses available.  I found the following line particularly notable: “IPv6 addresses are 128-bit numbers, meaning that the number of possible addresses soars vastly higher to 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456, or 340 undecillion for short.”\n\nBecause this change drastically effects all devices connecting to the Internet, it is important for all Internet users.  The article explains superficially overviews what an IP address is (essentially a very large number that identifies a computer on a network) and how packets are transmitted across the Internet via a destination IP address in the header.  The article explains that one major problem is that any source and destination IP pair must use the same IP protocol.  A smartphone cannot use IPv4 to communicate with a webserver using IPv6.  The article explains why we ran out of the 4.3 billion IPv4 addresses (the world consumed 319 million IPv4 addresses last year alone) and why there hasn’t been a big push for IPv6 upgrades among many Internet companies (cost is the main factor).  The article then goes on to discuss who leads the fray in such protocol changes (ICANN, IANA, RIRs, NRO, etc.), when we are expected to fully run out of IPv4 addresses, advice for the average user, and how long companies are expected to take to make the move to IPv6 (which is a complicated issue that will likely take years to sort out).\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThese articles helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by clarifying some of the details of a recent news item that relates directly to the TCP/IP protocol stack that we have investigated in class.  A raw comparison of the number of available addresses in the IPv6 protocol as opposed to the IPv4 protocol was interesting.  Perhaps even more interesting is the fact that the growth of the Internet has been so rapid that we have already seen the need to move beyond a 4.3 billion-spot address space!  In any case, it was an insightful article and helped me to further understand the value of IPv6 and the distinction between these two versions of the IP protocol.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). Since 1981, IPv4 has been the publicly used Internet Protocol, and it is currently the foundation for most Internet communications. However, the Internet's growth has created a need for more addresses than IPv4 has. IPv6 allows for vastly more numerical addresses, but switching from IPv4 to IPv6 may be a difficult process.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I wanted to learn more about the nuts and bolts of what a MAC address is all about, so I read the following article on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address.\n\nI learned that the MAC in MAC address does not have anything to do with Macintosh computers.  Instead, it stands for “Media Access Control”, the Media Access Control address being a unique way of identifying interfaces on a network when communication on the physical portion of the network.  I learned that the MAC address is usually assigned by the manufacturer of the NIC, or network interface card.  The article covered in some depth a number of interesting details with respect to MAC addresses.  Notably, the notational conventions of a MAC address were explained (essentially there are six groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by either hyphens or colons).  Also, the usage of the MAC address was summarized as a permanent and globally unique identification.  The article concluded with a summary of bit-reversed notation, which is essentially the standard notation (also called canonical format) for MAC addresses, written in transmission bit order, the bit that is least significant being transmitted first.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by helping to deepen my understanding of something whose basics we’ve already covered in class.  I found it very useful to review this article and understand more about this details of the MAC address and how it fits into the broader spectrum of data communications.  I now feel more prepared to face questions and concerns regarding network trouble shooting connected to the MAC address going forward.\n\nVocabulary MAC address : an identity code, which is built into a network card. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) committee assigns blocks of addresses to a network-card manufacturer. This procedure ensures that no more than one network card share the same Mac address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMy dad was in town this week, and I introduced him to the alarming idea we learned in class that the little electronic box we buy from Best Buy is not, in fact a router.  He was intrigued, but he also seemed somewhat flabbergasted.  For this reason, this week I chose to read the following article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router.\n\nI’m glad I read it!  What I had told my dad is that the thing we buy from Best Buy is more of a wireless access point mixed with a firewall mixed with some other stuff.  I knew that it wasn’t doing routing, and I explained that those things that take a message from your house to Google Headquarters every time your request information from google.com are the things doing actual routing.  But this article helped to put things in more precise terms.\n\nIt turns out that the act of routing is “forward[ing] data packets across computer networks”.  Furthermore, it is “connected to two or more datalines from different networks”.  So it’s essentially a device that channels information as it flows between networks.  I was a bit disturbed, however, by the following passage: “The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply pass data, such as web pages and email, between the home computers and the owner's cable or DSL modem, which connects to the Internet (ISP).”  This seems to suggest that the box that we buy from Best Buy is, in fact, a router.\n\nThe article explains in more detail the application of routers, including enterprise routers, access routers, distribution, security, and routers for Internet connectivity and internal use.  So it became apparent that the terminology used in the article was perhaps more broad than that adopted in class.  I think after reading the article, though, that I have a better understanding of the different usages of the term and how to go about discussing routers and routing as I engage in these kinds of conversations in the future.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by helping me to better understand a fundamental element of this class which has been a topic of conversation from the first day of class.  I enjoy Wikipedia articles in general because they really help me to understand what is going on “under the hood”.  And this particular issue is one that I wish to be at least conversant in as I try to “initiate the nonbelievers” J.\n\nVocabulary Router  : device that forwards data packets across computer networks; performs the data \"traffic direction\" functions on the Internet; a microprocessor-controlled device that is connected to two or more data lines from different networks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read the following article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGMP.  I learned that IGMP (the Internet Group Management Protocol) plays a central role in the IP multicast specification and is in fact analogous to ICMP for unicast connections.  The article explains the IGMP is used exclusively on IPv4 networks, whereas IPv6 networks hand multicast management through MLD (Multicast Listener Discovery) which uses ICMPv6 messaging.\n\nThe article briefly explains the architecture utilized by IGMP, including the use of PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) between local and remote multicast routers to direct traffic from a multicast server to many multicast clients (for example, with video).  The article goes on to explain that there are three versions of IGMP as specified in the original RFC, the host and router implementations used for IGMP, the potential security vulnerabilities of the protocol, and the associated packet structure.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by giving me a more detailed understanding of what the IGMP protocol is all about.  My idea in reading this article was to help drill down and understand one of the protocols of the IP stack in hopes that this would help me to have a more thorough understanding of the protocol stack as a whole.  I feel that in reading this article and better understanding IGMP I was able to achieve this goal.\n\nVocabulary Internet Group Management Protocol  : a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IP networks to establish multicast group memberships.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read the following article: “Data Center Definition and Solutions” (http://www.cio.com/article/499671/Data_Center_Definition_and_Solutions?page=1&taxonomyId=3028).  The article introduced data center topics including definition, objectives, systems and solutions.  The article explained the nature and purpose of data centers in general, highlighting the value for businesses of having this kind of computing power at their fingertips.  It reviewed the roles and responsibilities involved in the management of data centers.  It also defined “green data centers” and explained the purpose for the recent push for these centers.\n\nThe article went on to explain the options that are available when power, space, and cooling run short and detailed some metrics by which data center performance can be evaluated.  The article concluded by explaining the recent government involvement in data centers (primarily in pushing for a reduction in energy consumption) as well as considerations in moving the location of a data center and some of the important technologies related to data centers (including alternative energy, ambient return, chiller based cooling, chimney effect, cloud computing, cogeneration, etc).\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by giving a real-world example of one of the crucial aspects of information systems architecture for many companies.  Data centers seemed like a mysterious thing before reading this article, but the article helped me to understand some of the basic terminology and some of the latest trends related to data centers.  Among other things, I now understand the recent energy concerns related to the use of large data centers in the United States.\n\nVocabulary Data center : Known as the server farm or the computer room, the data center is where the majority of an enterprise servers and storage are located, operated and managed. There are four primary components to a data center: white space, support infrastructure, IT equipment, and operations.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read headlines about Google’s decision to bring ultra-fast Internet to Kansas City, Kansas.  This prompted me to read the following article for more details: http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/30/technology/google_kansas_city/index.htm which prompted me to read the following Wikipedia articles:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitrate\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_network_throughput\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodput\n\nNeedless to say, I learned a lot.  For example, I learned that one of the primary reasons for Google’s decision to bring super high speed Internet to Kansas City was that “Google's view is that faster Internet speeds have always led to new platforms, innovations and businesses” such as YouTube, Skype, Pandora, etc.  I learned important definitions from the Wikipedia articles (including that of throughput, conveniently provided in its entirety below) as well as the crucial distinction between laying lines capable of gigabit speeds and actually achieving gigabit transfer rates at the application layer (which is more of a concern for the typical consumer).  Turns out that different types of interference at the various protocol layers can cause network overhead, creating a gap between theoretical speeds and those experienced in practice.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThese articles helped to further my understanding of what we will be studying in class this semester by taking a real-world news report and helping me to understand the nuts and bolts of one of its finer points: the speed advertised by Google.  From my reading I get the feeling that although they are unlikely to achieve a perfect gigabit connection every time they fire up Firefox, the good people of Kansas City will still experience blazingly fast Internet speeds (much to the dismay of their neighbors in Topeka).\n\nVocabulary throughput : Essentially the same thing as digital bandwidth consumption; denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the datalink layer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1310,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nProfessor Lindstrom told us in class that data communication is more important than we know, so much that even our cars wouldn't work without data communication. The article I read talks about how soon cars will come equipped with the capability to collect and disseminate important data wirelessly. Cars will have data about traffic flow, about the health of the vehicle and road conditions. \n\nImpact\n\nThe world is changing so much every day with the new technological advances, especially data communications in cars. The way cars are used had changed a lot and it will be affecting our lives even more in the future. \n\nVocabulary probe : device that can collect data about traffic, etc for cars\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI found a really great article on Google Books that talks all about packet filtering. This is something that I didn't know a lot about before but it is really important in data communication. Packet filtering is when only data of certain types is allowed to pass. Each packet is screened to see if it meets a specific type of criteria. The headers, payload, or patterns may be examined and rules are set to determine whether the data can be passed.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWith the increasing amount of communication over the internet and reliance on data communication, it is also becoming more and more important that good security measures are put in place as well. One example of how security measures are taken is that packets of data are filtered before they reach their destination. Today, it is very common to use firewalls and routers with packet filters, as this helps prevent unwanted viruses, etc, and makes the internet a safe way to communicate.\n\n\n\nhttp://books.google.com/books?id=r7lu7xQIBA8C&pg=PA560&lpg=PA560&dq=data+communication+packet+filter&source=bl&ots=U-wJBA11l4&sig=uVMfV3QIEINhK8Xwbcqu6JeZH7c&hl=en&ei=eM07TfzbMcSyrAeXypHLCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=data%20communication%20packet%20filter&f=false\n\n\n\nVocabulary Packet filtering : selective passing or blocking of data packets as they pass through a network interface.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nI read the above article that talks about moving to ipv6. The internet has been moving to ipv6 for some time now, and the transition probably won't be complete for many more years. The rules of how information is transferred on the net are being changed. The big reason for this change is so that we can have more possible ip addresses so that no two computers will have the same ip address.\n\nImpact\n\nFor now there hasn't been too many changes for people who don't understand ipv6, since ipv4 can still be used. But once the transition is complete, everyone will have to use ipv6. In the end this will result in a better user experience. In the meantime there could be problems if an ipv4 server tries to talk to an ipv6 computer, so this would need to be worked out.\n\nVocabulary NAT : network address translation\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI was studying for the exam and I decided to look up an article about network address translation so that I could understand it better for the exam. The link to the article is below. Before knowing about NAT, you must know that each computer must have an individual IP address. What happens is that when you go out of an inner network to an outer one, the ip address is translated from the one individually on your computer to the network address.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nat.htm\n\nImpact\n\nThe importance of network address translation is it helps computer of different networks communicate with each other. \n\nVocabulary nat : network address translation\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis week I read an article that was suggested by someone on ISland that helps in understanding exactly what happens when you put a url into a browser. In summary, once you put in the website url into the address bar, the browser looks up the ip address for the domain name. The website isn't actually a name, but an ip address, so this must be translated by doing a dns lookup. Then, the browser sends an http request to the server. Then the server responds with a redirect, the browser follows it, and the server handles the request and sends back an html response. The the browser renders the html to display, and sends requests for objects embedded in html, and ajax requests.\n\n\n\n\n\nHere is the url where I read the article\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/\n\nImpact\n\nI think that when you understand what is really happening on the internet, it helps you get the big picture and make more sense out of networking. I really enjoyed reading this article. I didn't understand all of it, but I think I know enough now that I could explain it to someone else. Lots of people have no idea what the internet really is, how it works, where it is, or what is going on.\n\nVocabulary Browser cache : The browser caches DNS records for some time. Interestingly, the OS does not tell the browser the time-to-live for each DNS record, and so the browser caches them for a fixed duration \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]

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["---",1269,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18901-modern-cars-vulnerable-to-malicious-hacks.html\n\n\"Modern cars vulnerable to malicious hack\" \n\n\n\nCars can be hacked by a computer and controlled but doing it is not easy. The hack was done by two researchers from southern california schools.  They were able to lock the breaks and turn off and engine.  They ran a software called CarShark, which would send random signals to the car to discover how it functioned then allowing the researchers to control the car.  They were able to do this wireless over the internet but would not comment on how. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe researchers hope the impact of their research is that car manufacturers will work to secure cars so that this cannot happen in the future.  This is the main impact.  Another impact is on the car users and their potential danger of being in a car that could be hacked into and attacked.\n\n\n\nVocabulary socket : A port to connect a computer into. In this case the port under the dashboard that allows a comptuer to access the car's onboard computer. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2011/01/backup_deduplic.html\n\n\n\nBackup Deduplication 2.0\n\n\n\nThe idea of this article is how the market is shifting in backing up computers from solely a place to store information to a combined system that combines software, backup and power management with a focus on the restoration of a system after a loss of data.  The movement has started with a few companies but is not there yet.  Depduplication comes into play in backing up a computer so that data is always current and not hard to find what is needed. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is in a few areas.  As an isys professional in a company it is important to recognize what people are now looking for, especially if you are working in a department that puts you in charge of caring for other computers.  The next step is the industry needs to learn what the customers are looking for which more than anything is simplification of systems so that people dont have to worry about understanding how it does only that it works and is redundant enough that almost anyone can do it.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Deduplication  : in computer storage, refers to the elimination of redundant data\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/217355/geek_101_why_your_ip_address_may_soon_be_an_antique.html\n\n\n\n\n\nGeek 101: Why Your IP Address May Soon Be an Antique\n\n\n\nIPv4 is within weeks(probably means more like months) of running out of unique class a ip addresses that are used to allow devices to connect to the internet.  IPv6 is beginning to be rolled out by some ISP's and larger internet companies like google. The hope is the transition can go smoothly cause otherwise we will have IP address problems.  Until then according to this source ip addresses will be hexidecimal(numbers and letters).\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact is going to hit mostly the producers of devices to configure things to work with IPv6 and the programmers of websites, computers and other devices to use IPv6 vs IPv4 so that we do not run out.  ONe of the big keys in all of this is for the two above named groups to make a seamless transition because the consumers dont understand enough about IP address nor have the patience to deal with problems.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary hexadecimal : It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F. Allows for more possible IP addresses in this case\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/cloud-computing/infrastructure/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229200040\n\n\n\n\n\nVerizon To Buy Terremark For $1.4 Billion\n\n\n\nVerizone to buy Terremark a large cloud computing service that offers secure systems to the government.  Also looking into buying VMware a software manufacture that makes virtual machines.  Verizon is looking at expanding to be a broad distributor of technology (cell phones, internet, cloud, etc)  Will be interesting to see how their expansion changes the market\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of the article is on everyone.  First Verizon will get bigger and be in more areas which will allow them to coordinate even more.  It will be interesting to see if they begin to set up a cloud computing service that is only accessible via their data network.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary hybrid cloud : s used to indicate a public cloud supplying services that work in close conjunction with a private data center with workloads sometimes shifted between the two for maximum efficiency. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20029282-281.html\n\n\n\nInternet Kill Switch\n\n\n\nThis article is about the bill that is currently being debated in the senate with bipartisan support of giving the government, specifically the President of the United States, a so called internet kill switch.  The idea is to give him the ability to shut down the internet or crucial internet areas that government deems as critical.  An example of what they deem as critical would be the controls to the hoover damn.  The claim is this would only be used in the event of a cyber emergency.  Interestingly the bill began debate the same day Egypt shut down their ISPs throughout the country to take away the ability for people in the country to manage demonstrations, protests and other acts against the government.\n\n\n\nCurrently the bill is supported by many large telecommunication and information providers, such as AT&T, Microsoft and Verizon.  On the other side many people and organizations have written letters to their senators claiming that it would be an attack on free speech and should be deemed unconstitutional.  Something that at some point the courts will have to decide.  The fear of course being that the government could shut down the internet to stop free speech or protests again them.   \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is upon the consumers of internet and upon the providers of information.  The change for consumers is that there would be a slight decrease in the freedom to use internet as they please but more likely their would be an increase in their protection this of course assuming the government actually shutting down the internet or aspects of it would actually do something.  The bigger impact is upon the providers of information because it is taking power out of their hands. The federal government in essence is saying if there is a problem we should be handling it not you.  This is both a good and bad thing as the government often will have more intelligence on a situation but often acts much slower in responding to problems.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary critical infastrucute  : systems that are deemed important that must be protected by the government in the case of an emergency \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMoving to IPv6\n\n\n\nThe articles goes into detail about how the transition to IPv6 is necessary and is needed for the system to work in the future. IPv6 is the new ip protocol that is being implemented over the next few years(possibly many many years).  The problem is IPv4 only had a little over 4.2 billion addresses and we are running out.  Although there are millions of unused IP addresses held by organizations like stanford and merk they are not giving them back further even if they were given back the system would not work long term.  \n\n\n\nIPv6 is needed for the internet to route better and allow better peer-to-peer networking that does not use nat which is difficult and not the most efficient way of using the internet.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nthe impact of this article on the average consumer of the internet as explained in the article is very little and most people do not deal in ip addresses.  They may experience some internet slow down but not much more.  \n\n\n\nThe impact will be primarily on the providers of internet and mobile device companies that are now using lots of ip addresses for cell phones.  These companies need to move now to set up new to work with ipv6.\n\n\n\nVocabulary IANA : the internet assigned numbers authority or company that is in charge of distributing ip addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.internetevolution.com/author.asp?section_id=864&doc_id=204249&\n\n\n\nLink Farming & Other SEO Misdeeds Make Headlines\n\n\n\nThe article talks about how a JCPennies and other companies have used link buying to influence their position on googles searches.  What they do is pay to have links to their sites put on many different sites that are totally unrelated. This makes it so google shows them higher on the page rank. It is a very effective way of getting a page to show up higher but is against google's policies.  They claim that anyone who uses link farming will be punished. The problem is their current algorithm does not allow them to find companies that link farm.  When they do find out over time they get them in trouble and lower them on the page but it can be too late. Last quarter JCPennies was up 3% due to the increased hits on their website.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is two fold one companies that feel like they should go against Google's policies can make a lot of money and make their pages much higher but they long-term can get caught and be decreased. The challenge is google cannot always find them out now.\n\n\n\nThe second is on google as they need to find a better way to enforce and know about their own policies.  Trusting business to do what is right does not always work, especially when millions or billions of dollars are on the line. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Link farming : Placing a link to your page with keywords on unrelated sites that have nothing to do with the link they are hosting. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031111-bing-google.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\n\n\nYou are previewing premium content. Become an Insider to read the full article.\n\nYou are viewing Insider content. Browse other Insider articles\n\nBing-powered searches rise as Google loses share \n\n\n\nIn the first two months of the year Google searches have dropped close to 1% and Bing searches primarily from yahoo have risen 1%.  Although this number may seem small considering the billions of searches done each month it is actually very significant.  Is shows an interesting trend that bing is starting to gain more and more popularity.  Bing, which is microsofts competitor for Google, is slowly spreading.  They have aggressively marketed Bing since its inception in 2009. One way they are currently doing this is through partnering with facebook where their search engine is being used for social networking on the site.  \n\n\n\nAn interesting statistic is that BING searches have a higher hit rate than Google 81 to 64%\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of bing increasing is in many areas.  First the user will get better search engines and will have more choices.  Competition is always good for the market. The biggest impact will come from websites and their owners(companies) that are trying to get their name out on these sites.  The changes will be that instead of just doing SEO for google they will need to do it for Bing. The two engines use different algorithms which will cause website changes.  The other interesting will be as the two become bigger competitors the same search may lead to different results.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary success rate : the number of times a search engine search leads to a visit of a different website\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42157237/ns/technology_and_science-security/\n\n\n\n\n\nMicrosoft says it took down spam factory \n\n\n\nMicrosoft claims it took down Rustock a botnet that accounts for 39% of the worldwide spam.  This botnet had servers located in the US and in the Netherlands.  Microsoft filed a civil suit in the US Federal court against John Does 1-11, as their names were not known, and claimed they violated Microsoft trademarks and user agreements by using pirated software and using software for illegal purposes, which allowed micrsoft along with federal authorities to seize the servers that controlled the botnet.  When the defendants of the suit did not show up to court the court automatically favored in side of Microsoft.  After which the servers were seized. The servers being seized is not the end of the the botnet as many computers still have malware that could be activated if someone has the right algorithms to control the system.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article in the short-term is a massive decrease in the amount of spam being sent world wide for this period of time.  The long-term impact on the spammers is they will need to be more careful about where they are locating their servers. They will have to find ways to locate their systems either a in locations where they cannot be tracked or b in countries that will not prosecute them.  \n\n\n\nThe next benefit is that it shows the world that microsoft and others are attempting to help the customers. This also means that prices currently will go out.  Long-term hopefully it will lower consumer prices.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary botnet : a network of computers that will do what a server or control computer orders them to do unbeknowst to their owners. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/2018584/iranian_involvement_suspected_in_ssl_hack_attempt/\n\n\n\n\n\nIranian Involvement Suspected In SSL Hack Attempt\n\n\n\nA provider of SSL certificates was attacked by Iranian servers recently.  They attacked the provider of the SSL certificates of Microsoft, google, yahoo and other major providers.  It became a near internet security meltdown.  If the certificates had been successfully stolen the iranian's would have had the ability to pretend to be major websites which could have allowed them to steal personal information through many different hacking schemes.  Browsers should be able to recognize fake certificates but if they had stolen the real ones this would not have been possible.  The SSL providers are not working to better protect the information they have because it is vital it not be stolen. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is first and foremost on those that provide security.  If they do not protect the information that allows web users to know the sites they are visiting are real then there is no way to safely use the internet which is already a very dangerous affair.  They have to be careful to make sure a future attack and worse a successful attack are not possible. \n\n\n\nThe other impact is on each of us in our level of confidence in the internet which takes a hit when something like this happens.  Internet users need to be smart\n\n\n\nVocabulary SSL : secure socket layer, a cryptology protocol that allows for encryption and transfer of security certificates to allow for authentication of sites\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCATRE7333KB20110404?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0\n\n\n\nGoogle offers $900 million for Nortel patents\n\nGoogle is offering 900 million to buy former patents from Nortel a large company that specialized in wireless and networking devices.  The company declared bankruptcy in 2009 to protect them from further suits and are now selling off assets to pay back their debts in a last ditch effort to save anything they have.  The offer by Google is the minimum offer that will start the bidding in June after the Deleware courts rule on the company's bankruptcy.  \n\n\n\nThe deal includes 6000 current or pending patents in many different areas of wireless communication that are looked at as a way for Google to strengthen its android platform and protect them from future suits.  They are currently fighting one and are thought to be close to another depending what happens with Apples HTC suit. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article on the consumers could be both good or bad.  Google will continue to grow and will become a bigger  giant in the market.  Depending on your feelings toward google will determine if that is a good thing.  In general them becoming stronger is good as long as it does not affect the competitiveness of the market.  Going by the number of  major players in the wireless market I doubt that it will.  Google is still a small fish in that market although growing very rapidly.  One benefit of the patents would be google having the ability to license new technology and potentially push their envelope of products to new levels.  The interesting thing will be how much Google pushes it. \n\n\n\nOn other wireless companies the one impact could be Google gaining patents that allow them to close off areas of the market to them or force them to pay huge sums of money to buy the patents in the auction.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary cross-licensing : deals that allow multiple vendors to work together on patents and keep their own fees low while greatly increasing the entrance fees for others\n\n "]
["---",1366,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/010811-networking-gets-faster-more.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article details many of the technological advances in networking (primarily wireless networking) that have been introduced at CES this year.  The article discusses new standards that are being explored and experimented with by the WiFi alliance to compete/replace the introduction of Intel's WiDi standard.  WiDi and the new WiFi competitor are designed with high bandwidth users in mind.  The article suggests the main use of the new technologies is in the streaming of audio and video content over home networks.  High quality sound and video can be streamed from home computers to HDTV's with little to no quality loss.  The article also discusses many products that are being introduced by various vendors that are adopting the new standards, including Netgear, D-Link, and Logitech.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is primarily in the home, although I do see some reasonable uses in business.  With the increase in speed and reliability of the new standards, I expect many vendors to adopt more products that can communicate with each other.  Home theater systems will likely be wirelessly networked from stereo systems, to TVs, to game systems, etc.  Perhaps this will help usher a new standard for entertainment distribution, where the primary sources of TV content come directly over an internet connection rather than through the typical cable/satellite systems.  Additionally, I imagine this will encourage more people to purchase digital copies of their media rather than (or in addition to) traditional disk versions.  The ability to reliably and quickly stream content anywhere in the home, at any point in time, and to multiple locations at a time should tempt many consumers.\n\nVocabulary WiDi : WiDi or Wireless Display technology is a technology developed by Intel to stream media content wirelessly from Intel i3 or i5 based computers to entertainment systems.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article details the work of several computer scientists who studied the nervous systems of fruit flies in order to develop a faster networking system that is ideal for wireless sensor networks and other distributed computing systems.  The basic design allows cells to communicate with each other without requiring every cells' involvement, thus drastically increasing the efficiency and speed of the \"network\".  \n\n\n\n\n\nLink: http://www.cio.com/article/654814/Some_Nerves_How_a_Fruit_Fly_s_Biology_Could_Lead_to_Better_Distributed_Computing_Networks?taxonomyId=3071\n\nImpact\n\nThe research done by the collaborative group of computer scientists should improve the networking speeds and capabilities of distributed networks.  Although it's consumer application may be fairly limited and/or may take a long time to implement, this sort of research is vital to compensate for the increasing bandwidth demands posed by the current market.\n\nVocabulary Distributed System : According to Wikipedia: A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers that communicate through a computer network. ----- What that means: A network of computers that work independently of one another but work toward a common overall goal.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nEssentially, the article discusses the history of IPv4 and how we ran out of available addresses.  It further discusses the future transition to IPv6 and the options available for that transition.  According to the author, things should be \"business as usual\" for the average internet user through 2012.  The pain will really only be felt by large corporations, ISPs, and other organizations who have to deal with ip addresses that point out to the internet.  Internal networks and home networks are relatively unaffected.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe concerns that need to be addressed are that of dealing with the incompatibility of IPv4 and IPv6 devices.  Many phones, home routers, and operating systems don't support IPv6 and there isn't an effective way of translating between the two protocols.  Most relatively new operating systems support both protocols and there are many hardware solutions that support both as well, however, many hardware solutions don't and will need to be upgraded eventually.\n\nImpact\n\nThe current situation is an interesting one that needs to be addressed as soon as possible.  The article closes with the perfect statement: \"Everyone responsible for managing an Internet network should make a commitment, rip the Band-Aid off, start planning the migration, and just do it.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nI think we're likely to see a lot of ISPs introducing IPv6 options to their customers immediately with an eventual IPv6 requirement coming in a few years.  Some intermediary options may show up as well with IPv6/v4 proxying, but those options probably won't last in the long run as they are both expensive and a \"hack-ish\" fix.\n\nVocabulary Multicast : Multicast allows for the broadcasting of a single stream of data that is received by many recipients rather than broadcasting individual streams for each recipient. As described in the article: A technology used to broadcast data to many recipients across the Internet. With multicast, a content provider sends data to a particular \"rendezvous\" IP address, and recipients listen for packets sent to that address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1264,"Article Summary\n\nThis article explained that although Chrome has had tremendous growth in the past two years, growing to nearly ten percent of the browser market, the browser is weak in providing tools to companies.  Other products, such as Firefox and Internet Explorer provide companies with tools to customize locked-down versions of the browser to the employees.  Open source chromium code was available but is generally beyond the skill set of most companies. In Decemeber, Chrome came out with Chrome for Business.  This program provides templates for companies to choose and then apply settings to create locked down versions of the website.  Companies can also block synchronization of data with Google so that data isn't shared with Google.  Each setting is named with a policy template and is easy to use.  Once a policy is chosen, it can be pushed out to employee using any standard application distribution platform.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/smb/hardware_software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000318&pgno=2&queryText=&isPrev=\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think the big impact here is that Google Chrome could grow even faster now and take over more than just 10 percent of the browser market.  As the article pointed out, Chrome's big weakness was in this area of not allowing companies to create lock down customized versions of their websites to employees.  Assuming there are many more people out there who feel the same as the person who wrote this article, Google Chrome could quickly catch on in the business atmosphere and allow Google to make themselves even bigger and more important in this area.\n\n\n\nVocabulary IEAK : IEAK is a Internet Explorer Administration Kit. It enables efficient wasy to deploy and manage Web-based solutions. In this article, it was used as a comparison with Chrome for Business to show one of the weaknesses of Chrome for Business. An IEAK provides one-stop configuration for all aspects of the browser, including both settings lock down and configuration, and customizations to look and feel and browser branding. The author of the article expressed hope that Chrome for Business would eventually be able to do this.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.wdam.com/Global/story.asp?S=13928177\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is about the attorney general of Mississippi, Jim Hood, warning citizens of Mississippi to protect their personal and communications data by encrypting their own wireless internet networks in recognition of Data Privacy Day.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe general is part of an investigation into Google's collection of unencrypted data from consumers' home networks.  Google collects data such as user emails, passwords, and browsing activities.\n\n\n\n\n\nOften, wireless providers deliver routers with the encryption keys turned off.\n\n\n\n\n\nData privacy Day is recognized on January 28 and brings awareness to an individuals rights to protect their sensitive and personal data.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article extends into our classroom because we are learning about creating data connections across users, computers and networks using all sorts of devices.  It is important when creating networks to access information and process data that we create systems that protect the information and don't leave sensitive information open for anyone to get.  Data security is a very important aspect of data communications.\n\nVocabulary Router : I know this is not a new word to me, but our discussion in class about what consumers think are routers and what routers really are made me curious. This word showed up several times in the article, usually referring to wireless routers that people buy from the store. The definition of this word is \"Any device that directs packets of information using OSI layer 3, network layer, information.\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article is about a new product, the Black Box made by the Opti-WAN company.  The product is supposed to intelligently tweak transmission control protocol to provide optimal WAN throughput.  They estimate this product can result in 30-50% faster web page displays.  The product works without compression or caching, using three unique algorithms to boost data speeds (FastStart, HyperBurst, and FastTCP).  The product enhances speed for anything that uses TCP/IP, such as HTTP, HTTPS, streaming media, and FTP.  It operates only from the server side, so its completely transparent to end users and requires no client software.  \n\nMore bandwidth is not always the answer to latency issues.  Using what you have more efficiently is a smarter approach.  The unique algorithims in this product help speed up web sites dramatically, resulting in significant increases in productivity and efficiency gains for clients.\n\nImpact\n\nThis product is important because, as pointed out in the article, TCP was developed nearly 40 years ago.  It simply cannot provide the maximum throughput needed to handle today's data needs.  With an expanding technological workplace and the need for faster technology, this product could be very essential to a company's technological success.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe three trademarked algorithms accelerate TCP to compensate for delay-jitter, maximize throughput by adjusting receiver windows, and match congestion levels by dynamically adjusting to data transfer rates.\n\nVocabulary BlackBox : I decided to go with a company as the vocabulary word- BlackBox. They are the world's largest technical service company dedicated to designing, building, and maintaining today's complicated data networking services and voice infrastructure systems. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2011/03/motorola-reportedly-building-new-html-powered-mobile-platform.ars\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article summarizes recent events in which Motorola is building a new HTML-powered mobile platform.  Their hope is to provide an alternative to Google's android platform.  This would allow Motorola to have more independence and room for differentiation in the smartphone market.  While much is not known about the events that are taking place, it is known that Motorla is bringing in developers with specialized knowledge of web technologies.  They recently acquired the company 280 North, a startup that created a sophisticated framework for building desktop-like web applications.  One possible option for this recent development is that Motorola is working to build a better companion platform to use alongside Android on larger form-factor devices.\n\nMotorola has recently attempted several methods to increase their invisibility in the phone market.  Recently, they released the Atrix, a handset that is compatible with a unique netbook dock to provide a more desktop-like experience.  Unfortunately, actual performance of this product was weak.\n\nImpact\n\nCurrently, Motorola is one of Android's leading hardware vendors.  If they developed their own platform, it would cause a severe issue for Android.  If Motorola develops their own platform, many would view it as a major sign of a lack of confidence in Android's competitiveness.  However, the company might simply be developing this platform for future iterations of the Atrix.  Also, it could be made specifically for their tablet software, which also recently experienced difficulties with pairing Android's honeycomb with Motorola's Zoom.\n\nVocabulary framework : A hypothetical description of a complex entity or process\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1376,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nMetroPCS a mobile provider restricting the mobile web\n\nIt is interesting to see how MetroPCS business strategy can impact the market in how cell phone service companies charge for services provided. MetroPCS being a company that offers a slower (LTE) 4G network service compared to T-mobile but also that offers no contracts which the user sees as “refreshing” has announced changes to its 4G service plans. MetroPCS is planning on offering different plans that threatens to disrupt the user Internet freedom by offering a fractured Internet experience. Their plans consist of providing unlimited talk, text, “Web browsing” and YouTube at a base price of $40 per month, with additional features like mobile instant messaging or access to audio downloads available on higher plans for another $10 or $20 per month. The problem here is that when the user wants to use different services each plan appears to exclude Skype, Netflix and other popular consumer Internet services. Even though YouTube does not have a relationship with the carrier, the carrier has taken the initiative and has put restrictions to its service plans.\n\n\n\n\n\nreference:\n\nhttp://gigaom.com/2011/01/04/metropcs-lte-plans-charge-more-for-skype-and-streaming/\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis action can affect the future of how companies handle the mobile internet service, such actions will dictate the end of user freedom, where carriers, not users, decide what content is important.\n\nMetroPCS’s plan will restrict consumer choice and innovation in a developing mobile market, all for the sake of further padding its bottom line. We as consumers must not stand idly by while carriers are engaging in anti-consumer and anti-competitive behavior, and this actions should be investigated by the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) because it is an anti-consumer behavior trying to put restrictions to services that should be free in order to gain at expense of the costumer freedom.\n\nSoon order carrier companies such as Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile will follow the same actions, and users wont able to have a choice. These new plans, if they’re allowed to stand, show us what the future of mobile broadband will look like if operators have their way.\n\nVocabulary LTE : 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest standard in the mobile network technology tree that produced the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network; LTE is often marketed as 4G technologies.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe spectrum cruch! LTE alone is not enough\n\nA japanese CEO of carrier KDDI comfirmed that they would be migrating to LTE technology, and that this would double their network capacity. The only problem that he warned about was that data demand in Japan forecast to increase by 15 times over the next five years. LTE won't be enough to provide for all the data demand, but this is not only in Japan but also in America, and Europe. The structural approach of how networks are setup could change or at least some few changes should take place to be able to provide for future demand. Rather than simply deploying LTE macrocells and microcells on towers and rooftops for coverage which are usual approach, carrier companies will also need to deploy small cells, or picocells for capacity. These picocells can be targeted at areas where large number of data users create congestion for operator's macrocell or microcell network.\n\nImpact\n\nA big question emerges in this article: Can wireless carriers keep pace with the fast-growing demand for mobile data? probably not. Last year the FCC (Federal Communication Commission) warned about a \"looming spectrum crunch\" argumenting that the explosive growth in mobile communications is outpacing the ability of telecommunications to keep up with consumer demand, more specifically (wireless carriers). Extremely important to mention is that If nothing is done to update spectrum policies for the 21st century, we're going to run into a wall a spectrum crunch that will stifle American innovation and economic growth and cost us the opportunity to lead the world in mobile communications.\n\nVocabulary Picocell : In cellular networks, picocells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations. Picocells provide coverage and capacity in areas difficult or expensive to reach using the more traditional Macrocell approach.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSlow Progress in IPv6 implementation\n\nAs the demand in the use of IP-based communication increases, many providers are worried about the problems that may arise once IPv4 addresses are issued. These IP addresses are drying up, and the only real solution to this problem is to move on to the IPv6 protocol. For many, moving to IPv6 is sometimes seen as just an option, but in reality this is becoming more a necessity.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.csc.fi/english/csc/publications/cscnews/2010/1/IPv6\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nMajor providers are using both protocols at the same time, but others are staying behind the curve. By the end of this year 2011, many consumers won’t be able to receive an IPv4 address. Since these users will have only IPv6 protocols, companies who haven’t switch will fall into a competitive disadvantage.\n\nThey should have at least their public content in IPv6. Enterprises need to start thinking about this issue seriously.\n\nVocabulary CSC - Center for Science : CSC – IT Center for Science Ltd has served as a pioneer in IPv6 from the beginning of the protocol development.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6\n\nMoving to IPv6? The last batches of IPv4 addresses were handed out by the central Net authorities at a ceremony in Florida, this could mean the end of IPv4, and a painful transition to IPv6 but why Painful? Because today most of the infrastructure is built upon IPv4 and there is hardware that doesn’t support IPv6, this means that moving to IPv6 could be costly for some companies. Moreover IPv6 addresses are not compatible with IPv4 addresses communication can’t be made between them. NAT has extended the life of IPv4 but NAT interferes with functionality, moving to IPv6 would mean easier and simpler communications, easier peer-to-peer setups, routing devices, and less delay on communications.\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpacto Profundo\n\nAdopting the new IPv6 protocols will be a challenge, and there are ways to work around the shortage of IPv4 addresses, such as Network Address Translation, or NAT. So why bother to make the move?\n\nBecause any workarounds eventually will get in the way of new services and devices, and the rest of the world will pass by those who do not adapt.\n\nNewer countries with newer telecommunication infrastructure could pass the United States in full adoption.\n\nVocabulary IANA : The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for the global coordination of the DNS Root, IP addressing, and other Internet protocol resources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNext-Generation of Firewalls\n\nby Patrick Sweeney\n\nFirewalls have been one of the greatest ways to protect networks in business environments. Private Networks in small business have controlled really well their security and the data that it’s transmitted within the network. With the introduction of cloud-based applications, organizations found another service to rely on in order to do business.\n\nSince cloud-based applications provide services to everybody, it is necessary to improve the next generation of firewalls. We now have to worry about the information is transmitted over the cloud. Firewalls need to be faster and be able to secure higher volumes of inbound and outbound traffic; here we are talking of speeds of 10GB and even more. Next-generation of firewalls will require real-time processing and analysis of what comes in and what goes out.\n\n\n\n\n\nURL: http://www.technewsworld.com/story/71769.html?wlc=1296957052\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFirewalls are a great part of learning how to use networks. If we understand firewalls better, than we can be able to solve more network problems in real-time.\n\nVocabulary Cloud - base applications : Computing that is independent, where shared servers provide software, data communication to other computers or devices in the network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTwitter, Facebook become lifelines after Japan quake\n\nAfter a devastating 8.9 earthquake hit japan and then a tsunami Friday morning, once again Social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter are proving to be the most reliable sources of communication in times of crisis, obviously the quake and tsunami caused massive damage to roads, buildings and more importantly to phone lines due to black outs, many families in Japan in their efforts to communicate with their love ones took Facebook and Twitter as the principal source of communication. Facebook and twitter provide means to communicate any news to several people at once in a 1 to many cardinality, online social media that tracks down social media reported that twitter was experiencing 1,200 tweets every minute and most of them related to Japan’s crisis.\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214213/Twitter_Facebook_become_lifelines_after_Japan_quake?source=toc\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWith every disaster the importance of social media and our understanding of it’s power seems to grow. Social media has been playing a crucial role in times of natural disasters and Political disasters... In Haiti earthquake also, twitter was used to keep in touch with the world. I believe in Egypt and Libya before the Internet got shutdown by the government they used the social media to share ideas and communicate. This are a few examples of the importance of social media. \n\nVocabulary social network : is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called \"nodes\", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCisco, IBM And Other Top Vendors Push Smart Networking Standard\n\nSeventeen major technology companies, including facebook, google, microsoft, verizon, and yahoo have gotten together to develop and promote, a new approach  to networking called Software-Defined Networking SDN promises to make network data handling more efficient and flexibel through automation and programming. Existing network switches provide mechanisms for quality-of-service adjustments; SDN offers a way to optimize the use of many of these capabilities and to deploy new ones. This new standard could help your network switches communicate to determine optimal solutions to network problems. They argument that Software-Defined Networking will allow networks to evolve and improve more quickly than they can today.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/cisco-ibm-and-other-top-vendors-push-smart-networking-standard.php?type=article\n\nImpact\n\nWhile we hear from these companies only positive aspects of the proposed Network-approach like realibilty and the easiness to solve problems, there are things that we as users need to consider, without a network neutrality framework, SDN could limit the services or options of the internet users. Such technologies could be used to impose exactly the sorts of walled gardens, service degradations, and 'pay to play' limits that are at the heart of Net Neutrality concerns, as dominant ISPs in particular would be tempted to leverage this technology to further restrict user applications to the benefit of their own profit centers.\n\nVocabulary Open Networking Foundation : is a nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting a new approach to networking called Software-Defined Networking (SDN).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1303,"Article Summary\n\nThe article that I chose to read was entitled \"5 Cloud Computing Predictions for 2011.\"  It can be found at this link: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/11075_3919196_1/5-Cloud-Computing-Predictions-for-2011.htm  \n\n\n\n\n\nHonestly, the reason why I chose to read this article was because I had heard so much about cloud computing all last year but really had never understood what it was exactly or what impact it is having across the world right now.  From what I now understand, cloud computing is a way for users to use programs without having to install them directly on their own computers, for example.  Utilities such as Lucidchart.com come to mind when I think about this concept, because that is a program, much like Microsoft Visio in its scope, but which is not only free but simple to use as one must merely go to Lucidchart.com and set up an account in order to start creating documents and collaborating with others.  No installation necessary.  It's fast, it's fun, it's great.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThis article detailed some predictions for cloud computing in 2011.  Among them were: \n\n\n\n\n\n(1) The rise of cloud computing and smartphones threaten PC's.  \n\n(2) Connected devices stress networks and network management.  \n\n(3) Apps become even more important.  \n\n(4) Traditional apps get retrofitted to the cloud.  \n\n(5) Applications begin to gain mobility too.  \n\n\n\n\n\nOf these topics, my favorites were the first, third, and fourth ones.  The author made a good point that he recently looked at a store flyer and noticed that there were 10-12 times more ads for smartphones than there were for PC's.  Simply put, people aren't excited about getting a new PC anymore.  I find this sad, personally.  Seeing as most people are net consumers primarily, I will always want to be a net producer with my time.  This is why I still don't have a smartphone myself actually--although I do recognize the inevitable role of necessity that they will eventually have to play in my life.  Nevertheless, I just love my PC (or iMac) with my mouse, keyboard, shortcuts, and the high levels of accomplishment they help me produce.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe writer of this article also mentioned that we recently hit 5 billion mobile devices connected to the internet and that that number is expected to reach 1 TRILLION in 2015!  I find that pretty hard to fathom, but if that's true, then the hype surrounding cloud computing and mobile devices these days really is valid.  There was a quote by a cloud computing expert about how people get their information directly from PC's about 90% of the time today and from smartphones about 10% of the time, but that person expects those numbers to reverse entirely in the near future.  \n\n\n\n\n\nPrediction #3 painted a picture of a world where everyone's using simple focused apps to do things like locate nearby restaurants, navigate their way across town, etc.  I guess maybe we're in for that--simpler, more focused mobile apps taking over pretty much completely.  \n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, prediction #4 explained that one reason the PC hasn't lost completely yet is because there are simply so many applications people are already tied to using found only on PC's.  But he believes that companies will focus more of their resources to finding ways that companies will be able to revamp their old software to make it cloud computing-capable.  So we can expect to see that in the future as well.  \n\nImpact\n\nOverall, I feel this is a topic of a potentially tremendous impact.  The author of the article said he feels that most businesses are not ready to handle the issues that will arise from having 1 trillion mobile devices connected to the internet.  This is not an issue of developing a system to organize all of the devices and their information but rather one of developing a system to organize systems to organize devices and information.  It's quite a complex problem.  \n\n\n\n\n\nFurther, despite the recession in the U.S. these past few years, which has seen economic times almost as bad as the 1930s, the market surrounding the development of cloud computing has boomed to $68.3 billion in 2010, a figure up approximately 16.6% from the $58.6 billion figure in 2009.  My point here is that this is an industry fairly resilient to the negative factors in the economy today.  It's an idea that has grown quickly and certainly appears to be here to stay.  \n\nVocabulary SAAS Vendors : SAAS stands for \"Software as a Service\" and so SAAS vendors produce software and then make it available to users who can use the product directly over the internet. They can develop a \"pay as you go\" basis for collecting fees or sometimes just simply offer the services for free.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the article \"Telecommuting from Your Couch\" found here at: http://www.nojitter.com/slideshows/228400180?pgno=1.  I found the article very interesting.  It highlighted the new products aimed at consumers to allow them to video-conference using their TVs and an Internet connection.  All the major competitors have seemingly come out with similar products and this article did a good job of highlighting the main similarities and differences for each one.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThese companies included Cisco, Microsoft (Lync on the Xbox), Skype, and Logitech.  The major point that I learned is that no matter how good your HDTV and camera/equipment are, if your internet connection isn't consistently blazing fast, then your video-conferencing will almost undoubtedly suffer.  The specific rates of performance that Skype says users should be sure to have before investing in any of this equipment is that of 2 Mbps (both downloading and uploading).  \n\n\n\n\n\nLooking at pictures of this fancy new technology really reminded me of the scenes in Back to the Future Part II where Marty visits his future self in 2015 and watches himself video-conference with Needles, his corrupt business partner (or whatever) and then get busted by his boss--all through a huge-screen TV with technology not much different from what these companies are now offering.  Interesting stuff!  \n\nImpact\n\nOne of the biggest impacts that the article focused on was the impact this technology could have on the business world.  Sure, the average consumer might enjoy chatting with friends and family using the TV and high-quality cameras, etc.  But the article asked the question, \"What is stopping business enterprises from holding meetings among executives from the comfort of their own living rooms?\"  I mean, all you really need is a laptop and a desk to have a home-office and with these new products, all necessary means of communications could become more readily available from home as well!  Overall, this is a high-impact topic which could result in major changes to how we think of ourselves \"going to the office\" each day as future employees in the business world.  \n\nVocabulary Telework : While not a difficult word, I had never heard this one before. Telework is a work arrangement in which employees enjoy flexibility in working location and hours. In other words, the daily commute to a central place of work is replaced by telecommunication links. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week, I decided to read an article called \"IP Addresses Expected to Be Exhausted in 2011.\"  It can be found here: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/next-gen-network/ip-addresses-predicted-to-be-exhausted-in-2011.php?keyword=ipv6  \n\n\n\n\n\nAnd I really thought it was a fascinating article.  Even though it was a short one, I learned a lot.  The writer says that it has been estimated that on July 2 this year, we will \"run out\" of IP addresses using the IPv4 protocol.  At the time that this was written (last July), there were roughly 231 million free addresses left...so I would expect that there are probably around 100 million left by now.  Hence, he talked about the urgency for switching everything over to IPv6 as soon as possible.  Of course, this will take a large-scale upgrading of routers and other such network devices/equipment.  The main point was that government and business agencies haven't been moving quite fast enough in that direction in order to make this transition as smooth as possible.  Also, the writer stated that it's not like we're going to go from IPv4 to IPv6 overnight--there will probably be a 10-15-year period of time where we use both.  \n\nImpact\n\nObviously, this is a pretty high-impact article.  Everything connected to the Internet will be affected by the switch from IPv4 to IPv6 soon.  This means upgrades to every bit of technology.  I don't think it'll be the end of the world by any means, but it certainly will require some careful planning and probably a lot of patience as there will surely be bugs and areas of troubleshooting needed when we do make the upgrades.  \n\nVocabulary Google's IPv6 Implementers' Conference : Most of the vocabulary in this article was easy, so I decided to research exactly what Google's IPv6 Implementers' Conference was. I found out that this conference was held on June 10th and 11th last year. Among the topics covered there were: Deployment Experiences (on the 10th) and Challenges (on the 11th). The conference was geared toward Google's plans to switch over to IPv6 soon. They broke the content down by network, including access, content, enterprise, mobile, and home networks. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week, Google has announced that its GoogleVoice service, which allows people to make calls on the internet as well as text for free will finally be allowing people to transfer their old phone numbers to this Internet voice service.  The article can be found here: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/software/soa_webservices/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229100233&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All\n\n\n\n\n\nThis service in many ways has sounded almost too good to be true.  With some of the lowest prices for making international calls, the free sending of text messages, etc., many people's biggest reluctance to convert (up until now) has been the need to get a brand new phone number through Google.  \n\n\n\n\n\nWell, that time is over now.  Google says their long-time customers can transfer over their old numbers now--but the catch is that their mobile phones will no longer work--and so they'll need to get a new number with their mobile carrier company if they wish to continue carrying around a mobile phone like that.  Still, this can be seen as a great cost-saving measure that many people will likely be quick to adopt.  \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is fairly high.  I don't think it's going to change things overnight, but it certainly illustrates the point that the playing field isn't static.  With free phone services that Google is offering, cell and smartphone companies need to watch their backs and find ways to keep their customers interested in buying and using their services.  I, myself, wouldn't want to do EVERYthing through my computer--at least when it comes to talking on the phone, etc...or would I?  Hmm...  It certainly makes me stop and think.  Eh, whatever.  Overall, this isn't the highest-impact article that I've read in the past month, but it's just another one to make us all think.  \n\nVocabulary Local number portability : According to Wikipedia, \"Local number portability (LNP) for fixed lines, and full mobile number portability (FMNP) for mobile phone lines, refers to the ability to transfer either an existing fixed-line or mobile telephone number assigned by a local exchange carrier (LEC) and reassign it to another carrier.\" Hmm...interesting. I hadn't actually heard that one before, but it makes total sense. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week, I found an interesting article about whether or not America would be able to copy Egypt in essentially \"shutting down\" or \"turning off\" the entire internet.  Here's the link: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-03/tech/internet.shut.down_1_global-internet-internet-providers-internet-access?_s=PM:TECH\n\n\n\n\n\nThe answer?  Well...\"technically yes, but it's unlikely.\"  One of the quotes I enjoyed most was: \n\n\n\n\n\n\"The funny thing about the internet is even if you break it in half, the two halves will function as [separate] internets.\"  \n\n\n\n\n\nAnd also, an excellent analogy was given.  Basically, Egypt called up its five Internet service providers and told them to block all traffic.  The article stated that this would be like someone calling up every post office in America and telling them that they can't deliver any mail anymore.  Is it possible?  Yes.  Would it likely happen?  Nope.  \n\n\n\n\n\nAnd instead of shredding paper mail, Egypt made some changes in the protocols in the software that routes information.   Using \"null routing,\" they were able to stop the routing of all packets of information.  \n\n\n\n\n\nFinally, the article concluded with a bunch of other reasons why such a large-scale shutdown here just could never actually happen.  Namely, the law was one such big reason.  American law is too powerful in preventing such a drastic measure.  Also, there are so many little ISP's and they're each little businesses themselves.  Another great analogy was made: it would be like trying to call every McDonald's in America and asking them to shut down their restaurants--all at once.  \n\n\n\n\n\nOne last note of interest: a few Senators recently tried to promote a bill that would give the President access to shut down the country's internet in an emergency.  Then they tried to distance themselves from what happened in Egypt, saying there's already so much power in the Internet that this really wouldn't give the president that much power.  \n\n\n\n\n\nAnyway...I thought this was an interesting article.    \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is informative, but it really just verifies that this topic doesn't have very much of an impact in the U.S.  In other words, \"nothing much is going to change.\"  The people are too powerful, the Internet is too vast...  It does make me wonder if 2012 predictions of the poles on the Earth switching magnetic fields could be the only thing to destroy the infrastructure and make the Internet all come down at once.  Like a giant EMP.  But that's about it.  Otherwise, this article is interesting but doesn't really present a huge impact on the future of our country.  \n\nVocabulary Border Gateway Protocols : I learned that Border Gateway Protocols refers to a software protocol that essentially decides how to route information across the Internet. \"It maintains a table of IP networks which designate network reachability. And it makes routing decisions based on path, network policies and/or rulesets. For this reason, it is more appropriately termed a reachability protocol rather than routing protocol.\" (Wikipedia)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week, the article was given to us already.  It can be found here: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nI thought this article was absolutely fantastic--despite it being a topic I'd done article summaries about before.  Overall, it was just so well laid-out, extremely informative, etc...a true summary of the IPv4/v6 issue today.  \n\n\n\n\n\nEssentially, while this isn't going to stop the world from rotating, and we haven't technically exhausted all of our IPv4 address yet, the article explained that the number of IPv4 addresses left to give out is officially at zero.  And companies will all need to switch over to IPv6 sooner rather than later.  It explained exactly how this is expected to go down, describing how most companies will have to have two different servers--or at least one server that can speak both languages (v4 and v6)--in order to allow both options to consumers during the transition time.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI liked how this article was set up.  It had many different questions that are commonly confused followed by the answers, which were clear and concise.  I laughed out loud at the part when it described the 16% of possible addresses as permanently dedicated to multicast technology, a feature that was never even developed.  The fact that they were labeled \"for future use\" and now have gone down as unusable is quite comical.  \n\n\n\n\n\nSo yeah--overall, a great article.  \n\n\n\n\n\nOh and I absolutely loved that they were able to interview the guy responsible for deciding to make 32-bit addresses back in the early days of the Internet.  I bet he's feeling like an idiot now, haha.  \n\nImpact\n\nObviously, this is a high-impact topic.  The one point that I especially realized was that mobile phone carriers will be especially driven to make the upgrades soon.  I just liked that those companies' executives will be experiencing some sleepless nights more than most others.  I've always disliked the idea of having the internet on a phone--so I don't feel bad about this for them.   \n\n\n\n\n\nNext, I was a little perturbed by the idea that during the transition, we can expect the network to be slower and whatnot.  Since packets may have to be routed through computers on the conflicting version, this will mean more data translation and more potential hassles.  Rats.  \n\n\n\n\n\nOh well...interesting stuff overall.  Should be a lot of jobs for people to work on these projects, huh?  \n\nVocabulary undecillion : I had not heard of this word before. It is the number equal to 10 to the 36 power. This is how many IPv6 addresses there will be. I wonder when we'll run out of those. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week, I read an interesting article about data communications in HTML5.  It can be found here: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/html5-in-the-browser-html5-data-communications-832?page=0,3\n\n\n\n\n\nHonestly, much of it seemed to go over my head, but it was definitely related to the stuff we're studying in this class right now.  Ultimately, what I got from the article was that at present, the version of HTML that we all use was built rather tightly for security reasons.  The author kept on saying AJAX users would have loved to have HTML built a bit more open and free so that they (the users) could have gone to town and done so much more to really spice up the way we surf the net today.  Well, with the newer version of HTML, I think we can expect some of those restrictions to change and allow for some of the AJAX users' dreams to come closer to fruition.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe main idea that was discussed was that of websites being able to communicate with each other through WebSockets.  I'm not exactly sure how this would work but it just meant that when someone creates a website, they would essentially be able to choose to allow others to use their site's data/information--maybe this means someone else could literally show someone else's site on their own page instead of just having a link?  I'm not entirely sure.  Anyway, the example they gave was that of someone writing a message, tying it to a rock, and then hurling it over the fence to their neighbor's house.  I guess this would be a good thing--to be able to open up data communications between websites themselves more.   \n\nImpact\n\nIt seems to me this could have a big impact.  A new version of HTML would allow for new exciting features to be made available.  Also, the article described that these changes would actually result in a simpler, faster Internet.  It sounds like there wouldn't need to be as much long-distance message-sending--or like going far to probe for answers to questions that computers send out to find out information.  Since there would be better linking between sites, it would help cut out some of that traffic on the web and therefore, sites would appear to load faster.  Hey, that sounds pretty good to me.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI don't think we'll all be using HTML5 that soon.  Certainly most of the browsers of today are already able to utilize it; they just haven't had a need to yet.  Also, security measures were a big issue.  People were worried that a new system like this would be open to vulnerabilities from hackers and what-not.  The article said some smart computer scientists had figured out how to take advantage/abuse the system, so I think that temporarily made the public halt from diving into HTML5 just yet.  \n\n\n\n\n\nAnyway...I'm sure, just like with any other new technology, it'll be cool in some ways but also have some bugs to work out at first.  Overall, I don't feel like this is a huge life-changing update for us all.  \n\nVocabulary WebSocket : From Wikipedia: \"WebSocket is a technology providing for bi-directional, full-duplex communications channels, over a single Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) socket. It is designed to be implemented in web browsers and web servers but it can be used by any client or server application.\" So THAT's what Chloe was always talking about on 24!! Haha. ;-) \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nFor this week, I decided to look up the topic of using the \"remote desktop\" application in recent news headlines.  I came up with this interesting story found here: \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://tablets-planet.com/2011/02/28/new-apple-ipad-application-allows-remote-desktop-control-for-pc-or-mac/\n\n\n\n\n\nEssentially, there is now software that is allowing Apple iPad users to access their computers remotely using this new popular technology.  This seemed pretty interesting to me.  Even though I'm a huge Apple fan, I have absolutely no interest in the iPad whatsoever.  Conan Albrecht voiced it best when he summarized the iPad as being a consumer product whereas a laptop will always be a producer product.  I agree with him completely that at the end of the day, we need to be averaging more production than consumption.  It bothers me how much time people waste each day simply consuming.  I build my life around setting goals, coming up with ideas for projects, and then actually implementing them.  If I'm not actively working toward accomplishing something, then I'm extremely unhappy and maybe even depressed.  Thus, I really despise the iPad and I'd even go so far as to say that smartphones are a negative influence on society.  I don't have one myself yet and am holding out for as long as I possibly can.  Anyway, it just seems like such as waste to me for someone to use an iPad to do remote desktop-ing into their personal PC at home.  I mean, sure it's cool and all that they have the know-how and the technology to make such an application work, but really...come on now.   \n\nImpact\n\nI think this is another one of those things that can get people hyped up simply because it can be done, but then you have to step back and ask the important question, \"Is it useful?\"  I mean, what does this really allow me to do?  Is it that much more difficult to carry a laptop with you as compared to an iPad?  \n\n\n\n\n\nToo much hype in today's world of constant pushes for technology advancements and new releases.  \n\nVocabulary GoToMyPC : The article said this was a word everyone's heard before. Not me. GoToMyPC, as I researched it on Wikipedia.com, is a \"remote control software service that enables the user to operate their computer from another computer, over the Internet. Citrix Online, a division of Citrix Systems, produces GoToMyPC.\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214261/Japan_s_phone_networks_remain_severely_disrupted?taxonomyId=16\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is the article I read this week (see above).  I figured it was okay, since it dealt with the state of the data communications technology in Japan post-tsunami attack this week.  Mainly, the article said that the biggest damage to the technological infrastructure was with the nation's cell phone services.  Overall, the Internet was pretty unharmed.  It mentioned that some websites were more difficult to access in Japan as a result of the quake (since the computers acting as the sites' servers were most likely destroyed in the rubble), but other than that most places had Internet access unharmed.  Still, some Wi-Fi places were opening their doors to the public for free services during this time of international crisis.  \n\n\n\n\n\nBack to the cell phone issue, the article described that there were many subscribers of phone service providers whose phones were being kicked to a special voicemail message when others tried to reach them--something about the service being out due to the earthquake damages.  So it then went on to describe how other companies and providers were coming in and setting up ways around the problem using satellite technologies and other more stable forms of cellular communication.  \n\n\n\n\n\nIt all really made me consider my own data security and storage procedures.  \n\nImpact\n\nAs I alluded to above, I would say that this article's greatest impact is to those who read it in reminding them to consider their own data's safety and security.  Although, I don't live in an area likely to be effected by a tsunami anytime soon, I do know that there are countless other ways for my computers' files to be lost or destroyed.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe other thing I really thought about was what it would be like to be the leader of Japan right now--to have to deal with so many pressing catastrophes at once.  And on top of that to have to worry about the technological infrastructure.  I'm sure they had a bunch of plans already in place for this very scenario--to know exactly who to call and how to go about divvying up the workload to start breaking up the tasks and get the necessary repairs in place. \n\n\n\n\n\nAnd I thought that my sprint 2 project was a headache right now.  \n\nVocabulary hotspot : From Wikipedia: A hotspot is a site that offers Internet access over a wireless local area network through the use of a router connected to a link to an Internet service provider. Hotspots typically use Wi-Fi technology.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2011-03-19-data-backup_N.htm  \n\n\n\n\n\nThis week, I read about a new kind of USB drives that take better security and backup measures than those that we're all already familiar with.  Basically, SanDisk is offering a new drive that is extremely compact--it actually doubles as a paperclip and is meant to be a companion to the textual document.  The new features include an automatic encryption and built-in password which will better allow for the protection of private data.  Otherwise, when people lose flash drives, others often find them and then their data is lost and/or compromised.  \n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, there is an automatic data backup that's built-in to the new merchandise, which allows people to not have to worry as much about losing their data.  \n\n\n\n\n\nOverall, I was just interested to see a new improved version of media storage that I really hadn't ever seen before.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is not very high, but at least some people might be interested in hearing about advancements in technology.  As companies continue to improve technology and continue being innovative, people will have access to better security and data integrity measures/protocols.  \n\nVocabulary 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard : I looked this up on Wikipedia and found out that it is an encryption protocol that uses 3 block ciphers. Interesting. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cedmagazine.com/News/2011/03/Google-high-speed-broadband-network-Kansas.aspx  \n\n\n\n\n\nFor this week's article, I investigated more about the recent news that Google chose Kansas City, Kansas as its test location for installing a 1-Gbps ultra-high-speed network.  When I first read this, I didn't even know Google was planning to do so; the article said that Google had essentially been searching for a location and soliciting interested cities over the past year or so.  Well, what a cool thing this will be!  And I'm just so jealous.  I can only imagine how much you could get done (for downloading and uploading) on a network with such capabilities.  \n\n\n\n\n\nAnyway, the article said that this project is expected to be implemented in or by 2012.  Also, I found other articles that described how some businesses are preparing to make the changeover with their own infrastructures to allow these new technologies to be utilized.  \n\nImpact\n\nI think the impact of this article is potentially tremendously high.  I absolutely salivate at the thought of being on such a fast Internet.  My main thought, however, is that I wonder what they would do to prevent illegal downloading.  Obviously, downloaders of copyrighted media would have a field day on such a network.  And I would love to be one of them, but I really wonder if the authorities would be setting up extra traps on such a specific unique network.  That would scare me and therefore deter me from doing so until I knew it was more safe. \n\n\n\n\n\nAnd I suppose businesses and other more important organizations could run wild with the improvements in efficiency and overall freedom from the computer troubles of slower connections.  That would be wonderful too.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI wonder if more speed would mean more of everything else--particularly viruses and whatnot.  Probably not though.  I would think more speed would mean more of the good and the same of the bad most often.   \n\nVocabulary gigabit : Wikipedia says, \"The gigabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. 1 gigabit = 109bits = 1000000000bits.\" Cool. Gigabits are different than gigabytes!\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1275,"Article Summary\n\nFor this weeks reading assignment I read \" Five Cloud Computing Predictions for 2011\", by Jeff Vance. In his article Jeff states that revenue from the cloud computing market has grown by 16.6% in the last year and will continue to grow. His first prediction is that due to the growth of cloud computing and smartphones PCs are being threatened. This is changing how business is preformed and what business are producing to meet customer demands. Jeff's second prediction is that networks will have to change because of the future stress placed on them. With so many devices connected to the internet business will need to improve how the many their systems and networks. His third prediction is that apps are becoming ever more important and that new markets will develop to meet demand just as the cloud based iTunes store was created because of the demand on the music industry. Jeff's forth prediction is that traditional apps will be retrofitted for the cloud. With so many demands for SaaS business are changing their business models to target markets in the cloud, giving consumers direct access. Finally, Jeff's last prediction is that as application being more mobile security is imperative to survival.  \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/11075_3919196_3/5-Cloud-Computing-Predictions-for-2011.htm\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of cloud computing is great and far reaching. As consumers demand more mobility and instant access businesses will have to change and adapt. Business not currently providing software as a service wont survive if the don't change. This article is important because is points to a paradigm shift taking place today that is changing how business interact on a global scale. The world is truly flatting and in order to compete business must address global markets. \n\nVocabulary API : An Application Programming Interface (API) is a particular set of rules and specifications that a software program can follow to access and make use of the services and resources provided by another particular software program that implements that API. It serves as an interface between different software programs and facilitates their interaction, similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans and computers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn his article \"10 questions to ask when choosing a virtualization solution\" Casey Weltzin gives a brief overview of the pros and cons of using virtualization in business and ten questions to ask before making a decision. Virtualiziation can reduce the cost of hardware and also reduce the footprint and space needed by a system. While these can be great benefits there are important trade-offs to consider. The first question to ask is whether or not you need a hosted or bare-metal hypervisor. A hosted system runs virtual machines on top of a host computer while a bare-metal hypervisor runs parallel virtual machines with no host and each virtual machine has control over low level system hardware. Furthermore, is it important to understand what operating system is needed and if your processor will change. Also, sometimes security can be an issue when it is important to separate virtual machines. Some hypervisors offer more separation then others. Finally it is important to decide what kind of processing is needed, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) or a combination of the two.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/design/eda-design/4006406/10-questions-to-ask-when-choosing-a-virtualization-solution?pageNumber=0\n\nImpact\n\nVirtualization has the potential to greatly change the need for a large amount of hardware and can affect overall hardware costs incurred in business. If multiple operating systems are setup on one host computer money is saved on hardware costs. Furthermore, technology can be kept more up to date because it is more cost effective to do so. While a computer can be used by many different users this is only beneficial when the users don't need to use the hardware at the same time. Moreover, is some instances it is important for increased security which can be more difficult in a virtual arena. \n\nVocabulary hypervisor : Also known as a virtual machine monitor, or VMM which enables running more than one operating system a computer simultaneously.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn his article \"10 questions to ask when choosing a virtualization solution\" Casey Weltzin gives a brief overview of the pros and cons of using virtualization in business and ten questions to ask before making a decision. Virtualiziation can reduce the cost of hardware and also reduce the footprint and space needed by a system. While these can be great benefits there are important trade-offs to consider. The first question to ask is whether or not you need a hosted or bare-metal hypervisor. A hosted system runs virtual machines on top of a host computer while a bare-metal hypervisor runs parallel virtual machines with no host and each virtual machine has control over low level system hardware. Furthermore, is it important to understand what operating system is needed and if your processor will change. Also, sometimes security can be an issue when it is important to separate virtual machines. Some hypervisors offer more separation then others. Finally it is important to decide what kind of processing is needed, symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) or a combination of the two.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/design/eda-design/4006406/10-questions-to-ask-when-choosing-a-virtualization-solution?pageNumber=0\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVirtualization has the potential to greatly change the need for a large amount of hardware and can affect overall hardware costs incurred in business. If multiple operating systems are setup on one host computer money is saved on hardware costs. Furthermore, technology can be kept more up to date because it is more cost effective to do so. While a computer can be used by many different users this is only beneficial when the users don't need to use the hardware at the same time. Moreover, is some instances it is important for increased security which can be more difficult in a virtual arena. \n\nVocabulary hypervisor : Also known as a virtual machine monitor, or VMM which enables running more than one operating system a computer simultaneously.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n     In a press release on August 4, 2010 the Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC) announced its intent to create a standard evaluation method to judge the performance of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) solutions. Currently there are many different methods for inspecting packets and it is hard for consumers to judge which solution is the most effective and where they should spent their money. Furthermore, in addition to creating benchmarks to judge performance the EEMBC plans to standardize the setup and certification methodology.  These benchmarks and standards will help eliminate confusion for IT professionals and consumers and allow them to judge performance of DPI solutions equitably. After companies accept these standards the EEMBC plans to take these methodologies to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for formalization. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/electronics-products/electronic-product-releases/other/4207863/EEMBC-Undertakes-Design-of-Industry-Standard-Network-Security-Performance-Benchmarks\n\nImpact\n\n     With the current lack of standards regarding deep packet inspection there is much confusion surrounding the reliability of companies that offer this service.  As the EEMBC moves to standardize DPI solutions the industry will move forward in perfecting DPI. If there is a standard companies will have to move up or better their solution from the standard to remain competitive resulting in more effective DPI. \n\n     While the Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium feels standardization will have a positive impact on the industry opponents see that with standardization net neutrality  will be further infringed upon. \n\n      In conclusion their are two sides to improved DPI and it is important to weight the issues carefully. \n\n\n\n     \n\n\n\nVocabulary Deep packet inspection : Deep packet inspection is inspecting a packet beyond its header to determine if it is safe to allow in the network. Usually the packet's acutual payload in inspected. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n     Lisa Phifer in her article entitled The Trouble with NAT gives an overview of what Network Address Translation (NAT) is and where it runs into problems when combined with IP Security(IPSec). She concludes her argument by offering a solution, currently in use, to combining NAT and IPSec. NAT was originally developed to combat IPv4 address depletion by allowing registered IP addresses to be re-used or shared by several hosts. Static and dynamic methods are used to translate an internal private IP address to a external public IP address.  Furthermore, Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) is used in conjunction with  NAT to allow many hosts to share a single IP address translated according to internal IP address and port number. The problem with NAT and IPSec is that when NAT is used a new checksum must be calculated on the packet which requires it to be unencrypted. The header to the packet thus changes. This conflicts with IPSec, which uses an authentication header to authenticate a packet because the authentication will fail  and the recipient will discard the packet. Protocols can be used which authenticate a packet according to a checksum not calculated used the changing header but will fail in certain circumstances. Thus it is proven that using certain protocols can overcome problems with combining NAT with IPSec  but these protocols are perfect and have problems of their own. In conclusion the author suggests using Realm-Specific IP (RSIP)  which straddle two or more addressing realms much like NAT. RSIP allocates a public IP address and binds it to the private address and differs from NAT because in order to send a packet the host must  go to the RSIP gateway which wraps the original packet inside a privately addressed outer packet. This solves the problem in combing NAT with IPsec.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/ac174/ac182/about_cisco_ipj_archive_article09186a00800c83ec.html\n\nImpact\n\nDeveloping new protocols like Realm-Specific IP is important because NAT tampers with end-to-end message integrity. As information security becomes more increasingly important new protocols need to implement to ensure security. Providing security is one of the main expenses in any industry and as we move to a more globalized economy it is paramount to keep up with technology.  It will be interesting to see what happens with RSIP as IPv6 protocols are used which won't necessarily require NAT.  \n\nVocabulary Realm-Specific IP (RSIP) : Gateways that straddle addressing realms that encapsulate packets to avoid violating the end-to-end nature of the internet. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn his article, Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ), Stephen Stankland gives a current overview of what will happen to the NET now that the last IPv4 addresses have been handed out and helps clarify how this affects consumers in general. While the last IPv4 addresses have been handed out there isn't currently a shortage of IPv4 addresses because companies and ISPs have a large unused amount. It could take months or years before people feel the affects of IPv4 address shortages. While we are in the beginnings of a transition stage general consumers will feel that affects last. Major companies will be among the first to switch to IPv6 addresses and won't do so until the cost of new hardware is the only option. General customer's newer PC's operating systems already support IPv6 addressing and will only have to upgrade devices on the outside network. Most likely IPv4 addressing will be used side by side IPv6 addressing and websites will accept both kinds of packets. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWith IPv4 addresses running out there will come a change of hardware. While no one knows when this will occur it is up and coming. The internet as we know it is going to change but most consumers won't even notice. New devices already support IPv6 addressing and consumer will just have to upgrade a device. Some jobs for network engineers will probably change because of the abundance of IPv6 addresses. I guess on one really knows and we will just have to wait and see.  \n\nVocabulary Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) : Held the current supply of IP addresses and gave them out by need to regional centers. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n     According to the Wikipedia article DNS cache poisoning , cache poisoning occurs when a domain name server (DNS) caches data into its database that did not come from an authoritative source. This poisoning can occur due to accidental improper server configuration, malicious improper server configuration or due to a deliberate malicious attack on the server. An attacker can poison a server by exploiting a flaw where DNS software doesn't validate responses.  The attacker spoofs the IP address of a server for one that they control. Once computers are redirected to the spoofed server malicious files can be used to harm a computer. All computers that are downstream from the DNS will be affected by its poisoning and an attacker can cache an entry for a long period of time so only clearing the DNS cache can fit the problem. DNS poisoning can be prevented with increased security checks of DNS responses. This is sometimes hard to do because of protocols used that change a packets header (TCP) so it can't verified. Furthermore, digital signatures and other security measure can prevent DNS poisoning. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_cache_poisoning\n\nImpact\n\n     Without domain name servers IP address wouldn't be able to be translated into website names and most users of the internet would be at a loose and be unable to search their favorite sites. DNS are critical to the internet and therefore their security is very important. It is very important to prevent DNS poisoning so that people can have confidence that a website url they input will lead them to the correct source. Furthermore, business need confidence that people will be able to find their site on the internet. If  DNS were to fail it wouldn't be good for business and the global economy that it supports. In conclusion DNS security is very important to our global economy and should be taken very seriously. \n\nVocabulary IP address spoofing : The creation of Internet Protocol (IP) packets with a forged source IP address for the purpose of concealing identity or impersonating someone else's computer. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n     Darlene Storm in her article Hackers use hidden device to manipulate news at Wi-Fi hotspots  interviews two creators of a device called newstweek. Newstweek is a device that can be plugged in at a wireless hotspot and used remotely to change media content. It simply allows a user to change html article titles tags and their hyperlinks so someone viewing a web page reads false article titles and is redirected where ever the uses wants when they click on a link.  Julian Oliver and Danja Vasiliev developed this device to show how untrustworthy the news really can be. While this technology can be created by anyone with a PC running GNU/linux the newstweek device is meant to blend in with its surrounding. People can protect themselves from this technology by using SSLs but most news media doesn't offer this type of security. Also, watchdogs that protect against ARP and DCHP spooking can help protect someone from this type of attack. In reality any type of web traffic can be manipulated but it is easiest to change one hyperlink and redirect someone who is interested in the hyperlink's title. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://blogs.computerworld.com/17820/hackers_use_hidden_device_to_manipulate_news_at_wi_fi_hotspots\n\nImpact\n\nThis article has great impact because it shows how vulnerable unsuspecting internet users can be to an attack. Often people connect to wireless hotspots, where a newstweek device could be used to make a hyperlink seem attractive that leads you to sights where viruses could be downloaded. It is very important to remember that security is very important and that even the most trusting websites could be infected. \n\nVocabulary DHCP spoofing : handing out leases to clients that point all traffic back to the attacking device\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLisa Phifer in her article entitled The Trouble with NAT gives an overview of what Network Address Translation (NAT) is and where it runs into problems when combined with IP Security(IPSec). She concludes her argument by offering a solution, currently in use, to combining NAT and IPSec. NAT was originally developed to combat IPv4 address depletion by allowing registered IP addresses to be re-used or shared by several hosts. Static and dynamic methods are used to translate an internal private IP address to a external public IP address.  Furthermore, Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) is used in conjunction with  NAT to allow many hosts to share a single IP address translated according to internal IP address and port number. The problem with NAT and IPSec is that when NAT is used a new checksum must be calculated on the packet which requires it to be unencrypted. The header to the packet thus changes. This conflicts with IPSec, which uses an authentication header to authenticate a packet because the authentication will fail  and the recipient will discard the packet. Protocols can be used which authenticate a packet according to a checksum not calculated used the changing header but will fail in certain circumstances. Thus it is proven that using certain protocols can overcome problems with combining NAT with IPSec  but these protocols are perfect and have problems of their own. In conclusion the author suggests using Realm-Specific IP (RSIP)  which straddle two or more addressing realms much like NAT. RSIP allocates a public IP address and binds it to the private address and differs from NAT because in order to send a packet the host must  go to the RSIP gateway which wraps the original packet inside a privately addressed outer packet. This solves the problem in combing NAT with IPsec.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/ac174/ac182/about_cisco_ipj_archive_article09186a00800c83ec.html\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDeveloping new protocols like Realm-Specific IP is important because NAT tampers with end-to-end message integrity. As information security becomes more increasingly important new protocols need to implement to ensure security. Providing security is one of the main expenses in any industry and as we move to a more globalized economy it is paramount to keep up with technology.  It will be interesting to see what happens with RSIP as IPv6 protocols are used which won't necessarily require NAT.  \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Realm-Specific IP (RSIP)  : Gateways that straddle addressing realms that encapsulate packets to avoid violating the end-to-end nature of the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nLisa Phifer in her article entitled The Trouble with NAT gives an overview of what Network Address Translation (NAT) is and where it runs into problems when combined with IP Security(IPSec). She concludes her argument by offering a solution, currently in use, to combining NAT and IPSec. NAT was originally developed to combat IPv4 address depletion by allowing registered IP addresses to be re-used or shared by several hosts. Static and dynamic methods are used to translate an internal private IP address to a external public IP address.  Furthermore, Network Address Port Translation (NAPT) is used in conjunction with  NAT to allow many hosts to share a single IP address translated according to internal IP address and port number. The problem with NAT and IPSec is that when NAT is used a new checksum must be calculated on the packet which requires it to be unencrypted. The header to the packet thus changes. This conflicts with IPSec, which uses an authentication header to authenticate a packet because the authentication will fail  and the recipient will discard the packet. Protocols can be used which authenticate a packet according to a checksum not calculated used the changing header but will fail in certain circumstances. Thus it is proven that using certain protocols can overcome problems with combining NAT with IPSec  but these protocols are perfect and have problems of their own. In conclusion the author suggests using Realm-Specific IP (RSIP)  which straddle two or more addressing realms much like NAT. RSIP allocates a public IP address and binds it to the private address and differs from NAT because in order to send a packet the host must  go to the RSIP gateway which wraps the original packet inside a privately addressed outer packet. This solves the problem in combing NAT with IPsec.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/ac174/ac182/about_cisco_ipj_archive_article09186a00800c83ec.html\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDeveloping new protocols like Realm-Specific IP is important because NAT tampers with end-to-end message integrity. As information security becomes more increasingly important new protocols need to implement to ensure security. Providing security is one of the main expenses in any industry and as we move to a more globalized economy it is paramount to keep up with technology.  It will be interesting to see what happens with RSIP as IPv6 protocols are used which won't necessarily require NAT.  \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Realm-Specific IP (RSIP) : Gateways that straddle addressing realms that encapsulate packets to avoid violating the end-to-end nature of the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/secu/article.php/3926361/5-Overlooked-Threats-to-Cloud-Computing.htm\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n     In his article 5 Overlooked Threats to Cloud computing Jeff Vance hi-lights five different security issues that are often over looked in cloud computing today. Because of todays global economy companies can on longer manage security through obscurity.  Small local companies now face threats from global sources and are a target. This makes it difficult for companies without deep packets to handle security on their own and is changing how security is offered. Furthermore, companies often use cloud service in a private setting with the feeling that security is added because there is no public interface. This only adds security as far as the third party being used in secure. Vance also states that companies are moving to a more virtual business model which compounds the issue because of multi-tenancy risks. With a larger virtual base errors in configuration often result in eighty percent of system downtime. Moreover, hypervisors are often too overloaded and left to them selves. With overloading buffer attacks can be used while often a large percentage of data is let through due to the stress. Finally, insider threats are being overlooked. Administrators have access to a large number of virtual machines which can easily be copied without detection.  \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/secu/article.php/11076_3926361_1/5-Overlooked-Threats-to-Cloud-Computing.htm\n\nImpact\n\nCloud computing services offer companies vast resources at a cheep price that allows them compete in business in new ways. With these cheep resources security is often an after thought because of the savings. As more companies due business in the cloud it is becoming increasingly important to look at security threats and prevent them from a company stand points. If customers information is leaked the company and not a third party will be at fault in the mind of the customer. Companies that don't change with new security threats will not last into the future. \n\nVocabulary hyervisor : Hypervisor also called virtual machine monitor (VMM), is one of many virtualization techniques which allow multiple operating systems, termed guests, to run concurrently on a host computer\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1267,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nVirtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) moves the desktop operating system to a server, so that all the computing and processing is done on the server and the desktop can be accessed by any client device. The computer is being moved from the physical device to the virtual device that can be used on any device anywhere. This change is due to the fast paced business world that includes more people working from home or on the go with clients.\n\n\n\nThe benefits of VDI include the following:\n\nEnhanced security—less malware and system cannot be stolen.\n\nEasier, quicker management of corporate desktop systems.\n\nPortability/accessibility of profiles, preferences, and applications.\n\nReduced costs by using fewer software licenses and less support.\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/virtualization/virtualization-moving-from-data-center-to-desktop.php\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVDI is a paradigm shift that will probably one day take hold due to the popularity of cloud computing and virtual servers. If businesses use VDI, business people will have a better technology experience (less time wasted) because configuration and setup is done by IT. This also means more user-friendly devices that are simple to use and portable but still as powerful as if their OS and applications are running on a physical machine.\n\nVocabulary Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)  : Host a virtual machine on a server as a desktop.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIPv6 migration is a hot topic these days since most the address space in IPv4 is depleted. Almost unbelievably, IPv6 was invented in the late ‘90s because of the foreseeable use of all available address on IPv4. Until now, the two IP versions have been running together to ease the transition; now they must change as IPv4 becomes more and more obsolete for the Internet communication. The type of migration cost depends on the company involved ranging from hefty software and hardware upgrades to operating systems that already support the change.\n\n\n\nThe benefits of adopting IPv6 include the following:\n\nEnhanced security—eliminates the need for NAT (Network Address Translation) and provides more of an audit trail.\n\n\n\nGreater efficiency because IPv6 minimizes packet header processing by routers.\n\nLarge address space at a whopping 3.4 x 10^38.\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/crossing-great-divide-migrating-ipv6\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAccording to the article, “…IPv6 is not just an option, it’s a necessity.” This affects everyone in the Internet communication business—including ISPs, businesses, and users. The IPv6 migration must take place in the near future (within a year or so) or else companies will “…be facing a degraded user experience for some fraction of their users…and thus they may be at a competitive disadvantage to other enterprises.” IPv6 will provide new opportunities and change that will facilitate new growth in the future of data communications because of its enhanced capabilities compared to IPv4.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 migration : move IP addressing from IPv4 (32-bit address) to IPv6 (128-bit address) by upgrading hardware and software that is compatible.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nManaging IP addresses (known as IPAM) is becoming more and more complex with the amount of devices a person can have—smart phone, tablet, laptop, netbook, desktop, printers, IP desk phone and others. The old way of tracking the assignment of IP addresses was with “Excel, homemade Access data bases, Word documents and post it notes stuck to devices.” Such manual management will not work now because these holding places are rarely updated correctly and are prone to too many errors. This is all important for both supporting complex environments and end user satisfaction. \n\n\n\nThe following are reasons for adopting an automated IPAM system:\n\nCorporations need to track these IP addresses (limited in IPv4) in order to prevent conflicts when duplicates are given out; i.e. servers and printers requiring static addresses. \n\nWith the “influx of consumer technology into the work place,” companies are required to manage a dynamic and automatic distribution of IP addresses. \n\nThe increase of virtualization in data centers and workstations means more change and “a high degree of unpredictability” in an environment that was once stable. For example, a virtual server can be short-lived depending on the purpose and its IP reused. \n\nhttp://www.nojitter.com/blog/229000868\n\nImpact\n\nWith a great influx of devices requiring connections to the Internet, organizations have to track the use of IP addresses more efficiently—automatic instead of manual. An automated IPAM system will provide a smooth transition for the release and renewal of IP addresses. If companies do not manage their IP addresses carefully, then addressing conflicts will occur and satisfactory computer support will decrease. The cost of an automated addressing system outweighs the cost of losing business or of losing time. \n\nVocabulary IPAM : Internet Protocol Address Management is the way an organization classifies, tracks, and manages who gets what available IP addresses in the network; this can be a manual or automatic management system depending on size.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nUser Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol used by applications to send messages across an IP network without previous setup of communication. The sent messages, called datagrams, are small packets of data that are sent and received directly using an IP address and sockets (source and destination ports). The sockets are known as channels; they are really software structures that allow host to host transmissions easy. A computer can have approximately 65K ports—2 bytes in length. The use of ports is regulated by the IANA—Internet Assigned Numbers Authority—so that the ports are divided between well-known devices, registered services, and many applications. \n\n\n\nSome interesting facts about packets sent via UDP:\n\nNo guaranteed delivery; applications must account for message reliability. \n\nConnectionless—no handshaking negotiation or tracking required. \n\nMay arrive out of order. \n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nUDP is important for the following reasons:\n\n In contrast to TCP, UDP can be broadcast to everyone or can be multicast to specific users.\n\nUDP is used by DNS (Domain Name Service), IPTV (Internet Protocol TeleVision), VOIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), chat applications, and online games\n\nUDP provides real-time communication for media that is lightweight with little overhead.\n\nWithout UDP, we would not be able to enjoy many of the apps we use on a daily basis. We also need UDP to simplify the Internet because DNS allows us to associate names rather than numbers for addresses of sites.  \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->\n\nVocabulary User Datagram Protocol (UDP) : short messages sent by real-time applications across the network without prior connections using an IP address and a socket.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFirewalls are used to filter packet traffic between the Internet and private networks depending on authorized packet types. A firewall can be software (like Windows) or hardware (like Cisco’s ASA). Each has highly customizable configurations to allow a spectrum of access to the nodes on the network. A firewall is able to determine if a “conversation” is ongoing or is being initiated by checking the TCP ack packet sent between transmissions to acknowledge receipt of data through the connection. If a certain IP tries hacking in, the firewall can blacklist and completely block the IP from repeatedly connecting.\n\n\n\nDifferent methods of firewall filtering include the following:\n\nPacket filters: examine the header, which contains the source and destination IP/ports to determine if the packet should be passed through or dropped when compared to a set of rules/tables.\n\nApplication filters: block applications from running through ports or from sharing files or printers without permission; filters based on content not just location.\n\nProxy filters: protects inner network from being exploited; adds an extra layer.\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_%28computing%29\n\nhttp://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2004/firewall_types.asp\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFirewalls provide security that most people don’t think about. Without a good firewall—software and hardware—security would not be possible for networks.\n\nFirewalls are important in data communications for the following reasons:\n\nProvide security and privacy for private networks.\n\nProvide secure remote access to the protected network through a Virtual Private Network (VPN) that requires authentication and certification from the client outside the network.\n\nProvide necessary filtering to allow servers to block attacks, while being able to deliver necessary services.\n\nVocabulary Firewall : software or hardware that prevents or allows network packet traffic.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWith the loss of IPv4 addresses, companies have incentive to produce software and hardware that is compatible with IPv6, which is over ten years old. Interestingly, the computer world has exploded more than first thought of by the IP designers. ICANN is the organization of many groups that manages the delegation of the IP addresses to Internet Service Providers and the like. Although the IANA has handed out the last IP blocks, not all the IP addresses have been used yet because these last blocks still need to trickle down into the “retail level [until about] 2012.” As the transition slowly occurs, some highly technical strategies will be needed to keep IPv4 and IPv6 working in tandem. Some huge companies—Google, Faceboook, and yahoo—are switching to IPv6 later this year so they will be ready for the future; basically others will follow after the big guys.\n\nIPv6 and IPv4 have the following differences:\n\nIPv6 uses hexadecimal to represent a 128 bit number, whereas IPv4 uses a 32 bit number.\n\nIPv4 NAT is required to help facilitate use of a private IP space, whereas IPv6 has enough unique addresses for every computer on the internetwork.\n\nIPv6 uses stateless address autoconfiguration once connected to a network, while IPv4 is typically done manually unless DHCP is present.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWith all the IPv4 addresses given away, data communications will be changing to the IPv6—this transition will bring differences and some upgrades, as some extras are embedded into the protocol. Although the move will be an improvement, the transition will take time and money to make consumer devices and systems that are compatible. I think that many businesses will have to run both systems for a while until, slowly, the transition is complete.\n\nIPv6 has the following advantages over IPv4:\n\nPeer-to-peer connections are much easier to setup as each IP will be unique.\n\nNetwork security is integrated into the protocol definition.\n\nMulticast that eliminates the need for additional protocols to implement.\n\nSimplified router processing.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : a 128 bit address is assigned to identify computers using IP; version six has some updates and upgrades version four does not have.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nDNS is a fundamental principle for why and how the Internet is able to work. Humans can more easily remember names not numbers; therefore, DNS is important for the Internet to run smoothly for most users. DNS is a distributed database, which gives flexibility and ease to anyone who wants a website. DNS happens to be useful for everyone as everyone uses it on the Internet.\n\nImpact\n\nIf a particular DNS server were to go down for my website, then I would not have a way to get to that website because I don't memorize IP addresses for that particular web portal. Without DNS, Internet traffic would come to a halt quickly as most users do not know the IP nor do they understand IP. DNS is not \"necessary\" but this system is important for the end user. I found out that DNS is a \"distributed database.\" This allows for the right people to take care of their own administration. This also makes things run more reliably.\n\nVocabulary DNS : DNS stands for Domain Name System and allows names to be translated or mapped to an IP address\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nDynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an important application layer protocol for networks to reuse scarce IP addresses on a private network. DHCP uses the underlying UDP protocol for communication between client and server because the communication is brief. The client sends out a broadcast to find available DHCP servers. The server will then extend an offer that has both a valid IP and a time to live. The client accepts or rejects and then renews the lease depending on the time and circumstance. In summary the communication follows this process: “IP discovery, IP lease offer, IP request, and IP lease acknowledgement.” After the process of assignment is over, the DHCP server can then give further information about the network including the default gateway, domain name, name servers, and others.\n\n\n\nDHCP provides the following features to an IP network:\n\nDynamic assignment of IP addresses, so the IP addresses can be reused when they are no longer in use. \n\nProvides an efficient way to track IP addresses and prevent IP address conflicts on the same network. \n\nPrevents static IP addresses normally assigned to servers or other static machines from being assigned.\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd183602(WS.10).aspx\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol\n\nImpact\n\nDHCP means less work from a network administration point of view. The administrator no longer has to statically assign and log who has what IP, they just have to configure DHCP to assign, renew, and release from a pool of IP addresses. That way, some IPs can be reserved for servers and other services and all of the IPs that are not statically assigned can be recycled. DHCP is important for organizations to track the use of IP addresses, so they are used appropriately and they can filter based traffic based on the assigned IP with a specific MAC address. Even with the transfer from IPv4 to IPv6, DHCP will probably still be used in private networks.\n\nVocabulary DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol automatically assigns, renews, and releases IP addresses between server and client.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nActive Directory (AD) is an extremely important tool in managing a network. The server(s) that contain configuration and policies for Active Directory are called Domain Controllers. AD is a hierarchical database that tracks objects—resources, systems, and users—that are part of a domain namespace as defined by the Domain Controller. Each of these objects has its own set of unique attributes called a schema. These attributes can be accessed by both client and server depending on the policies set on the objects. The objects are then placed in groups and containers to further categorize and organize them. AD provides structure and access control to the organization’s valuable resources. AD is used to manage the knowledge of business so that it can work to the advantage of the company. \n\n\n\nActive Directory is necessary for network administration for the following reasons:\n\nActive Directory centralizes storage, security, and management of network resources so that users can only access what they have permissions for. \n\nActive Directory allows central administration and control of authentication. \n\nActive Directory provides an ability for users actions to be traced, so an organization can track the flow of information going in and out of the system. \n\nActive Directory means less people are needed for administration of the organization’s computers and network. \n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb742424.aspx\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nActive Directory puts the administration of networks back into the hands of the right people—those with the most knowledge and skill—and provides security, accessibility, and into organizations of various sizes. AD is highly integrated with other Microsoft products, which gives power and less weakness to the system. Policies can be pushed down through a simple network connection that affect how and what resources a user can access. The LDAP authentication required for security, especially with the amount of TCP/IP traffic today, provides for compatibility with other technologies and applications. AD changes how large organizations operate because now the network, computers, and users can be divided as they are in reality by job assignment. \n\nVocabulary Active Directory : AD is a Microsoft hierarchical service that efficiently and effectively manages objects on a network—users, printers, computers, etc.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nA virtual private network (VPN) is a necessary piece of a corporate network. VPN gives employees or offices secure access to a private network and its resources when they are not physically onsite. VPN is secure because information is encrypted and users must authenticate. Also, security protocols (IPSec or SSL) are used to encapsulate the insecure, unencrypted data; this is called tunneling. Because the Internet is used as the means of communication, the connection is not necessarily trusted—the corporation does not have control of the pathway for data transmission. VPN connections have two endpoints—the client and other device, which can be an edge router, a firewall, or a specific VPN appliance.\n\n\n\nVPN is useful and necessary for the following reasons:\n\nReduces costs by using the Internet as the means of communication instead of a private physical infrastructure. \n\nProvides secure and trusted accessibility by those outside of the protected private LAN. \n\nAllows for easier network administration, flexibility (location of resources does not matter), and scalability (little physical equipment) because the network is virtual and available. \n\nhttp://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/9780763791308/sect1-31?query=%28vpn%29&reader=html&imagepage=#snippet\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVPN is a unique way to make resources accessible. Most often VPN is used for remote access to a private network. This access allows remote control of computers or other network resources. Although VPN is a great tool for trusted and secure communications, the connection is limited by Internet traffic and speed. A VPN allows employees to become mobile while still using and accessing system resources for business activities. Without VPN, network administrators would not be able to do much of their remote work on servers located in various physical locations. Also, VPN is used to connect multiple private LANs together (site-to-site). The corporation can even share parts of their network and its resources through an extranet by way of VPN. Although VPN can be easy to understand, setup is complex and application of the service varies. \n\nVocabulary Virtual Private Network : VPN is how a secure connection (access and security) can be made from one network to another usually through the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn order for email to work, a variety of parts must work together properly. The message must be sent using a valid domain. The domain is found using MX records that match an email server with a domain using DNS. If a mail server must send a message to another domain, then the two servers must make a communication link with each other. This communication is defined in the SMTP protocol. After the emails are sent, the emails must be directed to the proper mailbox where the user can retrieve them. \n\n\n\nMail servers/client applications go through the following steps to send a message:\n\nThe message is encoded. \n\nThe MTA sends to the receiving mail server (or itself if on same domain). SMTP is the protocol that defines and facilitates this send/receive process. \n\nMTA sends the message to the Mail Submission Agent (MSA), so the correct mailbox receives the message. \n\nMail User Agent (MUA) then makes the message available to the user’s application (Outlook, Thunderbird, webmail, gmail, yahoo, etc.). \n\nA few different protocols are used to retrieve the emails—POP and IMAP. POP pulls the message down from the server onto a local machine. IMAP has two copies that are in sync—one on the local machine and the other left on the server. The benefit of IMAP is leaving a copy on the server allows access later on a different machine. Other protocols exist but are mostly proprietary, including exchange and others. \n\nhttp://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/9780470395080/email_server?query=%28email+server%29&reader=html&imagepage=#snippet\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_transfer_agent \n\nImpact\n\nEmail is a very important for business and individual communications. Mail servers need many features to be completely functional and useful. They must be protected to prevent exposure of sensitive information using since SMTP was not built with security measures. Also, email can be very costly to a business because of spam and malware that produces spam. Billions of dollars are spent filtering emails. Although solutions have been devised, only a few companies are on board for such a change; thus, no one is able to make improvements to the unsecure system. Although mail can be complex, it is necessary for business communication (being one of the first uses of the Internet). \n\nVocabulary Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) : MTA is a service that delivers email messages to/from one mail server to another using SMTP.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAn HTTP cookie is a text file stored on the client computer (browser) with information that identifies the user in some way. Cookies contain a key-value pair; the value being some kind of generated but unique guid. This cookie is first created by the contacted server. This cookie is used by the server to identify the client—who they are (type of user), what access they can have, and when this information expires. Cookies are sent with an http request inside the header, so the server knows better who they’re talking to. This makes for a more efficient process because then the server can know special, specific information recorded from a previous browsing session; thus, information is stored and passed between different page requests.\n\n\n\nCookies are useful for the following reasons:\n\nEase of access because they contain state information “used for user authentication, user tracking, and maintaining user-specific information (preferences, electronic shopping cart, etc.).” \n\nAnalysis of visited pages to find out what interests the user has and other info.\n\nhttp://whatismyipaddress.com/cookie\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAlthough many people have misunderstandings for cookies (i.e. they think cookies are harmful or a type of spyware), I found cookies to be a necessary part of making the web useful, accessible, and personal. Why? Because cookies are used to store distinguishing user information. This information is usually not confidential, just useful in tailoring the web to fit my needs and wants. Cookies do NOT run code, they simply store information needed between http requests. Also, the control of cookies is in the hands of the user at all times because all browsers have a feature to enable and disable the use of cookies. \n\nCookies allow users to have a smooth experience especially when using e-commerce websites. However, a session can be hijacked by someone that intercepts your session’s cookie. The hijacker can then pretend to look like you. Another drawback is the ability of ad companies to set a cookie (third-party cookies) when not directly part of the site being visited.\n\nVocabulary cookie : text file containing name-value pairs of preferences and other user data for use during a particular http session.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMan in the middle attacks (MITM) can happen to anyone at any time. The hacker basically interrupts a conversation between two parties (most likely between a client and server) and pretends to be both of them in order to steal information “secretly.” This illegal act is useful for criminals because they can steal identity and other details without the user even knowing that anything happened, even if the site is secure and complete prevention is established.\n\n \n\nThe following describes what happens in technical terms:\n\n1.      <!--[endif]-->The ARP table is “poisoned” by making the client and server’s mac addresses the same as the hacker’s so that all traffic is routed through his machine.\n\n2.      <!--[endif]-->If the hacker is coming in the middle of a secure session, he must get into the conversation before (or right after) they exchange keys for encryption. The hacker can then intercept the real key and give both the client and server a fake key that he knows and can use to read (decrypt) the messages that come through him between the client and server.\n\n3.      <!--[endif]-->Fake certificates can also be produced to prove\n\n4.      <!--[endif]-->The attacker/hacker will wait until passwords, usernames, and other important information are captured. \n\nhttp://it.toolbox.com/wiki/index.php/Man-in-the-Middle_Attack\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs Information Systems students and professionals, we need to understand and be aware of the technological risks available to a company and its users. We can do certain things to prevent our users from getting into such situations, by educating them about it and by creating a secure environment where questionable efforts can be easily detected. Because MITM is illegal, the thrill is even greater for successful attackers. They have more of reward and thrill when they are able to steal confidential information.\n\nVocabulary Bucket-brigade attack : aka Man in the Middle attack, where an attacker anonymously intrudes a “private conversation” between two machines and intercepts all data passed between both.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1257,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nDlink, a camera company, has released a new network camera with infrared capability for night viewing. The company's network cameras have their own CPUs and web servers, so they can collect and transmit videos without being connected to a computer. Traditional webcams send video information to a PC via a USB connection, and the computer performs any additional storage or transmission tasks. However, Dlink's cameras use their own web servers to wirelessly transmit their collected signals. Users can access the video streams by simply logging in to the company's web page from their PC, tablets, or even HDTVs. In addition, Dlink claims that its cameras are much easier to set up than traditional cameras, which required users to \"open up ports, assign static IP addresses and jump through a bunch of configuration hoops to get them working properly for remote viewing.\" \n\nInformation collected from:\n\nhttp://unified-communications.tmcnet.com/news/2011/01/05/5226065.htm\n\nhttp://creativemac.digitalmedianet.com/articles/viewarticle.jsp?id=1303610\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDecentralized IP cameras have been around for a while (since 1999, per Wikipedia), but they have progressed to be much more useful and user-friendly than they originally were. Network cameras can be used for a variety of purposes, some of which include the monitoring of property, valuables, or young children. Recent advances have allowed the network cameras to operate wirelessly, which makes their placement more flexible and less noticeable. Because of advances in mobile technology, the videos captured by these cameras can be viewed on-the-go. The cameras' new infrared capability will make monitoring possible at night in addition to during the day. \n\nVocabulary IP camera : a camera that can send and receive data via a computer network and the Internet; the term usually applies only to surveillance cameras\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Internet is preparing to switch from using IPv4 to IPv6. To promote awareness of the switch, as well as to test the newer protocol, several Internet-based companies will be participating in \"World IPv6\" day on June 8. On that day, participating sites will allow access from devices using the newer IP addresses. \n\nIPv6 was designed in the late 1990s, but it is not widely used because it is not fully compatible with the more prevalent IPv4. However, IPv6 will soon be necessary, because all devices on an internetwork need to have different IP addresses, and IPv4 allows for only 4 billion IP addresses. With an ever increasing number of computers and other devices that access the internet, this limit is quickly being approached. IPv6 will allow for 3.4*10^38 IP addresses, which should be plenty for a while. (For reference, that's about 4*10^28 Internet-accessing devices for every person on the planet.)\n\nRecently-manufactured computers have IPv6 capability, so the switch from IPv4 should not cause problems for most domestic users. Google, Facebook, and other participants in \"World IPv6\" day are hoping to identify any remaining kinks on that day, so they will be ready for a permanent transition to IPv6.  \n\n\n\n\n\nSources: \n\nhttp://isoc.org/wp/newsletter/?p=2902\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipv6\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_(software)\n\nhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet/8259347/Google-and-Facebook-join-warnings-over-future-of-the-web.html\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe move to IPv6 will essentially eliminate the cap on IP address availability. That means that the current growth of the Internet can continue. It also means a greater variety of devices can access the Internet. For example, my car remote could automatically email my mom when I get close to her house. Common items like this could access the Internet because giving them IP addresses will not significantly diminish other peoples' use of the Internet. \n\nVocabulary payload : the actual data that is transferred across the Internet (as opposed to the header, which designates the sender and receiver). It's like the letter inside an envelope.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGoogle will soon allow users to assign their cellphone number to their Google Voice account (for $20). Google Voice is an Internet-based communication management service with a central phone number that links to all your personal communication devices. So if someone calls your Google Voice phone number, all of your phones will ring until you answer one of them. \n\nA little about VOIP. \n\nVOIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, governs how audible communications are transmitted over the Internet.  The sounds are encoded—or changed from analog voice signals to digital data—and compressed—or divided into lightweight packets that can be transported over the Internet. These packets are decompressed and decoded at the destination device. IP doesn't guarantee reliability, so TCP takes care of checking for duplication, lost packets, and putting packets in the right order. And as far as addressing, a device's IP address can be translated into a phone number if the call is to a phone using the PSTN network.  \n\nSources\n\nThe news about Google: http://www.pcworld.com/article/217140/google_voice_tests_number_porting_for_a_price.html\n\nAbout addresses: http://voip.about.com/od/voipbasics/f/IPToPSTN.htm\n\nAbout data transmission: http://voip.about.com/od/voipbasics/a/compression.htm\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVOIP is becoming increasingly prevalent, because it is a cheap alternative to using the PSTN network. Google and other providers offer it as a free service to consumers, and businesses can use it for a cheaper price than normal phones. Quality has improved so it is about the same as landline communications. And Google's call-forwarding service is convenient in a day when many people are switching carriers and phones frequently. VOIP is also convenient in the day of smartphones and other mobile communication devices that can connect to the Internet; so people can talk through their phone but use the cheaper VOIP technology. \n\nVocabulary codec : Software that encodes information into digital data and then compresses them into packets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPolitical upheaval in Egypt has led the government to block all Internet traffic in the country. However, resourceful people in Egypt and around the world are finding ways around the blockage. Egyptians cannot get Internet by dialing into their local Internet Service Provider, but it is possible to use a telephone modem and an international calling service to call an international number and reach a modem in another country. \n\nIn addition to circumventing this blockage, Egyptians disguise their Internet connections with software that allows them to visit sites anonymously. \n\nThose who cannot get Internet communicate with telephone calls, ham radio, or even Morse code. People in foreign countries are helping by posting messages they receive on Twitter. Many are also sending faxes with instructions for accessing the Internet.\n\nsources:  \n\nThe news:  http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207078/Without_Internet_Egyptians_find_new_ways_to_get_online?taxonomyId=167&pageNumber=1\n\nFTP: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ftp\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nYou don't miss the water until the well's dried up. That's what this article reminded me of—communication is so dependent on the Internet that it's hard to imagine having to do without it, especially in a time of turmoil like the one Egypt is facing. It's good to know that Egyptians are finding ways around the blockage, but it's scary knowing that I'm personally not prepared for something like this.\n\nVocabulary FTP : File transfer protocol; it's a protocol used on the application layer to transfer files; this is typically preceded by a transport connection to port 21.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe Great Firewall of China\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->The Great Firewall of China is foreigners' name for the controls on Internet traffic in China. Made of firewalls, proxy servers, and an Internet police force of an estimated 50,000, this wall is maintained by the government to obstruct the free flow of what they consider harmful information. \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->A little about firewalls. Firewalls selectively block network traffic. They can be implemented either in hardware or in software. There are several types of firewalls: packet filter, application gateway, circuit-level gateway, and proxy server. Packet filtering allows users to define rules for the packets it will or will not allow. These rules are typically based on the source or destination IP address and port number, or the protocol used for transmission. Application gateway firewalls don't allow certain kinds of application-level traffic through. Circuit-level gateways monitor the three-way handshake of TCP to check for legitimacy. A proxy server intercepts inbound and outbound network traffic, hiding the addresses of hosts on its network. \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Getting around the China Firewall. First, it's important to note that the \"Great Firewall of China\" is not totally comprised of firewalls, so there are ways to get around the non-firewall portions of this blockage. But techniques for circumventing the firewalls in China include the following.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->People use proxy servers outside the firewall. Private (VPN or SSH) connections from an in-country host and an out-of-country host are not monitored. So if people get access to these, they enjoy the full Internet. Some blockages are based on the server's IP address. This is easily circumvented by creating an alternate site. For example, Google's \"elgoog\" was accessible from China for some time. There are also services to change a site's IP address after it has been blocked by Chinese authorities. HTTPS tunnel services provide a link between computers that is not blocked by a firewall.\n\nSources: \n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_gateway\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit-level_gateway\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server                 \n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_bridge\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nFirewalls are nice for protection, but they can also be used authoritatively to block undesired Internet traffic. So it's good to know ways around firewalls, so I can be aware of workarounds and guard my company against them. But it's also good to know in case legitimate traffic is blocked by a firewall, so we can work around it. \n\nVocabulary bridging : similar to routing within a LAN. Bridges analyze data packets to determine if they should send them to another part of the network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIPv6 is a new method of assigning addresses on the IP or internetwork layer. The greatest appeal at the moment is that IPv6 has many more addresses than the current system (IPv4). This has  become increasingly important during the last two weeks, because the last blocks of IP addresses have been assigned. Although the change is important, it will be gradual because of the great amount of hardware and software that is configured to work with IPv4 addresses. The reason we need to make the switch is because there are not enough addresses, dynamic NAT address translation overloading is impractical, and  using reserved addresses would give us only a limited supply of extra addresses and would require some major reconfiguration anyway. The move to IPv6 is beginning, and in fact has been in progress for over a decade, but it may still be several years before the Internet switches over to the new system, because of the amount of changes it will require.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis was a very clear article that helped me understand the reasons for moving to IPv6 and the process it will require. I think it's good to know about these foundational network principles are implemented, and the changes that will be coming up in the upcoming years. When we enter the working world, we'll need to know how to work with both kinds of networks, probably for several years until the transition is complete. Knowing what's on the horizon, as well as what's already underway in the IP world, will make us better at communicating with IT people and working with the networks themselves.\n\nVocabulary regional Internet registry (RIR) : Organizations, about one per continent, that allocate and register IP numbers \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nDNS Cache Poisoning\n\nSources: Wikipedia (DNS cache poisoning), digitalebookden.com\n\n\n\n\n\nDNS is really helpful because people, generally speaking, are better at working with words than with numbers. So it's easier for me to remember site names (like \"www.example.com\") than IP address (like 192.0.32.10). So when I type www.example.com in my web browser, my computer goes to my ISP's name server and asks \"what's the IP address of www.example.com?\" And the name server finds this address, adds it to its cache, and returns what it finds. \n\nHowever, if the name server somehow gets the wrong address in its cache, it will return the wrong address to my computer and to all the computers it serves, sending all requests for \"www.example.com\" to some other site (for example's sake, we'll call it \"www.computerdestroyer.com\"). Then all the computers using the poisoned NS will be directed to \"www.computerdestroyer.com\" when they're expecting \"www.example.com.\" This could be a problem not only because people can't reach their desired destinations, but also because www.computerdestroyer.com could have malicious software or bad content.\n\nDNS caches can be poisoned in a few ways. The attacking NS intercepts or redirects internet traffic and responds to a name search with its malicious site's ip address, claiming it belongs to the requested site. If the false reply gets to my NS before the true reply, it is stored in the cache.\n\nImpact\n\nThis is really good to know! I think I trust the Internet too much. I wouldn't have thought that a problem could last in the system even after it was resolved. But once an incorrect address is in the cache, it stays there for a while. I think the most important thing for me as a user is to be careful of what I click on. Because if I go to a malicious site, it could poison my DNS. And there's no guarantee the other people using my same name server are being wise in their clicking patterns either, so I should be aware that I may not always end up on the site I want to, and be wary of that.\n\nVocabulary a-record : an entry in the DNS table (a pairing of the domain address to the corresponding IP address)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNetwork Security\n\n\n\n\n\nNetworks face the threats of too much traffic--often in the form of a Denial of Service attack, infiltration by unauthorized users, and data interception.\n\nThis article provides a good overview of these types of attacks as well as the measures companies can take to avoid them. Some of these are listed below:\n\nAlways have backups. This is a good recovery measure if data is damaged or lost. \n\nCarefully choose which data should be accessible to public Internet users. Data that isn't available on the Internet would be difficult to access through the Internet.\n\nUpdate your operating system with new patches. Once a bug is discovered, operating system companies work hard to mitigate it. When they have designed a solution, you can download their patch and no longer be vulnerable to the weakness.\n\nKnow the weaknesses of your system. And if hackers could gain access to your network by breaking one thing, it's a good idea to have a fall-back defense mechanism in place. \n\nKeep tabs on security warnings. There are groups that advise companies about possible security weaknesses. The sooner you know about a weakness, the sooner you'll be able to fix it, or take measures to circumvent it.\n\nIn addition to these best-practices, there is software and hardware that can help secure networks.\n\nFirewalls. Although the article notes that great care should be taken in choosing and configuring a firewall. Certification is not necessarily an indication of a good firewall.\n\nEncrypting Routers. Encrypted data is much more secure than plain text, because if it is intercepted it will be very difficult to interpret. \n\nVirtual Private Networks. Along the same vein as encrypting routers, VPNs are made when firewalls encrypt communications and only allow access to the intended participants.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.interhack.net/pubs/network-security/network-security.html#SECTION00054000000000000000\n\nImpact\n\nIt's important to remember that there are a lot of ways to break into a network, and that it will take more than one simple approach to safeguard your company's data. I was glad to hear that CERT and CIAC keep tabs on some security problems, so we'll have a foundation to work off when we're testing for weaknesses in our system. It's good to be aware of some of the many options for protecting your network--and also to know that it's essential to keep abreast of current developments.\n\nVocabulary terminal server : a network device that provides dial-up access to the network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn the news this week, we read about a high schooler who hacked his school computer and changed his--and his classmates'--grades, unfairly making himself the salutatorian. We also read continued developments in Sony's investigation of the hack of its PS3. These are just two of the countless technological security breaches that can have a detrimental effect on others. \n\nThere are many ways to secure communications, and many more ways to circumvent or exploit these security measures. The key is to make your system as secure as possible against a variety of attacks, and to have a good back-up plan for when something does go wrong. \n\nThere are two main branches of access controls, or ways to keep people from viewing your data: physical access controls and logical access controls. Physical controls include any method used to limit physical contact with computer systems, or the buildings they are housed in, to authorized personnel. Methods include any kind of fence, badge reader, guard, key, or alarm. These are good for keeping an eye on who's accessing the company's assets, and limiting access to authorized people.\n\nLogical access controls apply once someone has physical access to the data. These include methods of authentication (such as biometrics for advanced systems, or passwords or smart cards for other things). Another component of logical access controls is authorization, or selectively determining what users are allowed to do on the system (for example, sometimes when you use a school computer, it asks for an administrator's password to continue with a task. If you don't have that password, you can't continue with the desired action). There are many other kinds of logical controls, such as encryption. However, if someone does gain access to a system, it's important to be able to find out about the breach so corrective measure can be taken. This is best accomplished with an access log, wherein users' actions are recorded in a large file that can be reviewed for suspicious activity. \n\nAnd whatever kinds of security you have in place, you should always be prepared for something to go wrong. So it's important to make backups, maybe to distribute your data so a breach doesn't result in all your data being compromised, and to keep up-to-date with changes in security needs as hacking technology advances.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSources:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_controls#Access_control_techniques\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213498/Top_student_charged_with_fixing_grades_for_cash?taxonomyId=82\n\nhttp://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/03/geohot-site-unmasking/\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere are so many ways a computer system could go wrong, it's hard to even think of them all. It's good to be aware of the different measures available to take, and to continually look for more ways to secure data. If the cost of losing your data is higher than the cost of finding better ways to secure your system, it may be worthwhile to look into creating better logical or physical controls around your information. \n\nVocabulary Discretionary Access Control : The owner--or creator--of the system can assign permissions for system users. (other kinds of access control include mandatory and role-based)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI had a hard time understanding the difference between rights and permissions in class, so I did some digging and found the Microsoft TechNet site, which has a good description of each. \n\nRights are assigned to users (or groups of users), and they authorize the users to do something in the operating system, or to start processes on the computer. These processes fall into two categories: logon rights and privileges. Logon rights determine how a user can log on to a system (such as to log on locally or to access the computer through the network). Privileges determine access to resources (such as to add workstations to the domain or manage the auditing and security log). \n\nPermissions, on the other hand, apply to the resources on the computer (rather than to your account). Every file or other object on your network has a security descriptor, which defines the permissions through an Access Control List.  Each entry in this list tells who can do what to the resource. For example, my Videos folder could say everyone can view them, but only I can edit them and execute them. So the permission entry would say something like \"Everyone: Read, Laura: Write, Execute.\" Also, permissions can be inherited. So I could say everything on my C Drive is viewable for everyone but editable only for me (Entry—Everyone: Read, Laura: Write). And then I can put explicit permissions that override the inherited ones (Laura: Execute. Or Plagiarists: Deny Read). \n\n \n\nRights:\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457125.aspx\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc778337(WS.10).aspx\n\nPermissions:\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc776098(WS.10).aspx\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc736316(WS.10).aspx\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhen I was at work over the summer, I tried to delete some old files, but I wasn't allowed to. But when my mentor was logged in, she should delete things just fine. That's an example of a permission control. There was probably some sort of generic entry in an upper-level folder that got inherited to the ones below it: \"Interns: deny write, Mentors: write.\" If it had been important for me to do a lot of deletions during my job, instead of making her log in, I could have requested that an explicit permission be added to the folders I needed write access to.\n\nAnd now I understand why I've never been able to correct the time on the library computers: I don't have the right to make that change on the operating system. Rights and privileges can be a little frustrating at times, but overall they're a good security feature—we don't want interns deleting company files on accident, or all the students messing with library stations' clocks. \n\nVocabulary explicit privileges : These are privileges that are set specifically for a particular folder, rather than simply being inherited from a parent folder. They override any inherited permissions, including deny permissions.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWe've been talking about how important it is to have secure email so we don't get malware, so I did some searching on what exactly malware is and why it's bad. Malware is short for malicious software (ie bad things in your computer), and it's pretty much any kind of software that accesses a computer secretly for some bad purpose. There are many types of malware, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and spyware, among others, and while these types do different things, they are all either a way to harm the infected computer or to benefit the malware creator. \n\nMalware can be disguised to trick people into getting it into their computer, and once it's in your computer it's hard to get it out. Trojan horses are malware that is disguised as legitimate software, or that accompanies legitimate software installation. That means that people aren't usually suspecting something bad to happen to their computer when they download a particular file, but there's something hidden inside the file that could exploit their computer. Once a piece of malware gets into a computer (such as through a Trojan horse), it can be hard to detect. Malware can be hard to detect, especially when it is one or more of the following: stored in a cache that is flushed frequently, encrypted, or hiding in normal web traffic. Something called a rootkit can be used to hide malware from the user. More aggressive rootkits can make it very difficult to remove the malware; for example, having 2 copies of the malware, and when one gets deleted, the other makes a copy of the first. \n\nOnce a computer has been compromised, the software may open a back door, or a way to circumvent existing security features to make re-entry easier. Plus, some malware can be spread from one infected computer to another. A virus, when run, spreads to other executable software; these are often spread through emails or files. A worm is similar, except that it transmits itself over a network without users initiating the spread. Because they don't require any user interaction, worms can spread very quickly over the Internet.\n\nA question arises: why would someone want to break into another person's computer? There are two main reasons: first, just to harm the other person by deleting their data. Recently, though, a second reason has been more common: to exploit the infected computer for the malware creator's personal benefit. One way to do this is to make the infected computer do work for the malware creator, such as by sending spam messages, participating in denial-of-service attacks, or holding illegal data. Another way to profit from infecting computers with malware is to install a key logger; this reads a user's keystrokes and sends passwords, credit card numbers, or other information to the malware creator. In addition to key logging, there are other methods of stealing data: spyware collects information about user browsing behavior and may show users advertisements or redirect them to certain web pages.\n\nSo there are a lot of ways for people with mal-intent to break into your computer, and once they're in they can do a lot of things to either harm your computer or to benefit themselves. \n\n Source: Wikipedia's Malware article-- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware \n\n \n\nImpact\n\nIt sounds like there are a lot of ways for computers to get infected by malware, and once it's in it's hard to find and get rid of. So I think the best way to combat malware is preventatively: to a) use computers responsibly and defensively, and b) have good software in place that can help detect malware before it is downloaded onto the computer. \n\nVocabulary rootkit : software that lets malware stay on a computer undetected by circumventing existing operating system behavior\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn our discussions about servers, we’ve touched on the difference between the original purpose of the web—sharing static content—and what it has evolved to—a dynamic exchange. Someone mentioned the term “Web 2.0,” so I read up on what that really means.\n\nWeb 2.0 is generally accepted as the current form of the Internet, both in its content and the way it is used. It focuses much more on interaction between users, allowing them to create web content and interact with existing sites. \n\nOne of the main features of Web 2.0 is that users create web content. They write blogs, upload pictures and videos, and answer yahoo questions. Web use has moved from consuming to sharing. Social interactions have become a main focus on the Internet, with people connecting through social networking sites, gaming sites, and direct communication. \n\nThe structure of the Internet has changed as well, to bring users more personalized information. Web 2.0 contrasts with typical software distribution, because it is continuously developing; as Wikipedia says, it is in “perpetual beta.” This means change happens quickly, without a regular release schedule.\n\nWeb 2.0 provides a more interactive interface for users. Technologies such as AJAX and Flash allow web content to update dynamically depending on users’ actions. In addition, it has become very important to be able to share data between machines. Websites can output data in a standard format that can be read by multiple sites. RSS and XML are examples of website output that make data sharing easier. \n\n\n\n\n\nSources:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosumers\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt’s interesting to see how use of the Internet has evolved since its inception. While sharing data has always been the at the core, the types of information that is shared, and the way it is shared, has changed dramatically from accessing data to posting data and interacting with other people. I’m interested to see where the Web goes next, as people’s interests—and the technology—change. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Prosumer : A combination of the words producer and consumer, relating to how end users are responsible for a good deal of today’s web content.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIt turns out SQL can do more than create, select, update, insert, and delete. The language allows users to create permissions, store procedures, and create views of data.\n\nPermissions. Two commands control database permissions: GRANT and REVOKE. \n\nIn addition to the commands we' e used in class, SQL can ALTER a table, such as by adding a column or constraint. It can delete all data in a table—but not the table itself—with the TRUNCATE command. \n\nSQL can create stored procedures, views, and permissions in a database. However, although SQL is an ANSI standard, many SQL programs support different functions, and they may do it in different ways. So while the language itself allows for permissions, procedures, and views, it's up to each application to determine to what extent they will support these commands. \n\nFor example, if a search is likely to return a lot more results than you would like, you can limit it in some way. Depending on the language, you can say \"SELECT TOP 5 * FROM  Classes \", \"SELECT * FROM Classes LIMIT 5\", or \"SELECT * FROM Classes WHERE ROWNUM <=5.\" Other commands have similarly varying syntax. In addition, some functionality is only supported in some of SQL applications.\n\nSources:\n\n http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sql\n\nhttp://www.w3schools.com/sql/default.asp\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI didn't realize SQL could do so much—I thought we'd learned it all last semester. But it turns out it really is a language, and it can do as much as applications will give it support for. \n\nIt is interesting to note the difference between potential and actual functionality, though. I would have thought that if a language has commands for something, that would mean any applications implementing that language would be able to do it. But the language is only as powerful as the application permits it to be, by selecting which commands it will support. \n\nVocabulary index  : an optional addition to rows in a table, which makes searching faster.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1263,"Article Summary\n\nSource: http://mobiledevdesign.com/tutorials/mobile-backhaul-bottleneck-122010/index.html\n\n\n\n\n\nIn order to accommodate the increasingly large range of mobile-broadband data traffic, techniques are being developed to tackle this challenge. Bursty traffic presents the challenge of adjusting capacity in order to prevent extreme network slowness for customers while managing costs. \n\nThe solution presented in this article is to implement real-time recognition and real-time action of the bursty traffic. Suggested actions may include:\n\n• Regulating and pacing the traffic on a per-user and per-application “as needed” basis based on its subscription profile or traffic behavior.\n\n• Load balancing by using bandwidth from other under-utilized services when available temporarily.\n\n• Offloading the Internet and “best effort” traffic to other less expensive transport vehicles while bypassing the equipment that offer premium QoS at a lower cost.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is centered on mobile data service providers. If they can successfully implement this type of system they can have an edge on costs over their competition.\n\nThis also impacts anyone that uses mobile data. If service providers are unable to successfully manage the \"burstiness\" of traffic, costs may go up thus influencing customer behavior while on a mobile connection.\n\nVocabulary wireless backhaul : The process of getting data to the network backbone or the transmission of network data over an alternative wireless route when the normal route is unavailable or overtaxed.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nReading Assignment #4\n\nSource: http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/3921821/Gartner-Clouds-Virtualization-Help-Pay-for-IT-Projects.htm\n\nA new survey of some 2,000 CIOs by analysis giant Gartner found that, although budgets are not growing yet as the recession recedes, they are looking hard at two technologies to reduce IT costs and help to drive revenue growth:\n\n          1) Cloud computing \n\n2) Virtualization\n\nThe report shows the adoption of these two technologies have been (virtualization) and are becoming (cloud computing) increasingly important to save money.\n\nThe article states that although the impact of cloud computing has been relatively small so far, many CIOs expect that to change rapidly in the next few years.\n\nOne company reported savings of 35% after implementing these changes. Despite the hype, I doubt these cost savings are found that simply or easily. However, the way data is communicated for businesses purposes is moving further away from single servers and more towards virtualization and eventually a situation of outsourced IT services.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article is centered on Chief Information Officers and other businessmen involved in the strategy of their data communication and overall IT needs.  This article specifically does not target more technical people with its language focused on how certain developments can help reduce the cost of IT. However, assuming the predictions of professionals polled are true, then companies may turn the savings made into the pursuit of other IT projects. \n\nVocabulary Virtualization : Turning one physical server computer into multiple “virtual” servers, giving each the appearance of running on its own dedicated machine. Each virtual server functions as a full-fledged server.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.networkcomputing.com/backup-recovery/data-center-consolidation-sparks-converged-infrastructure-deployment.php\n\nThis article is focuses on remedying the inefficiencies that result from a scattered IT infrastructure. Profiling SIRVA, an international relocation and moving solutions provider, we learn of some of the benefits that companies can reap from streamlining IT infrastructure—especially after a series of acquisitions. SIRVA found itself in 2007 with four data centers, located in Chicago, Cleveland, Fort Wayne and Minneapolis. The centers had several hundred terabytes of storage and an assortment of computer systems: Unix servers, Wintel-based systems and even an IBM mainframe. After a thorough evaluation, the services company decided to consolidate its computing infrastructure into a primary production data center.\n\nAlthough there were setbacks and hiccups are still currently being worked out at SIRVA, the result of the consolidation was significant reduced operating costs. With fewer physical servers, maintenance and licensing costs went down about 30 percent, and power and cooling costs dropped 40 percent. In addition, the company cut its staff by 30 percent and the new IT infrastructure is much more resilient. The new system allows SIRVA to automatically load-balance virtual machine resources across blade chassis, so, for instance, they can automatically move workloads from failing hardware to other functioning devices.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article is centered on Chief Information Officers and other businessmen involved in the strategy of their data communication and overall IT needs. This article specifically does not target extremely technical people with its language focused on how certain developments can help reduce the cost of IT. However, specifc products are mentioned (i.e., HP StorageWorks EVA4400) and some interesting notes on one company’s process may be representative of other companies in a similar situation.\n\nVocabulary Network Appliance : A hardware device that performs a specialized function on the network. Network appliances incorporate a thin server, are easy to install and manage, and are more economical than general-purpose servers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.networkcomputing.com/next-gen-network/the-ipocalypse-is-not-a-cause-for-panic.php\n\nThis article focuses on the impending loss of remaining Ipv4 addresses that are available. While not something that will cause widespread and immediate problems, it is a symbol of how fast and large the need for IP connected devices has grown. \n\nAgain, while not a reason for panic, changes in every organization will need to be made in order to incorporate the newer standard of IP, version 6. While many newer devices support IPv6, the large array of older devices in use in most large organizations must be upgraded to be compatible with the new standard. While some services are appearing that may help bridge the gap, ideally the long term view is to have all devices compatible--which will require planning and numerous upgrades to bring all devices into compatibility with IPv6.\n\n\n\n\n\n(This was last week's topic, which I had all ready on time, but completely forgot to submit it online. Hence, its use for this week.)\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article on anyone involved with the IT maintenance and planning at an organization of any size. The migration to the new standard will take time as existing network devices like application servers, printers, network cameras, VoIP phones--anything IP connected--is upgraded to support IPv6. A road map for these professionals must be developed in order to ensure a smooth transition.\n\nVocabulary American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN) : Organization that handles allocations of IP addresses for Canada, the United States and many Caribbean islands. Comes underneath the Regional Internet Registries (RIR) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) at the top.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/02/25/cyber_cops_meet_domain_name_registrars/\n\nThis article focuses on the issues surrounding internet governance and cybercrime. Additional laws are under development that would have some bearing on how certain privileges are given to government agencies and how cybercrime is combated. In the United States, the controversial Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act (COICA), currently being discussed. This la would codify the government's domain seizure powers. Also being pushed in the UK, is a Nominet policy that would make it easier for police to shut down sites selling bogus goods, headed by the Serious Organised Crime Agency.\n\nOne widely used service under scrutiny by law agencies is Law enforcement is in the Whois services that registrars have to provide, which enable anyone to quickly uncover the name, address and phone number of any domain name registrant. They also don't like the proxy/privacy add-on services that many registrars offer to shield their customers' personal data from prying eyes.\n\nHowever, this is a tricky agenda to push with limited effectiveness because when law enforcement grabs a .com domain, criminals can easily relocate their websites to other country-code domains that are not subject to ICANN oversight or US jurisdiction.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe direct impact of the issues discussed in this article is focused on anyone involved in web hosting services (and of course the perpetrators of cybercrime). However, while it is understandable that government agencies are scrambling for additional ways to increase their power and influence over the ever more essential and ubiquitous service that is the Internet, there is not much that is under their control that will have any impact on most users.\n\nVocabulary ICANN : The not for profit organization responsible for managing the internet's domain name system, including IP address space assignments.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: Network Security Data Breaches http://devicegadget.com/news/network-security-data-breaches/770/\n\nThis article outlines the frequency and significance of data breaches that happen in organizations of all types. The article says that, “the main purpose of any data breach is to steal business and/or consumer data” and that “information compromise is a growing threat to businesses and in particular online e-commerce.” It also outlines some of the laws, saying that most states in the US have laws penalizing organizations that suffer a breach of data. Other regulations include notifying customers when their private data may have been compromised. Some technologies metioned that aid to the prevention of loss of sensitive data include sandboxing, OTP Authentication, and patch management systems.\n\nFor publicly traded companies bound by SOX, security is an issue as more IT functions are outsourced—to the cloud—where Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are common place where companies want compliance.\n\nOther network encryption standards such as IPSec, WPA2, SSL and SSH are recommended but the article reminds us as well that any organization’s main weakness “isn’t the network it’s the people that use it.”\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article focused on those that run IT in any organization, albeit at different levels. Actually, everyone in an organization that uses a computer must also be trained or forced to use secure passwords and other data security best practices. For the managers, however, deciding on how to get the most security bang for the buck must weigh the potential benefits or consequences of using new technology, especially when it comes to outsourcing any IT function or sharing data with other organizations.\n\nVocabulary Sandboxing : A security mechanism for separating running programs. It is often used to execute untested code, or untrusted programs from unverified third-parties, suppliers and untrusted users.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:  http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=10730\n\nThis article outlines a recent study done by WhiteHat Security regarding the frequency and significance of data leakage across major industries. The average website has severe vulnerabilities at least nine months of the year. Data leakage is increasing and has over taken cross-site scripting as the most common website vulnerability. \n\nHealthcare and banking industries (the most heavily regulated) generally have the least rate of data leakage occurrence. Education, however, has the highest incidence. \n\nIt is interesting to note that this is the most common type of website vulnerability ahead of content spoofing, brute-force attacks, SQL injection, etc. According to the study, the “average website falls into the \"always\" and \"frequently\" vulnerable categories” which means that they are at more risk at least 270 days of the year.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article focused specifically for CIOs and security professionals. Measuring window of exposure for them offers a look at the period of risk their business and user data is exposed to by not having adequate remediation processes in place. While this article specifically points out an increase in data leakage, however, it is important to keep an eye on the window of exposure on all sides of the security equation.\n\nVocabulary Window of Exposure : The interval between when a threat begins and a fix is issued. This term mostly refers to signature updates are issued by anti-virus vendors.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:  http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032311-rsa-trust.html\n\nThis article focuses on the need of organizations looking to outsource their data centers “to the cloud” to have some kind of proof of security. Trust is the key ingredient, however, the best way to guarantee trust is to have a certification of security.\n\nAs industry experts met at the recent RSA Conference in San Francsico, they brought up these concerns. Some of the potential solutions include 1) a \"Cloud Trust Authority\" as a 3rd party that assures cloud security. 2) Another option may be to keep detailed log files providing a secure audit trail in diffusing litigious situations. 3) Proprietary solutions such as those implemented at Joyent are apparently quite robust, however, “we are still left to trust that these security measures have worked properly.”\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article focused specifically on IT managers involved in discussions surrounding their technology infrastructure.  Other senior managers would also be benefited by this information when large infrastructure changes are being discussed. Security and its associated liability and regulatory compliance issues are increasingly important to all organizations and especially those large in size.\n\nVocabulary NSA-approved tamper protection : Equipment certified by the National Security Agency (NSA) is used to cryptographically secure classified U.S. government information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1290,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nURI: http://www.2600.com/news/view/article/12037\n\nPRESS RELEASE - 2600 MAGAZINE CONDEMNS DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS\n\nPosted 10 Dec 2010 04:45:38 UTC\n\nThis is a press release from 2600 Magazine, which is a quarterly magazine published for the hacker community. The article condemns the denial of service attacks (DOS) that are being done on companies and organizations that have opposed the Wikileaks website. The hacker community represented by this magazine wants to make clear that they consider DOS attacks to be rudimentary, boorish, and generally ineffective. They want to make clear that they are not responsible for the DOS attacks – they point out that the majority of people who execute the attacks are only running a program and do not need any technical or hacking skill.\n\nThe article also talks about the Wikileaks cause, and says that they will do all they can to support it, including mirroring the website on their own servers (there are over 1000 other mirrors of the site). The magazine encourages people who want to help Wikileaks to not resort to attacking the attackers of Wikileaks with things like DOS attacks, which are only currently creating sympathy for the attacked parties, but rather to spread the news of what is actually going on by word of mouth or by boycotting the organizations or companies that are attacking Wikileaks.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article encourages more support methods of protesting against unfavorable data communication related events – it pushes people to use “old fashioned” tactics such as verbally campaigning for support or boycotting services, rather than launching immature and ineffective DOS attacks. The article also seeks to clear the idea that “hackers” are responsible for the DOS attacks against Wikileaks enemies – the hackers, the magazine says, would not stoop to such ineffective measures. \n\nVocabulary Denial-of-service attack : “… An attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users… one common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable.” (Wikipedia – Denial-of-service attack).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n.http://www.informationweek.com/news/smb/hardware_software/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000742&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All\n\nGoogle Promises No Planned Downtime\n\nBy Thomas Claburn ,  InformationWeek \n\nJanuary 14, 2011 02:42 PM\n\n \n\nThis article talks about how Google is striving to make their Google Apps, such as Gmail and their paid-for apps, more than 99.9% reliable. In fact, they are writing into their SLA that if their services are up less than 99.9%, then they owe credit to their customers. In the history, Google’s SLA has allowed for scheduled down-time while they do upgrades, but their new SLA will exclude even that kind of downtime. They are seeking to become as reliable as “a dial tone”.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis move by Google is an important one for users who more and more are relying on wireless communication such as gmail rather than traditional hard-wired phone service. As such cloud services become even more reliable, I think that the world of computers can shift even more quickly into more robust and powerful mobile applications until it becomes feasible for all personal documents to be stored on a centralized cloud rather than on various devices like hard drives (both internal and external) and flash drives.\n\nVocabulary Cloud computing : The practice of storing all of a company’s or an individual’s files on (usually) third-party servers. Is helpful for multi-user concurrent editing of files or for easy access to data from any location with internet access to the servers. Outdated versions of files becomes less problematic.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nInternet, Telecom Networks Shut Down in Egypt\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/secu/article.php/3922661/Internet-Telecom-Networks-Shut-Down-in-Egypt.htm\n\nThe Egyptian government ordered a complete shutdown of all internet access for the entire country of Egypt, in an attempt to curtail the current rebellions and civil disobedience acts going on there. This is different from other similar government-issued proclamations for ISP shut-downs, where the order was much more limited – in the example of Iran and Tunisia, their governments ordered that trafficking through only certain sites such as Facebook or Twitter be limited. “Renesys CTO James Cowie called the move ‘unprecedented in Internet history’”. Wireless cell-phone coverage is also being shut down.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis move by the Egyptian government has essentially taken Egypt off of the global map. Everything is halted, including their business traffic, although I think that business communications would already be limited during the present riots. I think that total ISP shutdown is a double-edged sword, because now not only can the rioters not communicate, but neither can the people who are trying to stop the riots. I think that it will be interesting to see if this move has its desired effects, and I am also curious to know if it would have been good enough just to block Facebook and Twitter communications.\n\nVocabulary Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) : The protocol backing the core routing decisions on the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTop Healthcare IT Predictions For 2011\n\nHealth systems will tackle technology challenges including mobile, manpower, meaningful use, and other mandates. \n\nBy Marianne Kolbasuk McGee ,  InformationWeek \n\nJanuary 27, 2011 08:00 AM\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/healthcare/leadership/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=228901607&pgno=1&queryText=&isPrev=\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article goes into some of the big changes that will be coming in the healthcare field, involving data communications. One of the big ones is that the government has mandated that health care organizations change all of their data formats to a more complicated format which includes more information in the id number.\n\nThe article also says that staffing organizations are getting a very high level of requests for employees who have experience in EMR and mobile apps, so that patients and doctors can get secure access to critical information faster.\n\nImpact\n\nThe movement of the health care organization away from only paper records and into the mobile app area is a big and important one. With the opening of the records into the digital arena, concerns about security become very real. I have always been interested in IT in the health care arena, and I imagine that one day I may be in a position where I am part of making decisions for a hospital or health provider’s IT direction, and this article confirmed my suspicion.\n\nVocabulary EMR : Electronic Medical Record - a computerized medical record created in an organization that delivers care, such as a hospital and doctor's surgery.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\nRead more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html#ixzz1DOF1jkHA\n\nby Stephen Shankland\n\n \n\nThe IANA handed out the last batches of IPv4 addresses recently. They were handed out to groups like American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN), who will hand them out to IP service providers as they are requested. As groups like ARIN run shorter and shorter on addresses, the cost of them will likely increase.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEventually, all devices that connect to the internet will need to switch over to IPv6. In the meanwhile, in order to support legacy systems, companies will likely run dual-stack hardware that supports both IPv4 and IPv6, until they are able to upgrade all of their devices to IPv6.\n\nHowever, there are several large groups, including Xerox, Apple, IBM and USPS, who have a lot of extra IPv4 addresses that they aren’t using, which they can give back or sell back. If they do so, the time that companies have before they have to do a total switchover to IPv6 will be extended. \n\nVocabulary ARIN : American Registry for Internet Numbers. Receives IP addresses from the IANA and hands them out to IP service providers. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGoogle has released a new extension for Google chrome that will allow users to mark results from a search query as inapplicable. Google also said that, in the near future, they will be studying the use of the extension in order to further optimize their search engine. Their goal is to clean up search results by trying to develop algorithms that will filter out articles and content produced by content farms.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis practice may raise questions of privacy because Google will be studying the personal search patterns of individuals. However, I think that the potential problem of privacy invasion will be outweighed by the optimization of search engines. This will help to fight against content farms by having everyday users flag the links that lead to poorly-written articles. \n\nVocabulary content farm : a company that employs low-quality writers whose purpose is to make their articles come up first in search queries, for the purpose of generating revenue.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSenators Introduce Cyber Bill with Ban on 'Internet Kill Switch’\n\nBy Chloe Albanesius\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380680,00.asp\n\nSenators in the United States Congress want to introduce a bill that will explicitly prevent the president from “kill-switching” the internet, as Egypt did recently. Presently, the President’s internet powers are broad and vague – senators are worried that, with his current powers, he could potentially disrupt national and international business and commerce.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe bill would limit the President’s internet shut-down skills to a select quadrant, and only in the event of a cyberspace emergency. The definition of a cyberspace emergency is laid out in the bill: \n\n“more than 2,500 deaths; more than $25 billion in economic consequences; mass evacuations with a prolonged absence of more than one month; and severe degradation of national security capabilities.”\n\nThe President would only be able to shut down internet for companies/parts of companies that were not predetermined to be “critical infrastructure systems”, and only for a maximum of 120 days. Anything cyber action longer than 120 days would require senate approval . Also, his shut-downs must be with the purpose of protecting those “critical infrastructure systems” – freedom of speech must not be limited in any way.\n\nVocabulary Internet Kill-Switch : The power to shut down the internet (for a given country or region) via political powers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGoogle still working to restore Gmail service\n\nCompany says e-mails are not lost, but many still without e-mail today\n\nBy Sharon Gaudin\n\nMarch 1, 2011 11:46 AM ET\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9212178/Google_still_working_to_restore_Gmail_service?taxonomyId=17\n\nA few days ago, thousands of google gmail user’s emails and chat histories were delete from their accounts. Google estimated that about 0.02% of users had this happen to them. Originally, Google promised to have the emails restored within 12 hours, but it is taking Google longer than anticipated. They say that the problem is due to a bug in some storage software that they patched into their storage datacenter. Even though Google has multiple copies of things like emails and chat histories, the bug, in many cases, deleted multiple copies of them. Google technicians are working to restore the emails from tape, which is why it is taking longer than they originally anticipated.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nGoogle has been trying to establish itself as a place where users can safely store their information online, so that they can push their newer projects just as Chrome cr-40. But incidents like these can and probably have shaken the confidence of Google users  in Google, even if Google is able to restore the users data. Companies that work primarily on the “cloud”, like Google, will need to do everything possible to avoid incidents such as these, as the bulk of consumers move towards more web-based computer services world. \n\nVocabulary Data center : A facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAndriod phones were recently attacked by malicious software which had been posted onto the Android App store. The malicious apps were downloaded onto around 260,000 apps, and an undetermined number of those apps activated the software. The software changed the phone in order to give itself root access, which means that the apps can download other copies of itself and install more malware, ad tracking programs, or steal even more user data. Google is in trouble because they do not do anything to check the apps before they are posted to the app store for downloading. Google does not have employees who check the apps before they are posted, like Apple or RIM have. They are being asked to reconsider their security measures. \n\nImpact\n\nThis infection of Android phones could cause the popularity of the Android to lessen, unless Google changes the steps it takes to ensure the safety of the data of its customers. Also, this is a sharp reminder to the world of computer users that a policy of unfiltered trust to all programmers or app makers is inappropriate – there have always existed, and still now exist people who will aim to steal data for personal use. Both device developers and owners should remember this, and should use caution in where they choose to put their data, lest it be stolen.\n\nVocabulary Malicious : Characterized by malice; intending or intended to do harm\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGoogle patches Pwn2Own WebKit bug in Chrome\n\nFirst browser maker to fix a flaw exploited at last week's hacking contest\n\nBy Gregg Keizer\n\nMarch 14, 2011 06:00 AM ET\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214378/Google_patches_Pwn2Own_WebKit_bug_in_Chrome?taxonomyId=85\n\nAt the recent Pwn2Own hacking contest sponsored by HP’s Zero Day Initiative (ZDI) bug bounty program, hackers exploited a flaw in the WebKit browser kit. At the contest, neither Chrome nor Mozilla’s browsers were targeted directly (the hackers took advantage of the exploit to hack BlackBerry’s browser). However, since both Chrome and Firefox use the WebKit, they both need to do something about it. Google was the first to patch the flaw – the contest was only last week. They have locked down the ability to view the bug status, so that malicious hackers won’t have the advantage of Google’s research into the bug to help them hack into browsers. Locking the bug tracker gives users time to update their browsers to include the latest patch. Apple will need to patch its browsers too, since they also use the WebKit. Apple did not comment on the state of their patches.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt may be worthy of notice that neither Google nor Mozilla were successfully directly attacked at the convention. The common property between the two companies is that they are both open source, both have bounty programs, and both have embedded security teams. At least, an engineer on the Chrome security team feels that that is the reason that they were not successfully attacked. Hackers who had signed up to find a flaw in their browsers did not show up to the contest or withdrew because they could not find anything to exploit. \n\nIt is good that these Zero Day Initiative programs exist, so that exploits can be found in a friendly environment and taken care of appropriately, rather than they being discovered by malicious hackers. (I’m sure that the $15,000 prize money was good incentive for the hackers to do their homework and find the flaw).\n\nVocabulary Zero Day Initiative : an attempt to guard against Zero Day Attacks by making developers aware of a security flaw through a contest or other event\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nT-Mobile Deal Will Help US, AT&T Says\n\nBy Stephen Lawson, IDG News    Mar 21, 2011 9:20 am\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/222645/tmobile_deal_will_help_us_atandt_says.html\n\nAT&T is planning to acquire competitor T-Mobile USA. They companies say that, together, they can offer more combined coverage than the sum of their coverage would otherwise be. They claim that their merger will be the best for citizens of the United States because of the increased coverage. Some warn that consumers should be skeptical because the merger might make it so that AT&T will be able to obtain a monopoly, and subsequentially drive service fees through the roof. The announced merger will probably be delayed for up to a year while the appropriate government agencies (the FCC and DOJ) make their studies about whether or not this will form a monopoly. AT&T says that despite the large size of AT&T and T-Mobile, US consumers still have many choices for wireless coverage.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhilst AT&T says that there are plenty of other choices for US consumers to make besides AT&T and T-Mobile, that may not be so after the merger. If they, combined, control the larger portion of the market, they may be able to slash fees and take a cut on profits longer than could their smaller competitors. Such a business move would effectually push their competition out of business, after which AT&T could drive up their prices and charge exorbitant fees. It is very important that the DOJ and FCC make a careful study into this merger so that we are not faced with a monopoly in mobile phone service. \n\nEven though they argue that they will be able to build a larger network coverage (they claim that they can reach 95% of Americans), if they have no competition, then they will not be motivated to keep improving their services, and in the end, consumers will suffer. \n\nVocabulary LTE (Long Term Evolution) : a mobile communication standard, proposed as a candidate 4G system, and expected to be finalized in 2011.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIndependent Iranian hacker claims responsibility for Comodo hack\n\nBy Peter Bright\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/03/independent-iranian-hacker-claims-responsibility-for-comodo-hack.ars\n\nSummary\n\nAn independent hacker from Iran claimed that he and he alone was responsible for hacking the encryption that Comodo, an email Certification Authority (CA), used to communicate with one of its Registration Authorities (RA). The result of the hack was that Iranian government leaders could spy on the SSL encrypted emails sent by its citizens, supposedly in order to quell uprisings. It is not certain whether the hacker’s responsibility claim is legitimate – he used as “evidences” of his attack information that either could have been found out by anyone with good search-engine skills or that can only be verified as accurate if Comodo were to authenticate them, which they will not do. He also posted reverse-engineered C# source code with things like hard-coded usernames and passcodes that could have been falsified as well. One way that he might have falsified the C# .dll file is by using the public API that Comodo publishes so that its RAs can write the files necessary to be able to communicate with the CA.\n\nImpact\n\nvWhether this independent hacker is truly responsible for the attacks is unknown – however, It is a fact that the RA was hacked. Comodo and other CAs need to take steps to secure their files, information, and passcodes. If it is true that the passcodes were hardcoded into the program, then that is a huge security precaution. We should expect more from a security company. It is very likely that there are more than just this one RA in Southern Europe that does not have secure information – if we are going to trust our information to a security giant such as Comodo, then they need to show that they are following good security practices themselves, and that they are enforcing their distributed RAs to do the same. Although it is unlikely that he has hacked the RSA SSL Encryption, we still need to step up our security measures.\n\nVocabulary RSA : a public key algorithm that depends on factoring numbers into their prime components, used by SSL.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nPC Sales Slump While Tablets 'Usurp' Market, Analyst Says\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2383096,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nA market analysis released today shows that tablets have dominated the computer sales market. In the overall tablet sales, the iPad definitely has been the leader. Even more iPad 2s have been sold in 2011 than the market analysts before expected, and, consequentially, less PCs have been sold than they before expected. “Whitmore to drop his 2011 PC growth predictions from 9 percent to 4 percent, and up his overall 2011 tablet sales estimates from 40 million to 45 million.” Additionally, as other companies see that iPad 2 sales have been so successful, they will flood the market with their own tablets. But the analysts predict that the sales of non-iPad 2 tablets will not come anywhere near stealing a significant market share from the iPad 2.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis market analysis showing that more people are buying tablets than are buying PCs confirms the suspicion that most people do very little with their computers – the majority of computer users merely use them to consume information rather than produce information. I think that the tablets are so successful because they let users do only the things that they want to do, such as surf the web and surf the web some more, and therefore since that’s all they can do, they can sell them for a lower price. It is possible that once the tablet frenzy comes down a bit, consumers will realize the extreme limitations of the devices, and will switch back to more production-oriented devices. But by that time, perhaps the tablets will have more production capability as well (if their owning companies are smart enough).\n\nVocabulary cannibalization of the market : When one group increases its own sales by taking away from or cannibalizing the sales of a different market group.\n\n "]
["---",1345,"Article Summary\n\nComtech Telecommunications Corp reported orders totaling $27.2 million dollars all which came from the U.S. Army. Comtech is contracted to supply various datacom items such as MT-2012 satellite transceivers, V2 components, vehicle installation kits, software licenses, engineering and support services. Comtech's  tracking system is useful to soldiers on the ground in remote locations to be able to communicate with command. The use of satellites and tracking system negate the need for radio repeaters or other hardware.\n\nImpact\n\nThe new advancements that Comtech has developed for the U.S. military keeps our military ahead of the rest. With the ability to know exactly on the battlefield units are located and to be able to communicate with them is crucial to the success of military objectives. The main impact of this article is that the U.S. military will be even more advanced and powerful on the world stage. \n\nVocabulary Transceiver : 1. A transceiver is a device that has both a transmitter and a receiver which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing. If no circuitry is common between transmit and receive functions, the device is a transmitter-receiver. 2. A combined transmitter & receiver. An essential element of all LANs, its function is required at each node on the network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMitsubishi has recently released 5 new power amplifiers that are to be used in data communication terminals for cell networks running WCDMA technology. Mitsubishi decided to do so because the current market demand is for these terminals to be smaller, faster, and limit the amount of heat they give off.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe devices are relatively small (3mm x 3mm x 1mm) and deliver more power then equivalent systems today. There is some pretty high-tech mechanisms that can vary the amount of power delivered to accomodate demand. Mitsubishi says that these new power amplifiers cover the 5 major frequencies currently used in Asia, North America and Europe.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLINK\n\nhttp://www.semiconductor-today.com/news_items/2010/DEC/MITSUBISHI_201210.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis new advancement in power amplifiers will reduce the size and heat yield that current power amplifiers produce today. The new devices will increase current power added efficiency by 45%. This advancement in power control, gain, and efficiency may be a step forward to faster speeds on handheld devices.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is what they look like:\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary WCDMA : Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) is a detailed protocol that defines how a mobile phone communicates with the tower, how signals are modulated, how datagram's are structured, and system interfaces are specified allowing technology to be designed on the same standards.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/Technologies_Security_News/Protecting-the-smart-grid-with-wireless-data-communications-3447.html\n\n\n\n\n\nProtecting the smart grid with wireless data communications\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article states the history of the internet and refers to the internet as being part of the \"smart grid.\" The smart grid is the total package of services we use in daily life, such as public water, tele-com, data-com, gas, transportation systems, etc. all the things that make live livable. The main thing that links the smart grid together is the common device known as the computer. This computer has spawned a new environment called cyberspace.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe author talks about cyberspace and how the giant network we are all connected to has become wireless. With RF signals being broadcast everywhere the author demonstrates how security issues arise on cyberspace. The solution to this problem was created back in 1941 by a smart Austrian actress by the name of  Hedy Lamarr, and a man named George Antheil. It basically broadcasted data at frequencies that would alternate to different frequencies. Their early discovery is now what is called Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). The diagram below shows the idea.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFHSS makes transmission of data over wireless secure, immune to both interference, and jamming.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe author uses these examples to illustrate our necessity to be more conscious network design, by protecting them and making them more resilient to hackers and attacks.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIf we are not more cautious and desirous to build/design network and data communication systems. Then the very smart grid that basically makes life livable may be subject to crippling attacks by hackers, and other intruders. Attacks that could damage extremely important aspects of modern day life. Since all life is interconnected by computers and networks security of such systems is of great importance.\n\nVocabulary latency : A delay, a period between the initiation of something and the occurrence.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nARTICLE\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/654313/MIT_Pioneers_Ad_Hoc_Network_Bottleneck_Breaker\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMIT students have created a new algorithm that allows ad/hoc networks to reduce the bottleneck effect that commonly occurs when large amounts of data are sent to very few nodes on a network. How they accomplished this task was by having a node select another node at random every other time data was to be sent. By allowing nodes to remember the nodes they have communicated with it limits the bottleneck of data when nodes have to always randomly pick another node to send the data too.\n\n\n\n\n\nCritics of the work MIT has accomplished noticed that the amount of data used to create the algorithm is far too large for smaller devices to handle. If the algorithm could be simplified then smaller devies could use its power to reduce ad/hoc bottlenecks as well.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIf this solution to the ad/hoc bottleneck can be simplified and used in smaller devices that have limited battery and computational life, then the used of ad/hoc networks would be more apt to explode in daily use. Ad/hoc networks could be used to monitor a vast array of devices and objects like traffic status, parking lot spots, vending machines, and power meters.\n\nVocabulary node : any computer that is hooked up to a computer network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://blogs.computerworlduk.com/jericho-forum/2011/01/the-world-goes-phone-phreaking-mad/\n\n\n\n\n\nPhone hacking is a relatively simple thing to accomplish. With more and more cell phones containing personal and confidential information phone hacking has become evermore popular.\n\n\n\n\n\nMedia giants desire to sell news papers and magazines, and to do so go to extremes to attain such important information. bluejacking or bluesnarfing as it is sometimes called is a way phone hackers gain entry. It uses the unsecured bluetooth connection found in may phones to hijack the information contained within.\n\n\n\n\n\nBecause more personal and business information is contained on mobile phones these days it is smart to understand the risks and take action to secure such devices from being attacked. \n\n\n\n\n\nSimple steps such as resetting a default pin or password, routine data backups, and data encryption may be enough to deter would be hackers from accessing your phones data. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis guy is holding a \"bluesniper\" rifle used to attack unsecured bluetooth devices up to a mile away.\n\n\n\n\n\nMore info here BLUESNIPER\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nTheft of cellphone data may be detrimental for business's as well as for people. Loss and theft of personal information such as bank account numbers, passwords, and login id's may take month to recover from. By enabling safeguards on the device itself will greatly decrease your chances of attack.\n\n\n\n\n\nEveryone who owns a cellphone is at risk. Proper knowledge of how to use such technology may be the difference between attack and safety.  \n\nVocabulary Bluesnarfing : s the unauthorized access of information from a wireless device through a Bluetooth connection, often between phones, desktops, laptops, and PDAs.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe link is next to the assignment so I did not post it here.\n\n\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6 is a necessary thing to do but at the current time it may be more of a headache for some parts of industry. This article demonstrated the need to switch from the 32 bit IP addresses to the newer 128 bit IP addresses. It also outlined the difficulty for certain hardare to support IPv6. This is the main reason that IPv6 is going to take years to be in full swing. The article also demonstrated how we cannot just use multiple NAT devices to spread out the amount of IP addresses on the IPv4 address range. This article did a good job of giving a background to IP addresses while also keeping us up to date on the future of the internet. It seems that switching to the new IPv6 standard will take some time as well as large amounts of money to upgrade current systems. \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of IPv6 is that we need it. we currently do not have enough IP addresses to allocate to all of the new devices that hit the net each year. It is true that there are many dormant or unused IP addresses on the IPv4 standard, however that is always going to be the case. The need to switch to IPv6 is necessary and with the IPv4 addresses running out last week the need has never been greater. It will take time for companies to accept the fact that they can't put off the inevitable. Large amounts of money will be needed to upgrade the world wide network. Jobs will most likely be created so this will be a benefit to the job market. \n\nVocabulary ISP : An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/220057/broadband_falls_short_in_us.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), and the Federal Communications Commission have recently produced a map that shows the areas where broadband is available to U.S. residents. \n\n\n\n\n\nAccording to the map 68.2% of americans currently subscribe to broadband services. This is expected to rise and older generations die off.\n\n\n\n\n\nVerizon praised the map saying that it is a great tool for consumers and businesses. This project to map the nations broadband will cost over 200 million over 5 years.\n\nImpact\n\nBy having a map available to the public, more broadband services will become available where there currently is none. This may drive jobs due to the communications industry building out areas where no broadband service is currently available.\n\n\n\n\n\nStrengthening the broadband network will take time and enormous amounts of money, but having the government map it for us will encourage ambitious companies to fill the void.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Brodaband : very high speed 'always-on' service connection allowing large amounts of information to be conveyed quickly, such as data, graphics files or video.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/674113/Germany_Identifies_a_Secure_Way_to_Deal_with_Spam\n\n\n\n\n\nGermany is moving to a secure email system. They are cracking down on spam and to do so they have created their own spam free email service. They are going to use their own SMTP email servers that send encrypted messages across it. They have called it De-Mail. The de comes from Deutschland and mail of course comes from mail. Germany will require people who use this service to uniquely identify themselves. This they hope will cut out spam by being able to hold people responsible for spamming the network.\n\n\n\n\n\nGermany is also making the service legally enforceable similar to the post office system in America. This means that service providers are legally required to send the messages and can't just throw them away.\n\nImpact\n\nThis news has great impact on advertising through spam. By keeping people legally responsible for how they impact the internet Germany will most likely be able to regulate their mail servers and keep unwanted spam away from inboxes. This is a great idea in trying to stay away form information overload, and possibly will reduce spam from being 77% of email use.\n\nVocabulary Gateway : A Gateway is a link between two computer programs or systems such as Internet Forums. A gateway acts as a portal between two programs allowing them to share information by communicating between protocols on a computer or between dissimilar computers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/493074/Novell_8217_S_SLED_11_to_Ship_with_Active_Directory_Gateway_Technology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNovell has released a recent product called SLED 11 which ships with an active directory technology that allows unix, linux and mac desktops to have the capability to create logs, add file sharing, authenticate users, and create and manage groups. \n\n\n\n\n\nMicrosoft invested 100 million into SLED last year which is a big reason these administrative tools resemble Microsofts active directory tools. \n\n\n\n\n\nSLED contains an extension that allows .NET applications to run on Linux based systems. This tool alleviates the need to recompile programs.\n\n\n\n\n\nSLED has received many favorable reviews.\n\nImpact\n\nThe ability to have active directory services extended to linux, mac, and unix opens up a new world of opportunity. \n\n\n\n\n\nNetwork admins now have a means to control access across company networks for both mac and windows machines. This is favorable to unix based machines because it now allows unix machines to take a bite out of the corporate spectrum by offering active directory services, services that are necessary to manage company networks.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary SLED : USE Linux Enterprise Desktop (SLED), formerly introduced as Novell Linux Desktop, is a Linux distribution supplied by Novell and targeted at the business market.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://technolog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/03/11/6245784-google-users-can-now-filter-spam-out-of-search-results\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tgdaily.com/software-brief/54598-google-enacts-new-spam-cutting-search-procedures\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGoogle has released a new search engin tool that allows users to block spam from search results.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany of the sites that google finds related to key word searches return thousands of spam laden sites. Google has taken action to remove these results from the search queries a step they say will clean up the web.\n\n\n\n\n\nYou can even block certain sites you know are spam but to do so will ask you to login with your google account.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nConsidering that 90% of email is spam and probably a little less than that is internet spam something has been needed to combat the information overload onslaught of worthless information.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis step that Google has taken will hopefully discourage spammers from destroying the internet.\n\n\n\n\n\nGoogle's new tool is of great worth to those internet gurus that require direct searches, instant results and valuable data, rather then the average WEB SURFER.\n\n\n\n\n\nHopefully this step taken will be one of many companies like Google take to eliminate spam from the net.\n\nVocabulary Algorithm : A precise step-by-step plan for a computational procedure that begins with an input value and yields an output value in a finite number of steps\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/security-central/microsoft-cybercrooks-exploiting-unpatched-iis-bug-637 Hackers are braking into Microsoft server 2000 v 5.0 by using an unpatched bug in the software. Hackers are putting FTP directories on the server with this hack. The only way that they a able to do this is if the server is running the FTP service and the hacker can read files on the system. Other IIS users could be attacked with a DoS attack. Microsoft says that here have been limited attacks, and they plan on releasing a security update to the service.\n\nImpact\n\nThis attack could pose problems to servers running the older server software. Database data could be attacked as well as other secure information stored on the server. This is an example of why its a good idea to update to the most recent release of software by any company. Many of these problems that users are experiencing could be solved by moving away from xp and older versions of windows server. \n\nVocabulary denial of service : is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJSON is a lightweight data transmission protocol used to pass textual data across the Internet. It accomplishes the same purpose of XML but uses different code structure to enclose data. JSON is seemed to be lighter in weight than XML due to the use of specific tags in the XML document.\n\n\n\nJSON is mainly used in conjunction with ajax and JavaScript to design dynamic web pages.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe development of JSON in my opinion was just to compete with XML. It delivers the same functionality as XML but does offer properties that make it useful in working with object oriented programming. JSON has made the web a more beautiful place by using it's tools to integrate with Ajax and JavaScript to make web pages fluid and dynamic for web users. There are many benefits of using JSON to send data through the web and although it is still considered a draft with the IETF it is being implemented by many leading internet sites.\n\nVocabulary JSON : an acronym for JavaScript Object Notation\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1384,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\"Virtela appoints B.V. Jagadeesh as CEO, introduces cloud service accelerator\". The title really explains a lot of what the article discussed. Virtela, the world's largest independent managed network, security and cloud services company, hired B.V. Jagadeesh, formerly of Exodus Communications, as their new CEO. Also, Virtela has rolled out a new cloud services accelerator which allows for general application acceleration in the public cloud. Jagadeesh explains \"While most enterprises want to keep their mission critical applications in a private cloud...people are beginning to experiment running other short-term applications in the public cloud and that even the most conservative companies are going to experiment by running these applications in the public cloud.\"\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe development of cloud services is becoming more and more relevant as the backbone of the Internet becomes stronger and more capable of supporting the load of cloud computing. With a major corporation like Vertila taking on someone like Jagadeesh as their new CEO, companies who work with Vertila will begin to see a change in direction in the area of cloud computing. Jagadeesh is apparently making pushes to open up companies to use the public cloud as well as their own private clouds. Vertila is also pushing their Cloud Accelerator feature to imply that they will be able to run public applications quicker and more efficiently across the Internet. This will provide companies with greater confidence in Vertila's ability to deliver a quality service.\n\nVocabulary public cloud : cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article summarizes the introduction of the .xxx top-level domain. The introduction was spearheaded by The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to provide a way for consumers to avoid being snared in problems with fraud and malpractice often involved with pornographic sites. As well as being able to offer consumers the ability to better filter their Internet experience based on what a user is looking for.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article states that Anyone who wants to register a .xxx domain will first have to go through an application process that's approved by the International Foundation for Online Responsibility. This procedure is intended to ensure that .xxx domains don't engage in fraud, child pornography and other practices. At the same time, having a domain set aside specifically for adult websites would make it easier for users to block such sites from their browsing experience.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nOne of the most interesting aspects of the article is that this provides a way for users to filter content. The original structure of top-level domain names, is to allow users to filter content based on the type of domain. For instance, .com is used typically for commercial and general use (along with .net). Other top-level domains such as .gov and .org are used often for non-profit organizations and government level websites.\n\n\n\n\n\nWith the introduction of a new top-level domain, which the article states \"ICANN has been toying with the idea of introducing .xxx for about a decade\" consumers will now be able to begin filtering Internet traffic simply by viewing a websites top-level domain name. Consumers can filter websites on their machines to not allow .xxx to be viewed. However, the article makes it clear that \"established porn sites are unlikely to give up their .com domains just because there's a .xxx option. That means anyone who thinks he's filtered porn by filtering out all .xxx domains from his network is due for a nasty surprise.\n\n\n\n\n\nLongtime .xxx proponent ICM Registry will be the .xxx registrar. The company says it has received applications to pre-register more than 200,000 .xxx domains.\n\n\n\n\n\nOverall, I feel like this move is a good way to provide quality assurance for consumers to avoid the fraud and other malpractices that are often associated with pornography on the web. Furthermore, and most importantly, this will allow for parents and others to be better able to filter inappropriate websites for their children as well as themselves.\n\nVocabulary top-level domain : One of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1378,"Article Summary\n\nInteresting article on the FCC's new net neutrality rules that they created on December 21, 2010.  Companies now have to publish network handling information in enough volume to customers to make decisions regarding which carrier and services to use.  In addition, broadband providers will not be able to block legal web traffic.\n\n\n\nMobile broadband providers still have more leverage, however, they still cannot block legitimate traffic that competes with sponsored telephony services. \n\n\n\nThe FCC will monitor systems to see if the public internet is being injured.  Paid prioritization probably will be made illegal.  Customers will be able to file formal and informal complaints.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/122710-whats-in-the-fccs-new.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe new rules created by the FCC will have great impact on data communications in the United States.  With prioritization, even paid prioritization, seeming that it is being made illegal, internet traffic policies will have to be altered for many companies.\n\n\n\nI learned some interesting things about net neutrality.  In class, you spoke of net neutrality as if it were a bad thing, but I wondered if you were only telling half of the story.  You spoke of things from the receiving end, but there is also the perspective that must be seen of traffic going over the internet.  If I understand correctly, the FCC is regulating net neutrality because it is involved in traffic going across provider servers.\n\n\n\nVocabulary telephony : encompasses the general use of equipment to provide voice communication over distances\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nRouters route at level 3.  Routing tables contain entire networks, not just individual computers usually, which helps networking by providing scalability.  Most routers need to be configured either through a web-based interface or through a command-line console.  Routers can dynamically interact with each other to create their own routing tables.  They can also link heterogeneous networks (Ethernet, ATM, etc).  Nowadays, routers are often their own hardware, though computers can also perform the function.  \n\n\n\nhttp://blog.eukhost.com/webhosting/what-is-a-router/\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI learned that routers work on level 3 of the OCI model, while switches tend to operate on level 2.  Routers usually must be configured, since they aren't plug and play, and that usually happens through a web-interface.  Routers are better than bridges at blocking broadcast storms.  High-end routers can forward packets at the speed of the wire.\n\nVocabulary Routing table : A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine where data packets traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nFiber optics are made with wires coated with polymers so they reflect light instead of refract it.  There is a transmitter at the sending end, repeaters and amplifiers throughout the line to extend the range of the transmission, and a photodiode on the receiving end which converts the light transmissions back into electronic data.\n\n\n\nSo data is converted from electronic to optic data by the transmitter, the repeaters and amplifiers convert it back to electronic data, then to optic again, and finally the photodiode at the destination decodes the optics back to electronic data.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nFiber optics prevent the need to convert digital data to analog form.  For this and pricing reasons it is fast replacing metal wiring, particularly for long-range transmission.  In addition, it has far less interference.\n\n\n\nBecause fiber optics are taking over data communications, knowing the basics of how it works is very beneficial.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Photodiode : A photodiode is a type of photodetector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://emdadblog.blogspot.com/2010/07/what-is-subnet-mask.html\n\n\n\nThe subnet mask defines what part of the IP address is network id and what is host id.  \n\n\n\nSimple IP networks have masks that are only 255's and 0's.  All 0's must come after all 255's have been entered into the mask.  (255,0,0,0 is okay, but 0,255,0,0 is not).\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe subnet mask is useful for packet delivery.  The sending device checks the subnet mask to determine if the recipient is on the same network.  If so, sending is quite simple.  If not, then the computer must send the packet to a router.\n\n\n\nThis entire blog was dedicated to the concept above.  It seemed to convey the meaning quite clearly though.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary subnet : a logically visible, distinctly addressed part of a single Internet Protocol network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis link was suggested to me as I continue to try to understand subnets.  I am going to focus on the IPv4 section.\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetwork\n\n\n\nAs Dr. Lindstrom described in class, subnetting involves masks.  The host id is determined by a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and subnet mask.  I believe this example is correct.\n\n\n\nIP: 192.168.3.1 (Binary = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000011)\n\nSubnet 255.255.255.0          (11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)\n\nHost info                          (11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000)\n\n\n\nThe digits after the last 1 identify the host address.  Changing the subnet can cut the subnet into significantly smaller chunks.  The last address within a network is reserved for broadcasting.\n\n\n\nThat's about where I begin getting lost.  Hopefully class will make it all clearer to me.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI had no idea what a mask was used for in the subnetting sense.  Essentially, subnetting has allowed us to get by with fewer IP addresses than we otherwise could use.  By having subnets, traffic inside the net is allowed to stay in the net (being forwarded by the router to the appropriate device), which saves a lot on broadcast traffic.  \n\n\n\nAnother impact of the article is that I need to get down the binary conversion if I am to truly understand data communications.  That will definitely be something I practice.  I understand the basics, but it should become intuitive.\n\n\n\nVocabulary bitwise : an operation that treats a value as a series of bits rather than a numerical quantity\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThere was a ceremony for the handing out of the last IPv4 addresses.  Google and Facebook have an event planned, World IPv6 Day, where they plan to help \"iron out\" some of the expected problems of moving to the new packet structure.\n\n\n\nMost likely the solution will be to move to a dual-stack type of system until the IPv4 can be fazed out.  Even Cisco, who's routers basically run the world's internet communications, is not completely ready for the transition.  Some of their advanced routing technology is not yet prepared for IPv6.\n\n\n\nProxies, translation, and tunneling will be useful too in the transition.\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWe are out of IPv4 addresses.  As a student, of course I am gung-ho to get the transition rolling now, but we'll see how I feel in a few years when I have a legacy system to deal with.  \n\n\n\nEssentially, the framework needs to be laid now to further facilitate the coming change, but it won't be until there is no where else to turn.\n\n\n\nSo, I say full steam ahead!  (Then it will be done when I graduate.  Ha!)\n\n\n\nVocabulary tunneling : Encapsulate the information to make it ready for transmission across a network not compatible with it.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMAC filtering does not solve security problems in systems.  It is even less effective than WEP, which this article claims can be cracked in seconds using available software.  \n\n\n\nMAC filtering, however, really doesn't take much in the way of resources, and it can be useful in weeding out unskilled attacks, so it is a good thing to have.  Just make sure that actual security is in place behind it.  \n\n\n\nSpoofing a MAC address is simple.  You merely need to capture a MAC address and change the address on your computer (software can do both for you).  That is why MAC filtering isn't really secure.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.techrepublic.com/blog/security/how-to-spoof-a-mac-address/395\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIt seems that installing MAC filtering is useful, but definitely not a security answer for actual hackers.  Spoofing is way too easy.\n\n\n\nThere are a lot of capturing tools out there (Wireshark being one of them), and so to change the MAC on your computer, you merely need to alter the registry that contains it.  Malware can do this by its self.  Basically, MAC filtering will not prevent all the dirt from getting into your system.  More sophisticated devices are necessary.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Nmap : Nmap is a security scanner originally written by Gordon Lyon (also known by his pseudonym Fyodor Vaskovich). Nmap is a \"Network Mapper\", used to discover computers and services on a computer network, thus creating a \"map\" of the network. ...\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nHi\n\nVocabulary Super-netting : A supernet is an Internet Protocol (IP) network that is formed from the combination of two or more networks (or subnets) with a common Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) routing prefix. The new routing prefix for the combined network aggregates the prefixes of the constituent networks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nBlocks not contiguous are not possible to be supernetted.  Numeric contiguity, even divisibility, and single interface are the 3 keys that can allow supernetting to happen.  \n\n\n\nSingle interface requires the networks being on the same router.\n\n\n\nEven divisibility I still don't understand.\n\n\n\nNumeric contiguity requires the address being numbered consecutively.  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nhttp://www.ciscotrick.com/supernetting/\n\n\n\nIf any of the 3 things above are not in place, a supernet won't work.  If they do, it isn't necessarily true that they work.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary Supernetting : Supernetting is the concept of taking two or more numerically contiguous network address blocks and consolidating them into a single, larger network address. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc786285%28WS.10%29.aspx\n\n\n\nThis one is unconventional.  It is more a resource than a blog, but it does have a lot of good info.\n\n\n\nDon't change default active directory permissions unless you need to.  Also, when assigning permissions, stay away from full control unless needed.  Having groups with the same permissions improves system performance.  General permissions are better for system performance (read all rather than specific read handles), and do it to property sets, not individual properties.  (I don't really understand that yet.)  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nYou could reduce security, not assist it.  (Ex. allowing an employee to gain control of a container and all the documents inside of it.)  Also, performance on the network can be affected by crazy permissions.  Permissions to groups instead of users is generally a good practice.  \n\n\n\nExplicit permissions take precedence over inherited permissions.  That is important to know, and I didn't pick it up in class.\n\n\n\nVocabulary property set : A property set is a grouping of Active Directory attributes. You can control access to this grouping of Active Directory attributes by setting one access control entry (ACE) instead of setting an ACE on each property.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.techsoup.org/learningcenter/internet/page4782.cfm\n\n\n\nAs this article states, there are several things to help reduce or prevent spam.  These are the most important:\n\n\n\n- Don't ever reply to spam\n\n- Don't ever click on a link in spam\n\n- Disguise email addresses on web sites by removing or making \".\" and \"@\" pictures\n\n- Do not forward unsolicited email\n\n- Have an email that isn't your personal one or your business one\n\n- Join lists only if they will not sell your email address\n\n- Preview messages before opening them\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs we have learned in class, spam is worth millions and even billions of dollars.  If it is ever going to be conquered, I think that the world as a whole is going to have to become informed on tips like this to prevent easy access via spam and, if spam is successful in gaining access to a mailbox, users must know the ways to avoid using the spam.\n\n\n\nIn addition, I am very happy to learn that disguising email addresses I place on my website via pictures for symbols actually can foil web crawlers.  I am definitely going to use that throughout my life.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary webmaster : a technician who designs or maintains a website\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://hosting.intermedia.net/support/kb/default.asp?id=1472\n\n\n\nBindings are the layman's way of referring to how a website is hosted on a server.  It consists of a type, port, and ip.  \n\n\n\nTypes: http and https are the most common.  This is determined by the type of site you are hosting.\n\n\n\nPort: Obviously often is port 80.\n\n\n\nIP Address: Any valid IP on your network, but must be forwarded to if it is not a universally recognized IP for that computer.  \n\n\n\nAlso, apparently only one FTP server is needed, but I don't yet know what that is.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nBindings are very important.  I did not realize that having a port and a specified type are essential to hosting a website. That is very important to know.  Also, apparently IIS cannot normally bind to things other than http and https, but with version 7 there is a possibility of adding types or something.\n\nSo, the moral of the story is bindings are very important, and they are a term for a compilation of things that must be configured.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary binding : A website binding is the combination of an IP address, a port, and a host header on which the web server listens for requests made to that website.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nApache is a cross-platform application, but IIS is only for Windows-based machines.  .NET development naturally moves into IIS, and Apache integrates very well with PHP and Python.  Apache is more widely used, and as such has a wider base of support, but IIS is corporate based, which means that problems are resolved quickly and completely.\n\n\n\nYou can use both on the same machine if they are configured to listen on different ports.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI didn't know that Apache and IIS do basically the same thing.  I have had a general, hazy view of Apache's purpose, but IIS, even after class and the lab about it, still didn't make much sense to me.\n\n\n\nI find it interesting that some people believe that Apache is more widely used, and that there is also the belief that IIS is used for more dynamic projects instead of just a few pages.\n\n\n\nhttp://stackoverflow.com/questions/1706228/apache-iis-server-explanation-for-a-newbie\n\n\n\nVocabulary XAMPP : Contains MySQL, PHP, and Perl\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSetting up your mail with all of that would be pretty easy.  If you don't have 3 different servers to use, you can still make your mail server very solid by simply doing 3 VM's on that server.  \n\n \n\nAlso, having secondary MX capabilities is very good to have since it can prevent a large mail backup, which could cause problems when that mail (either it could be deleted or it could cause volume problems when it all comes flooding in at once.)\n\nImpact\n\nhttp://www.opengroup.org/comm/the_message/magazine/mmv5n1/dns.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nIf DNS and the mailserver are not configured correctly, they may work now but not when additional things need to be added.  Avert disaster by having a backup MX server.  \n\n \n\nConfiguring separate hosts for SMTP and POP3 makes going to a lot of users very easy.  If you have the capacity, having the mail, SMTP, and POP3 on separate servers makes things pretty simple.  \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary MX record : A mail exchanger record (MX record) is a type of resource record in the Domain Name System that specifies a mail server responsible for accepting email messages on behalf of a recipient's domain and a preference value used to prioritize mail delivery if multiple mail servers are available. ...\n\n "]
["---",1371,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110106005718/en/Wilocity-Demonstrates-60-GHz-Multi-Gigabit-Wireless-Chipset\n\n                Wilocity has developed a new wireless chipset that enables tri-band networking and peripheral connectivity at up to 5 Gbps.  It is the first 60GHz wireless solution for data communication.  This new chipset is currently on display at the Consumer Electronics Show.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n                This new chipset will provide wireless connectivity more than ten times faster than today’s Wi-Fi.  This will allow users to enjoy whole-home coverage at multi-gigabit speeds, making backup, storage, and streaming of media and other content much more effective and efficient.\n\nVocabulary Tri-band : an electronic device (e.g. a cellphone) that can operate in three frequency bands\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204051904576040182493365422.html?mod=WSJ_article_related\n\n          Intel and AMD are working together to create an integrated processor that combines the functions of a processor and GPU into a single chip.  This speeds up simple processes by reducing the distance data must travel to the distance across a single chip.   Demand for the new chips is high, but post CES reactions will show more accurately the full impact they will have on the market.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe new chip could change the way people build and buy PC’s.  Production and purchase costs will go down when the integrated chip is used.  The new chip can still be used in combination with a traditional separate GPU such as those produced by Nvidia.  Power-users can still benefit from the new chip in combination with an Nvidia GPU.\n\nVocabulary Wi-Di : Technology allowing laptops to transmit wirelessly to a television.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2376130,00.asp\n\nA hacker has used an SQL injection to access a variety of government websites both in the US and abroad, and is selling access to them.  A security firm has discovered the activity, but the hacker has not yet been stopped, and it appears he still has access to such sites as the home pages for the Army, National Guard, and Air Force.  He is also selling personal data at the price of $20 for a batch of 100 names, addresses, and phone numbers.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis shows that internet security is often overlooked even by the government.  Site hosts need to do more to ensure that their information is secure and that a foreign user cannot access their database through SQL.  There isn’t a good excuse for any website, especially sites ran by the government, to allow this kind of relatively simple hacking to break their system.\n\nVocabulary SQL injection : Exploiting vulnerabilities allowing a user to use escape characters and then directly affect the database using SQL\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=203722&\n\n                Egypt has severed its connection to the internet, apparently on purpose.  On a day with high expectations of anti-government rioting, almost all connection to servers in Egypt suddenly cut off.  The ISP hosting Egypt’s stock exchange was still up, but running slowly, after the sudden shutdown.  There has been no confirmation of the cause of the sudden outage, but circumstances and results indicate it was intentional, which is the general consensus until further information is gathered.\n\nImpact\n\nIf other governments follow suit in shutting down internet to quiet unruly citizens, it could have major impacts on world trade and communication.  If multiple countries or a large one that routes a lot of traffic were to do something like this it could have significant detrimental effects to their neighbors and anyone who accesses their servers worldwide.\n\nVocabulary BGP : Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol backing the core routing decisions on the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=204071&site=lr_cable&\n\nCisco has acquired Inlet Technologies Inc.  This move has surprised some, because Cisco was already an investor in Move Networks Inc, which pioneered the ABR technology they were looking for when they purchased Inlet.  Cisco needed ABR for Videoscape, which they hope to market across a variety of platforms, including the iPad.  \n\nThe reason Cisco cited for acquiring Inlet rather than move was that Inlet had a software-based strategy, while Move had their own end-to-end system, which would have required a Move Network client to be present on any devices used to view video using Videoscape.  Inlet’s solution allows for a client but can function without it on certain devices.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAcquiring Inlet appears to have been a good move for Cisco, strengthening their position even further in the data communications industry.  There is, however, only one announced Videoscape customer at this point, so we will have to wait and see if Videoscape itself makes a significant impact on the market.\n\nVocabulary ABR: Adaptive Bitrate : A technique for analyzing a user’s system capacity and connection speed in real time and adjusting the quality of the video stream accordingly.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIPv4 addresses have run out at the highest level.  This means that the organization responsible for handing out the addresses in large batches has run out, but individual ISPs have a supply that they can still use for some time.  The switch to IPv6 will have to be made before these reserves are depleted.  The supply should last into 2012, but plans and transitioning need to start soon to avoid major issues when  it does run out.\n\nIPv6 is far superior to IPv4, the problem with the transition is that most current hardware doesn’t support it.  Implementing the new system will require people to buy new equipment, and companies to provide at least the basic support features now in place for IPv4. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis will have no direct impact on most consumers in the near future.  It may eventually mean that most consumers will have to purchase new modems and routers. Certainly companies will have to switch out much of their equipment and prepare to support the new system.  Some things can be done to lengthen the longevity of IPv4, but these will come at a cost to the companies as well, they will have to prepare themselves, then judge when the time is right to make the switch.\n\nVocabulary Hexadecimal Notation : A positional numeral system with a base of 16. Using sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=204870&site=lr_cable&\n\nDirecTV will soon be piloting a new system for streaming movies to its clients.  Customers with their set-tops connected to a broadband connection will have 10 times more options in films they can stream.  The new system will test the market for movies soon after they have been released in theaters at a premium price, as well as simultaneous release with DVDs.\n\nDirecTV is also working with mobile broadband services through Verizon and AT&T, with the idea of bundling LTE based services, mostly in rural areas.  They have made deals with both of these companies for re-selling the services, but have not yet determined the prices they will charge.\n\nImpact\n\nThese programs could put serious pressure on DirecTV's competitors for the foreseeable future, if they are successful with consumers.\n\nVocabulary LTE : Long Term Evolution, a mobile communication standard for 4G\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.paradisedata.com/news.php\n\nParadise Datacom has released a new satellite modem/router called the PD155i, a 155Mbps IP that offers an extensive range of network management and bandwidth optimization features. Support is offered for both a 4-port Gigabit Ethernet switch and advanced routing and Quality of Service protocols as part of the feature-rich IP functionality.\n\nParadise has also unveiled the next significant milestone in the evolution of the Company's modular, soft-fail redundant ultra-high power Solid State Power Amplifier system , PowerMAX. Measured power levels exceeded 4,000 watts of RF output power in a recent test of a C-band PowerMAX system.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nBandwidth can be allocated in a controlled manner between competing data streams through traffic shaping. This allows data services to be fully provisioned end-to-end rather than being simply ‘best effort,’ including the satellite portion of the link . Large bandwidth reductions are achieved using a range of data compression and acceleration techniques. Satellite bandwidth requirements can be halved using Paired Carrier (incorporating ViaSat’s patented PCMA technology).\n\nVocabulary forward-error-correction : A system of error control for data transmission, whereby the sender adds systematically generated redundant data to its messages.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=205794&site=lr_cable&\n\nA $22.4 billion merger between CenturyLink Inc. and Qwest Communications International Inc. is close to being sealed after the FCC approved the deal, with several conditions intending to boost the adoption and availability of broadband in their combined markets.\n\nThe FCC has inserted a competitive-facing condition that prevents the larger company from increasing enterprise service prices for seven years in a few dozen buildings where Qwest and CenturyLink used to compete.  Once the deal has been finalized, the combined company is preparing to launch a major campaign for low-income consumers in their territories, and offer broadband services starting \"at less than $10 per month\" and a computer for less than $150 to qualifying households.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe combined companies will be closer to creating a much stronger telco competitor for cable operators such as Comcast and Mediacom Communications to contend with. MSOs in existing Qwest territories could eventually face new IPTV competition if CenturyLink gets more aggressive with the technology, as anticipated.  The speed and capacity conditions should put some added pressure on cable's Docsis 3.0s platform as well as the industry's quickening pursuit of business customers.\n\nVocabulary MSO : An MSO (multi system operator) is an operator of multiple cable television systems\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=206100&\n\nAT&T is prepared to divest a sizable portion of T-Mobile USA 's business in order to get its merger approved, according to an analyses of the 78 page (not including schedules and annexes)   agreement between AT&T and Deutsche Telekom AG, T-Mobile's owner. The New York Times' DealBook blog noted Friday that the complexity comes partly from T-Mobile being a privately owned entity.\n\nThe divested portion could be sizable. AT&T appears ready to drop around 40 percent of T-Mobile's subscribership and could potentially go even further if necessary. It appears that AT&T is simply intent on acquiring however much of T-Mobile the regulators allow, and divesting the rest as required\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAT&T will pay according to the percentage of the subscribership they are able to acquire. Divestiture is partly built into the sale price. For any shareholder or spectrum divestments that exceed $3.8 billion, DT would lower the purchase price accordingly. This would all be good news for Sprint Nextel Corp, which would probably bid for the divested part of the business.\n\nVocabulary divestiture : is the reduction of some kind of asset for either financial or ethical objectives or sale of an existing business by a firm.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1287,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/04/your-fastest-internet-in-the-world-is-found-in-berkeley-ca.ars\n\n\n\n\n\nApparently Berkeley, California has the fastest internet connectivity in the world.  This was measured by a Japanese company which measured Berkeley's connection speed at 18.7 Mbps.  Chapel Hill, NC, and Stanford, California came in second and third respectively.\n\n\n\n\n\nBoth the author of the article and the Japanese company suggest the reason for such a high connectivity speed is because each city has a large research university nearby.  This relationship may have skewed the results of the study and may not mean the actual town has a faster connectivity speed.\n\nImpact\n\nMy interest in the article is from an academic standpoint.  Can we remove the skew effect of the universities' connection speeds.  This would produce a more reliable outcome.  This is a great example of the data not showing what the researchers wanted to study.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat would be even more interesting will be the effect of Google's promise to provide the Stanford area with Gigabit connection speeds.\n\nVocabulary Mbps : Megabits per second (not to be confused with Megabytes per second. The difference is a factor of 8. 8 megabits = 1 megabyte.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGoogle's dropping H.264 from Chrome a step backward for openness\n\nBy Peter Bright\n\nGoogle has chosen to discontinue support of the H.264 codec in future versions of Chrome.  THe company cites the need to support only open codecs such as WebM and Theora.  Mr. Bright suggests the explanation is lacking because H.264 is a very open and widely used codec.  However, he does mention that H.264 is not royalty-free.  Thus there is a cost associated with supporting the codec--the company must obtain licenses to use the patents behind the codec.  He continues to cite that this claim of \"not open\" does not make sense as Google consistently works with Adobe--a highly proprietary company to ensure Flash works well within it's softwares.  He concldues the article with it's impact on internet and browsers as a whole.\n\nImpact\n\nThis choice hurts the \"open web\" paradigm.  This hurts both the use of the codec that is inherently very open as well as reducing the capabilities of a browser that is still not near the top of the market.  \n\n\n\n\n\nVideo distributors that wanted to support Flash and HTML-5 now have to encode video twice--raising the cost of the storage significantly.  Google's choice may make the encoders choose between formats, which may end up hurting the adoption of HTML-5 protocols and the use of the <video> tag.\n\nVocabulary codec : Either hardware or software that encodes and/or decodes digital information. It's a shorted version of \"compressor-decompressor\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nwired.com reports that Net Neutrality Lawsuits filed by Verizon and MetroPCS were filed too early.  The government threw out the lawsuits because the companies filed suit prior to the publishing of the laws in the Federal Register.\n\n\n\n\n\nThus the government choose not to respond to the laws based on poor procedure, rather than on the content of the arguments.\n\n\n\n\n\nAfter explaining the legal backing for the governments decision, wired.com  says the legal warfare is nowhere near over.  Companies will continue to file suit against the laws. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/01/not-so-fast-fcc-says-net-neutrality-lawsuits-filed-too-soon/comment-page-1/\n\nImpact\n\nBecause the article focuses more on the legal aspect of the suits, rather than on net neutrality itself, the impact is more legal and procedural than anything else.  Verizon feels that not dealing with this immediately is damaging both to the company and to internet and mobile users as a community.  Verizon's stance is that the sooner the cases are heard, the sooner \"justice\" can be obtained and net neutrality rescinded.\n\nVocabulary network neutrality : the priniciple suggesting that anyone who pays to use a network ought to have the same right of access as anyone who pays the same amount (equal bandwidth, etc). Proponents of the principle feel net neutrality brings fairness; opponents feel neutrality will lead to a tiered model of access that will cause greater disparity among network users.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn the wake of Egypt's disconnection from the internet--itself a massive communication topic, China has blocked many forms of search responses for the word 'Egypt.'\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is true for twitter-like microblogs and for web searches.  Web searches show a notice to those who search 'Egypt' or for news about Egyptian protests saying 'According to relevant laws, regulations and policies, the search results are not shown'\n\n\n\n\n\nTHe article cites the WSJ and says China is also deleting independent comments and interpretations on the topic to limit the amount of 'damage' that occurs within the country's borders.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Latest-News-Wires/2011/0131/China-censors-coverage-of-Egypt-protests-on-the-web\n\nImpact\n\nThis apparent censoring of knowledge may bring several consequences.  First, people in China who can spoof IP addresses will know what is going on both sides, although I'm sure most Chinese could read articles like this one and discover that their government is essentially doing what Egypt has done.\n\n\n\n\n\nCensoring the people's access to information can only be damaging in the long run.  The article suggests the thousands of protesters in Egypt that are being fire-hosed is reminiscent of the protesters at Tiananmen Square in China.  Although this may be taking things a little far right now, to a chinese seeing it, this may be accurate.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs more and more people learn about civil rights, more and more people will desire them.  I don't imagine the strict governmental control of China can remain the same for too many more years.\n\nVocabulary Sina : A chinese news site with micro-blogging services. Among the news services being censored by the Chinese government \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nBecause I haven't remembered the saturday reading for the last two weeks, I'm doing the IPv6 article assigned two weeks ago.  (I recommend making these due on a Friday or a Monday.)\n\n\n\n\n\nRecently the last IPv4 addresses were \"handed out.\"  THis means the world must brace for the change to IPv6, a format introduced in 1999 that has 2^128 addresses as opposed to the 2^32 addresses of IPv4.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe articles discusses the implications of these changes and the effect it will have on consumers (addressed next).  It also discusses why currently available IPv4 spaces won't work (reserved for multicasting, etc.)  There shouldn't be any Y2K style shutdowns, although it might cause more issues than Y2K did, and certainly more hardware purchases.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact on those who serve the internet will be greatest IPv4 servers often have no way to deal with IPv6 addresses.  THus these machines will have to be replaced eventually, although there will likely be address translation for these machines to ensure they continue to work for a while.\n\n\n\n\n\nConsumer \"routers,\" or port address translators will become unnecessary because there will be more internet address than sands of the sea, so everyone can have their own without fear of losing space.  This will speed internet connections and allow faster access of data.\n\n\n\n\n\nOn the industry side of things, Comcast hasn't begun to think about how to ensure that its customers have IPv6-enabled modems.  So the replacements will likely be costly to ISPs and that cost will likely be passed to consumers.\n\nVocabulary Internet Engineering Task Force : Organization that sets internet standards and protocols, working closely with W3C and focuses on TCP/IP standards and ensuring they are robust and common across all internet users. All contributors are volunteers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn a breach of French government security, hackers spear-phished into the Ministry of economic db and compromised more than 150 documents relating tothe G-20.  To the benefit of the French people no tax documents were compromised.  To initiate the attack, hackers sent emails to  ministry officials containing trojans.  THe trojans spread throughout the ministry network.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe trojans were not indiscriminate in their focus.  The malware were focused to compromise particular ministry officials.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nInvestigators remain unsure as to who performed the attack, but some leads point to chinese servers.  They are sure, however, that the attack was professionally organized and not just a \"3 computers in a garage\" job.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/03/hackers-spear-phish-infiltrate-french-ministry-of-finances.ars?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=rss\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this could have been enormous if not caught.  Ministry officials compromised and records altered could really mess things up.  The difficulty of this type of attack is guarding against it.  Mass phishing attacks are more easily protected against.\n\n\n\n\n\nTypical anti-virus software is mostly useless against spear-phishing because the software does not have any known malware signatures to compare the spear-attack against.\n\nVocabulary spear-phishing : phishing attack created for a specific purpose, not just to indiscriminately compromise information\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nA federal judge ruled that Sony can see the IP addresses of all the users who accessed the site containing a PS3 hack starting in January 2009 until now.  The judge also allowed the subpoenas of identities of all those who watched the YouTube video about hacking the machine.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe hacker published the hack to allows others to operate other OSes on the PS3 after Sony disconinued that feature.  Sony claims it wants the information about the users in order to try the hacker in San Francisco, rather than in New Jersey, where the hacker lives.  Apparently most of those who accessed the site live in California.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://voices.washingtonpost.com/fasterforward/2011/03/judge_says_sony_can_see_visito.html?wprss=fasterforward\n\nImpact\n\nAlthough Sony is trying to protect the product it makes, I feel this is a massive invasion of individual privacy.  I feel Sony is right to prosecute the hacker, but not those who used th hacks.  And finding out who they were is beyond thescope of expectation of privacy.  If a user wants to alter an item, he/she shoudl be able to without the product creator getting involved.\n\n\n\n\n\nAs for where the hacker is tried, it shouldn't really matter.  A jury of peers in NJ shouldn't be any different from one in SF.  Unless SF is much harder on cyber-criminals and Sony wants more than justice.  This is just a power move by Sony to try to discourage free R&D for themselves.  It's completely imbicilic.\n\nVocabulary subpoena : the process of requiring information. IN this case it requires the information of all those who searched in google, youtube, and twitter for the hack.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat happens when I navigate to a url?\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst I enter the url, then the browsers looks for the IP address of the domain name starting with\n\nbrowser cache\n\nOperating system cache\n\nrouter cache\n\nISP DNS cache\n\nroot name server\n\ntop-level domain servers\n\nA few things speed the search\n\n\n\n\n\nmultiple ip addresses answer for one domain name (round robin dns\n\ngeographic dns where a specific geographical area is searched in for an ip address\n\nThe browser then sends a \"get\" request to the web server where the browser ids itself and has all cookies associated with the domain\n\n\n\n\n\nThe web server responds with a permanent redirect\n\n\n\n\n\nThe browser follows the redirect\n\n\n\n\n\nThe server directs teh request via a handler and sends back an HTML response\n\n\n\n\n\nThe browser renders the HTML and then sends requests for object in the HTML code (ads, photos, css, js, etc)\n\n\n\n\n\nPotentially AJAX information is sent during a session\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article simply lays out the interactions the browser has with web servers and DNS to find a particular web site.  Knowing this information and having it displayed succinctly and visually helps the reader better appreciate the complexity of the web experience.\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditionally, the reader is better able to diagnose problems with HTML requests made within a browser and is better able to fix them (or know if they are fixable).\n\nVocabulary CDN : content delivery network--allows faster delivery of static content. Often a third party company contracted with by the site provider. This allows the site to service more people and shunt bandwidth hogging static stuff elsewhere.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1365,"Article Summary\n\nOracle is planning to start a road show specifically about cloud computing around many different cities. Experts in the field will share practices to aid companies to build and develop better IT systems.\n\n\n\nMany feel that Oracle will use this opportunity to feature its new Exlogic application that they mentioned in a similar roadshow last year.  Those who will attend also feel that they will learn more about fusion applications which will be available on both the public and the private clouds\n\n\n\nOracle has positioned most of its technology as a uniformed stack in order to better make private clouds which separates from its competitors public platforms.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is showing a increase of cloud computing in an enterprise setting.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Cloud computing : Internet-based computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand, as with the electricity grid.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/654968/Oracle_Issuing_66_Patches\n\n\n\nOracle is planning to release 66 patches for various products, some of which are even considered to be very serious vulnerabilities according to the Common Vulnerability Scoring System.  Some of the patches are even going to be for vulnerabilities in a oracle database; even fixing a bug where authentication can be achieved without any credentials needed.\n\n\n\nOracle also plans for more patches to be released in February.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article shows the need to keep fixing programs for new ideas and attacks that are created in the field of data communications.\n\n\n\nVocabulary patch : A patch is a piece of software designed to fix problems with, or update a computer program or its supporting data. This includes fixing security vulnerabilities and other bugs, and improving the usability or performance.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011911-yahoo-ipv6.html\n\n\n\n\n\nYahoo is making efforts to change their website protocol from ipv4 to ipv6 and they are estimating that around .05% of the 2 billion internet users will be effected with either general internet slowness or they may be locked out of their webpage.  This will total about 1 million people world wide.\n\n\n\n\n\nAll of this is for an effort to change to ipv6 to ensure a sufficient number of ip addresses will exist for the ever growing internet population and yahoo hopes to have things ready for the shift by the end of this year.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article shows that the web is going to be changing to make room for the new ipv6 which will allow more ip address to exist.  It also shows the need for people to ensure their networks are configured correctly and also to make sure their firewall settings are correct to that they can easily transition into the new protocol. \n\nVocabulary dual-stack mode : Term used to describe websites that support both IPv4 and IPv6\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012811-nfc-what-you-need-to.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThere is a new technology being utilized in several parts of Asia called near field technology.  The premises behind it is that it can be used to create a very small wireless network of up to about 4 centimeters.  This technology may be used in smart phones and other devices for easy transfer of data between devices.\n\n\n\n\n\nFor the technology to work there needs to be a NFC radio chip that acts as both a broadcaster and a receiver.  Apple and Google show great interest in bringing this technology to the US soon   \n\nImpact\n\nThis article shows a new innovation in data communications to rapidly transfer data wireless on a short range via these radio chips.  This will improve time of data and document transfer and will no doubt make a debut in the workplace\n\nVocabulary NFC : Near Field Communication\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=32444\n\nThis week the last of the IPv4 addresses will finally be allocated with will end the pool and force the switch over to IPv6 addresses.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis means that ISPs will need to have to better allocate the IP addresses among the customers until there are more addresses under IPv6.  \n\n\n\n\n\nany prominent companies will participate in World IPv6 Day on June 8th, 2011\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nPeople are viewing this a an evolution point in the history of the internet and are excited to see how people are going to cope and handle the switch over so that people can still use the growing demand for internet usage worldwide.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article was references the fact that the last of the IPv4 addresses are now being used up and the world is looking for the switch over to IPv6 with great anticipation.  There were about 4 billion address previously in existence which is quite a bit, however it has all been used up.  The solution which has existed is moving everything onto a new protocol.\n\n\n\n\n\nProblems arise with the new protocol in that there are problems with switching over all the IPS and all the servers and all the other devices over to IPv6 so no clean transition will be made.  The solution being looked at will be to dual run the two protocols but even that will take a number of years to accomplish.\n\n\n\n\n\nFor the short term, there may be a few internet hiccups but the internet is in no way in peril.  Things should still run about as smoothly as they have in the past.  \n\nImpact\n\nUnder the new protocol we won't be as confined and in theory we will not ever need more IP addresses, that might not be the case but only time will tell.  This however does show a moving trend as no longer do we have the need for port address translation for use on the internet, and also, it will support the use of multicasting.  As a result, many of the devices we once had will no longer be needed.\n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers. A non profit group who's duty was to assign and maintain the world supply of IP addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cbc.ca/mt_ept/stories/2011/02/19/no-government-immune-to-hackers-expert.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about how governments tend to spend large amounts of money on antivirus software, intrusion prevention, and intrusion detection programs and are still hacked.  This is because having a safe network generally isn't about the amount of money but the smarts of the people penetrating the system.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThis is startling as countries like China have been accused lately attack and hacking into other governments networks to see highly classified information.\n\nImpact\n\nIn the world of network security the good guys and the bad guys are just as smart as each other.  It is a race between learning the weaknesses and learning how to exploit them before they are solutions.  It shows that even more research is needed in this field to protect us from the future.\n\nVocabulary intrusion detection systems : A system used by a network to detect when unwanted or unwelcome data is being transfered. It is used to note when someone has infiltrated the system\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/tablets-fun-vs-function.php?type=article\n\n\n\n\n\nThe top three companies in the world currently who are making PC alternatives are Dell, Apple and HP.  The big push for all three of these companies have been in the making of tablet computers.  Professional pros are viewing these tables are a strong innovation and comment on their function and versatility in the business place.  Companies are still hesitant to hand out tablet computers to all their employees, however we could see a shift of that in the future.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is that of a movement in the tech world away from a traditional computer and a possible replacement for netbooks or even laptops in the work place simply simply due to the fact that they are easy to use and can be used in many areas in the tech field.  The will probably because a number one source of technology in the IT field in a few years.\n\nVocabulary Tablets : A type of computer that indicate a range of touchscreen-based devices similar to slate Tablet PCs \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/interviews/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229300023\n\n\n\n\n\nBMW is now decided to invest $100 million dollars in mobile apps.  They feel this move on their part is quite bold, but they feel that it is the wave of the future and the investment will more than pay for itself.  Part of this investment is with a company that tells traffic for a given area.\n\nImpact\n\nThis once again shows the importance of mobile apps in the work force.  From this we may see things such as cars telling us the best routes to take due to traffic.  The speed limits in certain areas.  Perfect diagnostic tests on our cars and other such innovations.  This is also only comming from the automobile industry.\n\nVocabulary Mobile App : Mobile software is designed to run on handheld computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), enterprise digital assistants (EDAs), smartphones and cellphones\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4213973/Supercomputers-meld-with-high-end-servers\n\n\n\n\n\nCompanies such as HP and IBM have begun work on melding super computers with high-end servers.  This work has already been seen in such events just as IBMs Watson who was able to defeat the Jeopardy champions.  This trivia show champion was actually just a combination of commercially available servers stung together into a cluster computer or a super computer as some are referring it to.\n\n\n\n\n\nThese companies are experimenting combining simple servers and cards in an internetwork.  The results have been staggering.  So much so that HP is even planning on expanding its control in the Supercomputing market through this discovery.\n\nImpact\n\nThis is going to make supercomputers more accessible and affordable to companies.  This will also raise the bar as to the definition of what a super computer is.  From this we will see a push for even faster and more powerful computers from these big server companies.  \n\nVocabulary Cluster Computing : clustering is the use of multiple computers to form what appears to users as a single highly available system.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.com/blog/mobile-news/mobile-connectivity-and-platform-independence/1608\n\n\n\n\n\nThe author talks in this article about being able to become independent of all platforms and has been for some time.  This is because he has managed to put all of his work on the cloud which allows him to access it with many new devices.  This new concept is allowing him to reach a new level of productivity as he no longer has to worry about which device he brings with him as he can access it with anything he chooses.\n\n\n\n\n\nHe also says that it may not yet be possible for everyone to move over to a platformless workplace, but he feels that many who can have not yet made the switch over and that they should shortly do so as he feels that is where the future of business and computing is going to be.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is that there is a new paradigm shift in the business world to the cloud computing.  This is removing many barriers on what devices and platforms people had to use.  With the use of tablet computers and smart phones, people can work on whatever device and platform they choose to increase their productivity.\n\nVocabulary cloud computing : Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like electricity.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Oracles-Suncom-Hit-Along-with-MySQLCom-in-SQL-Injection-Attack-727118/\n\n\n\n\n\nThe other week the databases of Oracle's Sun.com and also MySQL were hit when attackers used of all things a SQL injection to expose their databases.  The results were that their databases were exposed and the database user names and emails were taken.  Although it is not clear if both attacks were generated by the same weakness in the sites, both are the result of the websites being poorly recorded.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe author writes that this shows that even big companies and tech oriented companies need to check their site and database security to protect themselves.  This ironic attack shows that no one should consider themselves safe.\n\n\n\n\n\nOracle says that they don't plan on fixing sun.com as they are planning on moving from that domain and will fix it when they move to their new site.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article shows the importance of regularly checking the security of every company.  As both of these companies are big in the tech world, many considered them to be safe.  This attack will likely spur all companies to check and double check their security so as not to become the laughing stock of the world and also protect the data in their company.  These attacks are common and are fairly easy to protect agienst\n\nVocabulary SQL injection : Using SQL code in such a way that it conflicts with the sites code causing damage or exposing the database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1346,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nIT in 2011: Four Trends that Will Change Priorities\n\nThis article was a top story on cio.com. It is by Shane O'Neill.  It is about changes to anticipate in corporate technology in our post recession IT world.  The IT world is going to have to do more with less.  This is because the future holds a greater need for bandwidth, but we're left with the remain of the recession.  Some things that will need this bandwidth are  video conferences, VoIP and distribution networks.  Wireless advance need to be made.  Mobile business apps are no longer a luxury.  They are crucial.\n\nThe future is also going to require the move to the cloud.  This article warns it needs to be done ever so carefully.  Expect snags.  Also, the recession caused many companies to hold back on nonessential upgrades, mainly Windows 7.  Have a plan to avoid crippling data loss and delays.  In 2009 only 7 percent of companies adopted Windows 7.  That went up to 46 percent in 2010.  The future holds a lot of change, that need to happen, but with a smooth transition.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is very relevant to our changing data communication world.  It goes through the major anticipated areas of change. Though it really doesn't give specific solutions, it points what need to happen.  The how, I guess, is up to us and that is where the money will be made.\n\nVocabulary cloud computing : Internet-based computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read \"Yahoo IPv6 upgrade could shut out 1 million Internet users\" by Carolyn Duffy Marsano on Network World.\n\n\n\n\n\nYahoo.com is moving ahead with IPv6 on its main web site by year-end despite worries that up to 1 million Internet users may be unable to access it initially.   The industry estimates that .05% of Internet users will be unable to access web sites that support both IPv6 and the current standard, IPv4.  \n\n\n\n\n\nExperts are saying some internet users will experience slowdowns  connecting to IPv6 enabled web sites because they have misconfigured network equipment. The will happen primarily in home networks. Corporate users also could experience IPv6 problems due to faulty firewall settings.  \"Web sites that support IPv6 and IPv4 simultaneously in what's called dual-stack mode will appear to be suffering from an outage.\"  From the point of view of the user the web site that go \"dual-stack\" is going to appear broken while other web sites will appear to work.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Concern about IPv6 brokenness is one of the reasons that Yahoo has agreed to participate in the Internet Society's World IPv6 Day along with Facebook and Google. Scheduled for June 8, World IPv6 Day is a 24-hour trial of IPv6 connectivity that will allow participating Web sites to gauge the true level of IPv6 brokenness.\"\n\nImpact\n\nThis articles impact is pretty clear.  If a major site like Yahoo moves to IPv6 solely then 1 out of 2000 users (0.05%) will have problems accessing that site.  Imagine if sites like Google or Facebook did that.  That is a lot of users that would face problems.  At the same time though it needs to happen.\n\n\n\n\n\nWe really can't wait for this to just happen.  Someone has to be the pioneer so to speak, but it is going to effect a lot of users of the internet world wide.  The frustrating thing about it though is that it may come across a traffic slowness.  I will be interesting to see how it all pans out, but it definitely is unavoidable and in the near future.\n\nVocabulary dual-stack : An environments that hosts support both IPv4 and IPv6\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read \"IPv4 addresses: Going, going, gone\" on networkworld.com by Carolyn Duffy Marsan.  Internet policymakers will announce depletion of IPv4 addresses next week.  They've been warning about it for years.  The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and the Number Resource Organization are preparing an announcement for Thursday. They have handed out all of the remaining IPv4 addresses to the Regional Internet Registries.  Network operators that don't move fast to support IPv6 on their Web sites and services will be forced to use expensive translation mechanisms between IPv4 and IPv6.  \n\n\n\n\n\n\"It won't be long before organizations that require larger contiguous blocks of address space will only be able to receive them in IPv6,\" John Curran says (he's the president and CEO of ARIN).  IPv4  can support about 4.3 billion devices connected to the Internet.  Network operators shouldn't panic.  The Internet will continue to operate as usual with little short-term impact.\n\nImpact\n\nThis is important and really relavant to data communication and what we're learning in class. The Internet engineering community has warned network operators for a decade that the day would come when IPv4 addresses would run out.  They prepared an upgrade called IPv6 that features a 128-bit addressing scheme and can support way more devices.   \n\n\n\n\n\nOrganizations without IPv6 deployment plans are behind schedule and putting their ability to grow their Internet-based businesses at risk. It won't be a cheap upgrade if people wait until there's a problem.\n\nVocabulary IPv4 : Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/six-ways-to-fail-in-the-cloud.php?type=article  \n\n\n\n\n\nI read \"Six Ways To Fail In The Cloud\" by Mike Healey.  There is a 67 percent increase in the number of companies using cloud services from 2010 to 2011.  The six major areas not to avoid with the cloud are: \n\n\n\n\n\n1. integration \n\n2. security \n\n3. connectivity \n\n4. monitoring \n\n5. continuity planning  \n\n6. long-term staffing \n\n\n\n\n\nThese areas are important. \"Only 29 percent of companies using or planning to use the cloud have evaluated its impact on their architectures.\"  \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is incredibly relevant.  Every thing is moving toward the cloud and these 6 areas are major areas of focus if a company wants to be successful.  Integration services have become clouds themselves.  Not only security is important, but compliance.  Those rules really aren't even established yet.  The price of hopping on board now with the cloud could be expensive later.  \n\n\n\n\n\nIt is crucial to watch your network data flows and have established performance levels for every application before integrating a cloud.  A separate cloud or system should be activated in the event of a major failure. \n\nVocabulary cloud : Cloud computing is location-independent computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand, as with the electricity grid. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/datbus/article.php/3923046/Cloud-Computing-10-Data-Items-To-Hold-Back.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nI read \"Cloud Computing: 10 Data Items To Hold Back\" by Kenneth Hess on Datamation.com.  He starts out by saying, \"The hype about cloud computing is deafening, yet plenty of data storage should stay very much in-house.\"  He then goes on to list ten things he believes should not be deployed to a cloud because of the potential security threats.  The 10 things he lists are:\n\n\n\n\n\n1. Databases\n\n2. Email\n\n3. Monitoring and Performance\n\n4. Customer Relationship Tools\n\n5. Ticketing Systems\n\n6. System Administration Applications\n\n7. Customer Processing\n\n8. Marketing Applications\n\n9. Business Intelligence\n\n10. Deployment Services\n\n\n\n\n\nHe went on to say \"You should never deploy any of these 10 workloads to the public cloud unless you're willing to absorb the legal and financial impacts of their impending decimation.\"  He then went on to explain how each of them could be a security risk.  A database isn't insecure normally but the way you can access it can be, and keeping them in a cloud, he says, can increase the access insecurity.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is very applicable because the world is moving toward the cloud.  I don't know if I'm as extreme as this guy.  Email protocols are inherently insecure, but it's more secure using secure protocols and signed certificates.  It's best to keep your monitoring and performance data secreted behind your own firewall.  As long as your system's database is inside your network, getting past your firewall and other security measures may prove too difficult for would-be attackers.  \n\n\n\n\n\nCredit card information should be securely processed and destroyed when the session is complete. New system deployment services, such as Windows Deployment Services (WDS), require a very high level of security and shouldn't be cloud-deployed.  Competitive pricing and convenience rival anything you can put together yourself, and you can place your security concerns on the shoulders of your provider.\n\nVocabulary Cloud : Cloud computing describes computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012811-ipv4-internet-policymakers.html\n\n\n\n\n\nInternet policymakers have announced depletion of IPv4 addresses.  Carriers can only get another IPv4 address if it's to support the transition to the new IPv6.  They've been warning about it for years.  The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and the Number Resource Organization are preparing an announcement. \n\n\n\n\n\nThey have handed out all of the remaining IPv4 addresses to the Regional Internet Registries.  Network operators that don't move fast to support IPv6 on their Web sites and services will be forced to use expensive translation mechanisms between IPv4 and IPv6.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n\"It won't be long before organizations that require larger contiguous blocks of address space will only be able to receive them in IPv6,\" John Curran says (he's the president and CEO of ARIN).  IPv4  can support about 4.3 billion devices connected to the Internet.  Network operators shouldn't panic.  The Internet will continue to operate as usual with little short-term impact.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is important and really relevant to data communication and what we're learning in class. The Internet engineering community has warned network operators for a decade that the day would come when IPv4 addresses would run out.  They prepared an upgrade called IPv6 that features a 128-bit addressing scheme and can support way more devices.   \n\nVocabulary IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet operates by transferring data in small packets that are independently routed across networks as specified by an international communications protocol known as the Internet Protocol. Each data packet contains two numeric addresses that are the packet's origin and destination devices. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/651497/IT_in_2011_Four_Trends_that_Will_Change_Priorities  \n\n\n\nThis article is about changes to anticipate in corporate technology in our post recession IT world.  The IT world is going to have to do more with less.  This is because the future holds a greater need for bandwidth, but we're left with the remain of the recession.  Some things that will need this bandwidth are  video conferences, VoIP and distribution networks.  Wireless advance need to be made.  Mobile business apps are no longer a luxury.  They are crucial. \n\n\n\nThe future is also going to require the move to the cloud.  This article warns it needs to be done ever so carefully.  Expect snags.  Also, the recession caused many companies to hold back on nonessential upgrades, mainly Windows 7.  Have a plan to avoid crippling data loss and delays.  In 2009 only 7 percent of companies adopted Windows 7.  That went up to 46 percent in 2010.  The future holds a lot of change, that need to happen, but with a smooth transition.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is very relevant to our changing data communication world.  It goes through the major anticipated areas of change. Though it really doesn't give specific solutions, it points what need to happen.  The how, I guess, is up to us and that is where the money will be made.  \n\n\n\nWe need to have a plan to avoid crippling data loss and delays. We need to companies adopted Windows 7.  The future holds a lot of change that need to happen. We need to do it with a smooth transition.\n\nVocabulary cloud : Internet-based computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/datbus/article.php/3923046/Cloud-Computing-10-Data-Items-To-Hold-Back.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nI read Cloud Computing: 10 Data Items To Hold Back by Kenneth Hess on Datamation.com.  He starts out by saying, \"The hype about cloud computing is deafening, yet plenty of data storage should stay very much in-house.\"  He then goes on to list ten things he believes should not be deployed to a cloud because of the potential security threats.  The 10 things he lists are Databases, Email, Monitoring and Performance, Customer \n\nRelationship Tools, Ticketing Systems, System Administration Applications, \n\nCustomer Processing, Marketing Applications, Business Intelligence, and Deployment Services.\n\n\n\n\n\nHe went on to say \"You should never deploy any of these 10 workloads to the public cloud unless you're willing to absorb the legal and financial impacts of their impending decimation.\"  He then went on to explain how each of them could be a security risk.  A database isn't insecure normally but the way you can access it can be, and keeping them in a cloud, he says, can increase the access insecurity.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is very applicable because the world is moving toward the cloud.  I don't know if I'm as extreme as this guy.  Email protocols are inherently insecure, but it's more secure using secure protocols and signed certificates.  It's best to keep your monitoring and performance data secreted behind your own firewall.  As long as your system's database is inside your network, getting past your firewall and other security measures may prove too difficult for would-be attackers.  \n\n\n\n\n\nCredit card information should be securely processed and destroyed when the session is complete. New system deployment services, such as Windows Deployment Services (WDS), require a very high level of security and shouldn't be cloud-deployed.  Competitive pricing and convenience rival anything you can put together yourself, and you can place your security concerns on the shoulders of your provider.\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Cloud : Cloud computing describes computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1375,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article “Objective Comparison on Prominent (D)DoS Solutions” on the website InfosecIsland.com. It discussed the various methods of performing a denial of service attack as well as several tools and techniques for protecting against it. I’m familiar with the differences between DoS and DDoS as well as SYN floods, but I’ve never heard about the available defenses. The ones discussed in the article are various software programs that attempt to identify the offending packets and drop them.\n\nOne way to detect malicious packets is to perform deep-packet inspection, which will easily identify all malformed packets. Other methods involve attempting to identify IP address or sources that generate an unrealistic amount of traffic.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEventually, I will be working as a manager within an IT department, and it will be necessary to understand the security risks and solutions. This article helps me understand the nature of the defenses as well as some of the vendors who supply solutions.\n\nVocabulary Blackhole : To blackhole means to drop packets without notifying the sender that packets were rejected. This can be useful in dropping unwanted traffic without telling the sender the information was not processed. Individuals who carry out DoS attacks will not know that the packets are dropped and will continue to send packets that are easily avoided.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article entitled “Estonia, looking for a few good hackers” on the RedHerring site at http://www.redherring.com/Home/26478. It says that in 2007, the Estonian government’s network was taken down in an organized attack from Russia. In response, the Estonian government formed a paramilitary group of volunteer-security specialists, in order to combat against the threat. Currently, this is the largest governmental group specifically for cyber security. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIts important to note that Estonia’s cyber response group is larger than the United States government. The article mentions that the U.S. has many IT security specialists, but they work in the private sector. I interpret this as vulnerability. The United States needs to step up its employment of security professionals to prevent against these attacks, especially now that cyber terrorism is becoming more prominent.\n\nVocabulary Cyberwar : This is a loose term used by the media that doesn’t have an exact definition. However, it does describe the kind of world environment we live in. Cyber terrorism can be considered a type of war, especially when one looks at Wikileaks and the Iranian nuclear facility.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article “Web Security Services Put to the Test” on the site Network Computing (http://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/web-security-services-put-to-the-test.php) analyzes five different companies that offer Security as a Service. Basically, these firms outsource security to these SaaS companies, and then the client firm routes all of their web traffic through one of the security vendors proxy server. These security companies can provide internet protection via the internet without the need of installing on site equipment or personnel. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nCompanies can achieve effective internet protection without the need of onsite devices or employees. This can help companies save money, while still protecting their data.\n\nVocabulary Security as a Service (SaaS) : – a third party vendor that offers security services through the cloud instead of on site.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAccording to “Anatomy of an Internet blackout” on Network World (http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012811-internet-blackout-egypt.html?page=2), Egypt has almost completely cut off Egypt’s connection to the internet. A few days ago there were 2,903 separate networks based in Egypt, now there are 50. It is most likely that these few networks are for governmental or military use.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis has a huge impact because it shows how a modern government has the power to sever a nation’s communication to the outside word. If Egypt has the power and will to do it, how many other nations will too? It is also important because the government can selectively pick which networks to block and which to provide service\n\n\n\nVocabulary BGP : The protocol that the internet’s backbone routers use to advertise available routes.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article “How 802.11n Will Revolutionize Connectivity,” on the eMagazine Network Computing (http://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/how-80211n-will-revolutionize-connectivity.php?p=1) discusses the business impacts of the upcoming 802.11m wireless standard. The acticle claims this standard will be able to support a much higher throughput than older standards, up to 300Mbs, 450Mbs, and maybe even as high as 600Mbs. \n\nThe article does present some concerns. The foremost is cost. 802.11n equipment is much more expensive. Wireless in general also raises other concerns, and a greater dependency on it may cause problems. The article cites a survey it performed and states that about 50% of CIOs interviewed were worried about wireless’s speed, reliability, security, and consistency.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis new standard has a huge impact for everyone.  In theory it means greater speeds and reliability for end users. However, it will probably take quite some time before 802.11n will actually be common place. Wired networks will always be the dominant in the corporate world, but with an increase in bandwidth like this one, it can only become more prevalent.\n\nVocabulary 802.11n : A new standard of wireless, above 802.11b and 802.11g that may support up to 600Mbs\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe ComputerWorld article “China cleans up spam problem” (http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9211658/China_cleans_up_spam_problem?taxonomyId=167&pageNumber=2) reports that the total amount of spam being produced in China has gone down in the past several years. Each year the RSA publishes a list of the top spam producing countries, and China has slipped from the top 10 down to the number 20 slot. Most of this is attributed to China’s anti-spam initiative that started in 2006. Since then, China has made it more difficult to register domain names and has limited access to email services. Although a lot of the actual anti-spam techniques are unknown, many people believe that the change has been due to increased censorship rather than better regulation.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is important because we all have to deal with computer crime. China is stepping up its computer security and that does have positive benefits for internet users worldwide. However, many of the computer criminals have simply moved their operations from China to Russia. It is good to see countries attempting to control these threats. If only Russia would follow suite.\n\nVocabulary Spamhaus : Spamhaus is an organization devoted to stopping internet spam. It provides lists of known spam sources and other services.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article “Not-so-great firewall of Libya is switched on” by Network World (http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/030411-not-so-great-firewall-of-libya-is.html?hpg1=bn) explains how Libyan president Gadhafi  disconnected his country to the internet. Relatively speaking, Lybia has few internet users and a single ISP that provides internet connectivity. The ISP used the Border Gateway Protocol to tell Lybian routers to disconnect themselves from the internet thereby blocking all traffic. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is the 21st method of censuring freedom of speech. The right has always been important, but the since the Libyan internet connection is much more centralized, it makes it easy for the government to control. In the past it was a bit more complicated. Printing presses were distributed and discrete, but the internet  requires much more visibility in order to operate and the fact that such an important means of communication can be easily controlled by the government has huge consequences. \n\nVocabulary BGP : BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is the protocol internet backbone routers use to communicate with each other and negotiate routing information \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Network World article “Cisco’s ‘Jawbreaker’ seen as a response to competitive pressure’ (http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031011-cisco-jawbreaker.html?hpg1=bn) attempts to analyze Cisco’s new Nexus 3000 switch. Cisco has been losing financial center market share to Arista and Juniper. Both of these companies have announced products that intend to create a ‘flat network’ using fabric networking. Cisco ‘s new Nexus switch is an attempt to also create a flat network.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is important because it means Cisco feels threatened. Cisco has had a near monopoly on data center devices, but now other companies may displace Cisco in some data centers. Cisco’s new Nexus switch shows the company feels it is vulnerable in this market and is trying to catch up.\n\nVocabulary Flat network : A network that uses either a one-tier or two-tier network model, eliminating the need of level three devices such as routers. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article \"RSA SecurID Customers Fear Fallout From Targeted Attack On Security Firm\" on Information Week (http://www.informationweek.com/news/security/attacks/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229301301) states that the RSA recently announced a security breach. The RSA is one of the world's leading security firms and one of its most important products is the SecureID token. A device that generates a onetime use code used to enforce two-factor authentication. While the RSA did not announce the nature of the breach, it is widely speculated that someone gained access to the companies seed database. With these seed values, an attacker could predict values that the token would generate.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEven if an attacker had the seed values for a specific device, he still needs to associate the SecureID token with a particular username and then get the users password. While this seed isn't enough to compromise an account, it is a cause for alarm. This is another tool that attackers can use to gain access, and it is possible that the attacker can distribute these seed values to many other individuals. Currently, there are around 290 million SecureID tokens in use, and it can become very costly to replace all of them. The bottom line is that companies and users need to be more careful about how they secure their passwords because one of the safe guards has been compromised.\n\nVocabulary Seed : A value that computer programs use to generate a \"random\" series of numbers. While each new number in the sequence will be random, the sequence will be identical if the program begins the to generate numbers from the same seed again. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article “Microsoft Scheme Sniffs Out Unused Wireless Spectrum” on CIO.com (http://www.cio.com/article/678231/Microsoft_Scheme_Sniffs_Out_Unused_Wireless_Spectrum?source=rss_news) discuses Microsoft’s new wireless analyzer. Radio frequencies are licensed to specific organizations whether they are used or not. These idle but licensed frequencies are referred to as white space and can be legally used in the United States. Microsoft has developed a new device call SpecNet that scans the various radio frequencies and determines which are available for use. This enables crowded wireless devices to switch over to more efficient channels.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIf the device ever becomes economical, it means that organizations will be able to maximize the amount of wireless devices in use. It means better connection, bandwidth, and less interference. This technology will become more important as more wireless device are in use and when the channels get too crowded to use effectively. \n\nVocabulary White space : Radio frequencies licensed by the FCC and exclusively reserved for one organization but are not in use.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe EWeek article “Harning Malware Botnet Also Shut Down After Rustock Raid,” (http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Harnig-Malware-Botnet-Also-Shutdown-After-Rustock-Raid-723294) discusses how another botnet went down at the same time that Rustock was taken down. Researchers suspect that the owners of both botnets were or are cooperating. The Harnig botnet was not forcibly shut down, but rather, the operators ceased operations. It is suspected that the bot herders are just trying to lie low for a while. While the command and control servers for both botnets are currently not in operation, there are still hundreds of thousands of infected computers worldwide.  It is likely that these control servers will be reactivated and resume operations at some time in the future.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nBot nets are becoming more and more important. Every day there are more infected computers and more spam is being sent worldwide. There are many botnets, but the largest ones are under close watch by security professionals and governments. It is significant to note that two of the largest botnets in activity are not in operation. This should decrease the total amount of spam being sent, but MessageLabs reported that total spam output declined only %2 in March. \n\nVocabulary Botnet : Botnet A group of computers infected by malware which are used to send large amounts of spam\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1311,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read an article titled \"From Data Center Convergence: Fact or Fiction?\" taken from http://www.networkcomputing.com/data-center/data-center-convergence-fact-or-fiction.php.\n\nThe article suggests a new method of data center management called system convergence. Under traditional approaches every new application will have its separate server, storage devices, and networking infrastructure within the data center. When this happens, data centers fill up very quickly and costs for all of the physical equipment add up to be fairly expensive. The idea of data convergence is to integrate different applications onto the same server and or at least so that each application can share similar hardware.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIf system convergence were implemented in a data center, that company could greatly reduce its costs of equipment. The article even suggested that this approach could even reduce the cost of cabling by 40%, which in and of itself makes the idea worth investigating. The drawback to this system, however, is that it is still a very new idea. Not all technologies may cooperate (especially in systems that use more than one vendor) and holes may exist in the new infrastructure. Additionally, this may reduce the amount of people required to run the data center and may result in a few people losing their jobs. These may discourage the transition to a converged data center. As the technology develops, and as converged systems become more plausible, we may see more and more companies switch to this model in order to reduce costs.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary system convergence : data center model where multiple applications will be implemented on the same system in order to reduce costs.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nOn June 8 this year, many large organizations have committed to participate in a 24-hour-long, worldwide test of IPv6. Several of these companies include Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft. Many of these companies already have trial sites set up that accept IPv6 addresses, but in June they will use IPv6 on their primary, high-traffic websites. They don't expect too many problems, but this will be the first global wide test of IPv6. One of the main problems with IPv6 is that there are many broken links or connections. One proposed solution is to use a DNS white list of valid IPv6 addresses that are known to work and only support these. While this would provide a temporary solution, it would become increasingly difficult to maintain the white list as IPv6 users became more prevalent. \n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011211-world-ipv6-day.html?page=1\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIPv6 is a needed change to the internetworking world, especially because IPv4 could run up very quickly. The website I gathered this article from had two conflicting reports. One said that IP addresses could run up at the beginning of this year, the other at the begnnning of next year. THe bottom line is that IPv6 needs to be implemented very quickly. Before any large scale deployment of the new version significant testing needs to be done. IPv6 is an old technology and has been around for many years, but very few practical and large scale tests have been done. \"World IPv6 day\" will be an important test to see if the world's network is ready to support IPv6\n\n\n\nVocabulary DNS White list : A whitelist is a list of valid entites that are known and trusted such as mail servers. A DNS white list would be a list of valid IP addresses that are valid and accepted addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article examines the use of cloud-based internet security software. Rather than implementing firewalls and other security features on site, a company can pay a subscription to a vendor who will provide security through cloud computing. All traffic to the company's network is forwarded through a vendor-owned proxy and examined for malicious content. This idea is relatively new, and the authors of the article examined the feasibility of web based security. They did rudimentary testing and found that the security is actually fairly effective. They found that it filtered out quite a bit of malicious content and only increased latency by a fraction of a second on average.\n\nImpact\n\nThis new line of web security is a developing field and may eventually apply to the entire industry, but most people will probably be reluctant to route all of their traffic to a third party. Why would a well-established company submit to that when they know on-site security is effective and economically feasible? \n\n\n\n\n\nThis branch of security will probably be utilized by developing companies, because in many instances the could-based security options were cheaper and more flexible than onsite security. Companies could also use the third party proxies for in situations where distance may make it difficult to use their on site security. This would be ideal for small offices or mobile individuals who often utilize remote connections.\n\nVocabulary software as a service (SaaS) : A company will develop or own license to a software that is put on the cloud and provide others to use it without purchasing a license for a subscription fee. It lowers costs because companies don't have to purchase or deploy the software\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nTowards the end of last month, Skype had a prolonged network outage. Apparently the crash was caused by a bug with Windows interacting with an older version of Skype. The bug started causing some computers to crash and eventually snowballed over the peer to peer network that Skype uses. It eventually even started taking out key nodes of the network which put undue strain on active nodes causing them to misbehave as well. This is also significant because Skype is currently looking at making an IPO this summer and fiasco like this will not be a good way to impress investors.\n\n\n\nTaken from http://www.techweb.com/networking/228900199/skype-pegs-outage-on-buggy-windows-app.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis shows how you cannot count on users to maintain up-to-date software. The developers of the program knew about the issues the older version had and developed an updated version that solved them. The problem was that such a large number of people (approx. 40%) of users were still using the out-dated and vulnerable software. Developers need to keep this in mind and come up with strategies to ensure properly functioning software.\n\n\n\nVocabulary super-nodes : An individual link in a network is called a node. A \"super-node\" while not an offical term, would indicate that the node was critical to the functioning of the network. These often are key routers or load balancers that the rest of the network depends on.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nPersonal VPN's\n\nVirtual Private Networks offer protection to users who are making remote connections (including internet surfing) over the internet. It is commonly used in companies to allow different parts of their companies to interact with each other even though they are separated by geographical distances. I am very familiar with this use of VPN; however, companies are now offering personal VPN's as a service. For example, a person who spends a lot of time on public wifi's can set up a plan with a VPN provider and then use that connection to securely surf the internet at public locations. This means the subscriber can go to a public coffee shop, set up a connection to the VPN server, and then check his/her email or bank statements securely. This article evaluated different companies and compared price, performance, and usability of the different providers. It is actually relatively simple to use and does not hinder performance noticeably (except for very large files).\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9205401/3_personal_VPNs_offer_safer_Wi_Fi\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nPublic networks are very vulnerable. This was made especially visible through applications like FireSheep that make it easy for anyone to easily capture information being sent online. It is also a serious issue because many websites do not encrypt their information when communicating with remote users. A personal VPN is a good alterantive for people who still want the convenience of being able to use public access points, but still provides very secure transmissions.\n\n\n\nVocabulary PPTP : Point to Point Tunneling Protocol: This is the protocol that makes VPNs possible. It alows remote connections to be sent securely over the internet and make the remote conneciton transparent so it seems like the remote user is on the same network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article discussed several different botnets that are currently the largest and most active. Apparently there are several that are very well known, but new botnets are gaining notoriety. Most botnets are piggybacking off of other malicious software which are rapidly expanding their numbers. What is more significant is that many new exploit toolkits are now available. This is greatly increasing the number of botnets that are in existence as a user doesn't need to have as sophisticated technical expertise.\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/RSA-Conference-Researchers-Go-Inside-the-Botnet-Threat-725521/\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nExploit toolkits are programs that are available on underground forums that allow users to create complicated malware to reach their desired end. This could include creation of very complex and hard-to-remove botnets. This means that people do not have to be very technically savvy in order to create their own botnets, which can and has caused an increase in the number of botnets in use.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Exploit toolkit : A program that is availbe for purchase on the internet that allows the user to make complex, customizable malware\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nCisco released a new line of video conferencing products designed to minimize travel in organizations. In addition, it announced that it will \"video enable all of its endpoints.\" This would mean that all parts of the Cisco organization can communicate with each other through video conferencing. This is part of a significant push by Cisco to increase video communication for both enterprise and personal use. The more recent products allow users to store videos, tag them with key words, and make them searchable for future reference.\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle taken from: http://www.eweek.com/c/a/VOIP-and-Telephony/Cisco-Expands-Video-Collaboration-Portfolio-770023/\n\nImpact\n\nCisco has been trying to push the advantages of videoconferencing among its customers. Inexpensive and reliable video conferencing can prove to be quite an effective way of reducing costs. Video conferencing does not eliminate travel, but it does reduce the costs significantly. Additionally, because video conferencing reduces time and costs to collaboration, individuals will be able to communicate with many more people on a regular basis.\n\nVocabulary Video enabled endpoint : A part of a network that has video conferencing capabilities.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAaron Barr, a representative of the IT security company HBGary, claimed to have sensitive information revealing the identity of several key members of the group anonymous. He threatened to reveal their identities to the world and the group responded by compromising his systems. Anonymous gained access to HBGary's servers and customer account information. The breach was humiliating for the company that should be specializing in preventing such attacks.\n\nImpact\n\nWhat is especially significant about the attack was that nothing new and unorthodox was used to compromise the system. All the intrusion methods were well known and the only reason that HBGary was vulnerable was because they did not have properly updated software and they did not follow simple security rules such as proper hashing of passwords. This illustrates the amount of incompetence and unawareness of security measures that exist in the IT industry.\n\n\n\n\n\nA company like HBGary makes a living off of protecting clients from such attacks. If they are considered experts, then how many IT security professionals besides HBGary are vulnerable? It shows how important it is for us to always be up-to-date on current issues and how costly comprised systems are. \n\nVocabulary salt : Random bits are added to the end of passwords before they are stored and hashed. This prevents two passwords that are the same from being hashed into the same value and makes it much more difficult to crack with rainbow tables.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSome botherders who control SpyEye and Zeus botnets have decided to change their normal targets. They typically use the SpyEye and Zeus toolkits to attack for-profit companies by penetrating their system and capturing sensitive information such as username, passwords, bank account numbers, cookies, and screen shots. Last week they added a plug-in to their bots that give them the capacity to launch DDoS attacks.\n\n\n\nThey targeted a Swiss white hat security company called abuse.ch who threatens the existence of the botnets. The botnets use \"command and control servers\" to coordinate the efforts of the compromised computers as well as to communicate infromation back to the botherders. abuse.ch's goal is to identify those servers and create a blacklist which it can distribute to ISP's. When a bot tries to communicate with the C&C server, the ISP that it is using could then block the communication, making it impossible for the bot to and the C&C server to send messages back and forth.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle taken from http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/SpyEye-BotMasters-Hit-AntiBotnet-Site-with-Denial-of-Service-Attack-867962/\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe botherders hope to damage the credibility and reliability of abuse.ch so that they can keep their botnets large and have uninterrupted communication with all of their bots. It is also interesting that the botnet was able to adapt to the new role of launching a DDoS. This shows how powerful flexible these botnets are. Zeus and SpyEye normally just steal information, but by simply adding a plug-in to the bots, the botnet was able to completely change its role and do something much more aggresive.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Command and Control Server (C&C server) : A server that is a super node in the botnetwork that facilitates transmission for information back and forth between bots, other servers, and botherders. Because they are critical infrastructure in botnets, they are a large target for attack by security companies like abuse.ch.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMicrosoft claims to have brought down Rustock, one of the largest and most well-known botnets in the world. It is estimated that the network contains between 1.1 million to 1.7 million computers. Microsoft used mostly legal methods to shut down domains and joined with U.S. marshals to seize many of the command and control servers. So far it looks like the spam onslaught from the bots has stopped, which Microsoft is interpreting as a sign that the botnet was disabled.\n\n\n\nArticle located at\n\nhttp://www.eweek.com/c/a/Windows/Microsoft-Claims-Rustock-Botnet-Takedown-825397/\n\nImpact\n\nBotnets are an increasingly frequent threat for internet users. There are many large and well-known botnets but it is very difficult to disable them due to how distributed. Microsoft is leading a large attack against many botnets and this is the second botnet that they have shut down this year. If Microsoft can actually make a significant difference in the number of bots in use, then the internet as a whole can be benefited by fewer computers infected with malware and significantly less spam, saving millions of dollars annually.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Rustock : Rustock is the name of an incredibly large and influetial botnet. It is estimated that this botnet alone is responsible for almost half of all spam messages sent out in 2010.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nExpedia's TripAdvisor site was successfully attacked recently through a sql injection vulnerability. The company released an official statement saying that a portion of users' e-mail addresses were stolen, but no other information was taken. The attack was done by passing carefully crafted sql commands into certain input fields on the website which resulted in dumping the information to the attacker. Because only e-mail addresses were taken, nothing malicious can be directly done except for send spam. It is suspect that many of these users will be the target of specially-made phishing attempts to steal more information from the users.  Because the official statement only claimed that a \"portion\" of e-mail addresses were taken, it is suspected that many addresses were taken otherwise the company would have been more specific.\n\n\n\n\n\nTake from : http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Expedias-TripAdvisor-Member-Data-Stolen-in-Possible-SQL-Injection-Attack-522785/\n\nImpact\n\nThe news very frequently shows companies that are victims of sql injection attacks. The attack is very well-known and any developer has been trained to prevent such attacks, but many people still are producing insecure sites. This shows how many people in the IT field make basic security mistakes that end up costing companies millions of dollars. In the future, attacks will only get more sophisticated and developers are going to need to step things up a notch to keep customer information secure.\n\nVocabulary debug proxy : A tool that intercepts all information between a browser and the internet and then allows users to modify the information passed over. This type of tool is very commonly used in injection attacks because the attacker can understand the website's logic much better and pass malicious code over the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nOver the last three days close to a million domains have been victim of a mass sql injection attack. The attack has proppogated accross the internet and is believed to use exploits in out-of-date cms and blog systems. The attack is textbook sql injection and posts a redirect to a website that executes javascript to pose as a rouge antivirus program that claims your computer has been infected. When the user clicks on any of the javascript windows, it downloads the program onto the user's computer and essentially holds it hostage until the user purchases the \"full version.\" The attack has been named the \"lisaMoon\" attack because the redirect takes browsers to a site originally called lisaMoon.\n\n\n\nArticle found at http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Security/LizaMoon-Mass-SQL-Injection-Attack-Escalates-Out-of-Control-378108/\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere is nothing special about the way this attack was executed, but what is unique is the scale. It has only been running for three days and has already compromised up to a million domains. A Google search of the injected code shows over 1.5 million webpages. What makes it even more interesting is that it shows no signs of slowing down. This may still grow much larger very quickly. A similar attack was executed in 2009, and we can still see aspects of it today.\n\n\n\nVocabulary mass sql injection attack : An automated sql injection attack that involves large (possibly massive) amounts of attacked domains\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1348,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nTwo of the most popular trends in data communication in 2010 were cloud computing and virtualization, and the trend seems to continue in the year of 2011 as well. More and more companies are deploying virtualized components within enterprises. In the article, Virtualization Technology Moves Forward As New Year Begins by Amy Newman mentions the stock price for VMWare has gone up and she is using this fact to prove that client virtualization will be one of the midsize as well as marge size companies’ interest. A CDW survey conducted in September 2010 surveyed 200 IT managers at medium and large businesses about their plans for client virtualization and how they are planning to use it. The survey found 90 percent of participants were considering or implementing at least one form of client virtualization.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article mentions an important fact that the companies are trying to cut down the cost that goes to hardware for the systems they provide to end users, while enabling IT department to manage things that pertains to client application with ease. As a result, in the future, instead of storing information in separate storage for each computer station, data will be stored in one data center, in return, I think data will be easier to manage, and individual workstation's hardware will become somewhat unimportant.\n\n\n\nVocabulary client virtualization : Client virtualization simulates a user's desktop experience, but separates the desktop from the hardware, OS, and applications. The simulated client desktop, or virtual machine (VM) runs on a physical host server that's running virtualization software — the core of which is called a hypervisor. Many virtual clients can run on one host server with each client having different user properties, data, applications, and even OSs. This allows users to seamlessly access their regular desktops from inexpensive low-end, thin-client, or shared machines.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article starts with the problem of IPv4 addresses running out, and according to analysis, they will run out by the end of the year of 2011. Companies that are not prepared for this will suffer from reduced user experience.\n\nThe article says lack of knowledge, complexity, and cost are holding many companies back from migration.\n\nThe cost of implementing IPv6 varies depending on how big a company is. While smaller enterprises may be able to begin the migration with a less-costly investment in software only, large providers with lots of legacy equipment may be facing capital investments in the millions of dollars, the article states.\n\nThere are business opportunities though. For example, Verizon recently launched a professional consulting service that focuses specifically on transitioning to IPv6.\n\nThere are many advantages of IPv6. Companies can provide services in a more secure environment. Other advantages include: No need for NAT, and efficient streaming of video contents on the Internet, etc.\n\nThe following is the URL of the article:\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/crossing-great-divide-migrating-ipv6\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs for a consumer, just like the article introduces, the user experience will be reduced because the ISPs will pay less attention to those customers simply because residential customers are the ones who pay the least for their service.        \n\nAs for a business standpoint, this could generate some jobs which require people who has knowledge of IPv6 so technical staff can be trained. Also, consulting companies that helps migrate other companies from IPv4 to IPv6 may appear.\n\nVocabulary IPv6  : According to Wikipedia, IPv6 is a successor of IPv4, and it is there to replace the position of IPv4 because IPv4 address is about to deplete. IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. The new address space supports 2128 addresses. This expansion provides considerable flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic. It also eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nRecently, a new technology, Wi-Fi Direct has been announced, and it is making its way to the market. The author explains that Wi-Fi Direct is there to connect ‘device-to-device’ with ease. It also features longer range and higher speed, when compared to Bluetooth. The author of the article basically argues that despite those advantages, Bluetooth must still be used to carry on the task it has been performing simply because Wi-Fi may cause negative impact on the wireless networking.\n\nBluetooth shares radio frequency of 802.11n/g/b, but it does not interfere the performance of WLAN as much. Even if it does, it does not affect the entire network.\n\nWi-Fi Direct, however, can disrupt and destabilize the network at work because it still is a form of Wi-Fi, and businesses cannot afford to lose such instability.\n\nThere is a place for Wi-Fi direct, and there also is a place where Wi-Fi direct should not be used, and it is very dangerous move to use Wi-Fi Direct enabled devices in where they should not be.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIf what the author is saying is true, the Wi-Fi alliance should design Wi-Fi Direct more carefully so that signals do not reduce network stability. While it is very convenient and familiar with users to use Wi-Fi, we should not sacrifice stability of wireless connections over comfort. When Wi-Fi Direct devices are on the market, the streets will be full of Wi-Fi signals, and it may cripple wireless connectivity significantly.\n\nVocabulary Wi-Fi Direct : According to Wikipedia, Wi-Fi Direct is a set of software protocols that enables Wi-Fi devices to communicate with each other without the need of access points.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCan Virtualization Save Your Life?\n\nThe article talks about the benefit of virtualization in healthcare facilities. The healthcare industry needs robust and reliable infrastructure that can provide scalability and growth. Steve Horsley, vice president and associate CIO at Moses Cone Health System said the organization was able to save large amount of money by adopting Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS). They could save physical space and cooling capacity by virtualizing the system using UCS because they did not need physical servers anymore. Combines use of SAN of Cisco UCS, they also have flexibility for disaster recovery.\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle is found at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12309882\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI think it is great to know that healthcare facilities are taking advantage of recent technologies. When it comes to human’s health, we needs stable and reliable network so that no life is lost due to network failure or malfunction. If other healthcare facilities continue to adopt the same technology, people at the health care center can work more efficiently, which will ultimately lead to save more lives.\n\nVocabulary SAN : A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated storage network which provides access to consolidated, block level storage. SAN's primarily are used to make storage devices (such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical jukeboxes) accessible toservers so that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article talks about the possibility of using blobs in cloud-based computing to encrypt the data. Homomorphic encryption is the way to make this possible. Today, encrypted data must be decrypted before it can go through modification. The encrypted blob however, does not have to be decrypted before it can be processed. IBM is still testing on the possibility and it is not fully tested yet, but it holds a great potential for security of the data in the future.\n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/020411-encrypted-blobs.html?hpg1=bn\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI believe that the future of computing is in Cloud Computing. Even though Cloud computing services are provided mostly to companies and not to individuals, it will be open to larger body of customers when the cost of cloud-computing decreases. Then, just like the article states, security and confidentiality for the data stored in the cloud will come up naturally. The encrypted blobs that are introduced here can be very good to feed the demand for secured data store, while improving efficiency in processing data because, just like the article states, it does not need to be decrypted before it can be processed.\n\nVocabulary BLOB : A blob (alternately known as a binary large object, basic large object, BLOB, or BLOb) is a collection of binary data stored as a single entity in a database management system. Blobs are typically images, audio or other multimedia objects, though sometimes binary executable code is stored as a blob.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\n\n\nSummary\n\nThe article mainly talks about the depletion of IPv4 address and different aspects of migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. \n\nEven though there are 4.3 billion addresses available, we are utilizing only 14% of those addresses are currently in use. However, the more we try to use unused addresses, the more overhead there is to manage the space, Heideman argues.\n\nIPv4 addresses will be available until 2012 at the retail level, major wireless carriers will likely experience hardship due to huge demand for smartphones that use IPv4.\n\nSome organizations with extra IPv4 addresses voluntarily returned unused IPv4 for others to use, while some other organizations may keep the addresses to monetize from them.\n\nNAT will help ease the burden of not-enough addresses, but it causes extra management issues.\n\nArticle predicts that it will take years for companies to complete migration because hardware, as well as software support is not strong enough yet, but the article suggests that network management should make commitment to plan to switch to Ipv6 before it is too late.\n\n The URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article warns us that there will be decreased user experience who surfs on the Net during the immigration to IPv6 because IPv6 and IPv4 addresses are not compatible. Because of that, data conversion between IPv4 packets and IPv6 is inevitable. \n\nI think migration to IPv6 opens up some additional opportunities for network technicians to find jobs because staffs in companies needs education to understand how IPv6 really works. Implementation of IPv6 infrastructure also needs experienced, educated personnel. \n\nVocabulary Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a methodology of allocating IP addresses and routing Internet Protocol packets. It was introduced in 1993 to replace the prior addressing architecture of classful network design in the Internet with the goal to slow the growth of routing tables on routers across the Internet, and to help slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nYour Cloud Future Is In China\n\nThe author of the article argues that the future of Cloud hosting will be in China. IBM is already working on building a huge next generation data center situated in China which will take the Cloud computing to the next level, and the author goes on the prove his points.\n\nFirst of his points was that the Chinese Government will help the development of facilities designed for IT services. It is much better to build a data center in China than places like US where earthquake-prone areas such as San Francisco, or places that are prone to water-disasters like East coast of the US. China, on the other hand, has a stable place where they can build big things efficiently, compare to US or regions in Europe.\n\nAnother argument that the author makes is that China has a lot of smart people, and more importantly, they are less expensive and education in China will continue to improve, the author predicted.\n\nAnother advantage that China has over other countries for Cloud data centers is that there are many local computer manufacturers. This means data centers in China will get their equipment at a reasonably low price. \n\nDespite all the advantages, there are drawbacks. Problems associated with control of data, regulation of the data stored, privacy and legal liability issues needs to be solved.\n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/cloud-computing/the-future-of-clouds-is-in-china.php\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article made me think that it is very probable that Cloud data centers with necessary support for such services will be available in China. China is one of the fastest growing counties in the world, and it will be very hard to compete with smart IT professionals in China. I feel that I should start develop comparative advantages as it will be inevitable to compete with them.\n\nAlso, the cost of Cloud computing will continue to decrease when China joins Cloud computing competition, as a result, there will be a lot of professionals needed in that field. It would be nice to study Cloud computing for the future.\n\nVocabulary Cloud Computing  : According to Wikipedia, Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like electricity.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nVidyo and the Death of QoS\n\n\n\nSummary\n\nThe author here mentions a new video coding standard, SVC. He claims that SVC works better than traditional codec technologies on networks. However, he argues that the introduction of SVC would not necessarily put an end to QoS for video over network. He starts off how video conferencing needs sufficient bandwidth. He adds that the higher quality video requires even more bandwidth because the drop in framerates are very noticeable in high quality video conference. He says one of the key features of QoS is that IT management can allocate certain amount of bandwidth using QoS so that the quality level of video conference does not drop below the acceptance level. He goes on to say that this is not the only case which QoS can be used. For any application that needs low latency and low packet loss, QoS is the best answer.\n\nThe author concludes that QoS will continue to exist as long as bandwidth management is important to businesses.\n\n \n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.nojitter.com/blog/229219396\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI think the author does have very good points and I agree with his opinion—There are certain areas where businesses cannot afford latency and packet loss of data over the network. Because of that, devices that support QoS will continue to be produced—possibly more than before as video conferencing will be used more often in the near future. Also, having some experience as to how to setup QoS seems like a good skill to have.\n\nVocabulary QoS : According to CISCO glossary, QoS is a general term that incorporates bandwidth, latency, and jitter to describe a network's ability to customize the treatment of specific classes of data. For example, QoS can be used to prioritize video transmissions over Web-browsing traffic. Advanced networks can offer greater control over how data traffic is classified into classes and greater flexibility as to how the treatment of that traffic is differentiated from other traffic.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSummary\n\nThe article mainly tells the users about current situations of consumer level NAT devices on how they handle IPv6 address support. Article states that some home equipment vendors are working on their devices so that the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is smooth, but they do not have much time to get this to work. The author predicts that with the help of NAT, current consumers won’t have to worry about IP addresses, but future customers who will have to use IPv6 would have only a few choices to get connected to the Internet because some of the consumer PAT devices do not support IPv6 at all(Linksys consumer routers). Other equipment will not operate ‘well enough’ under IPv6, with the exception of D-link and Apple products. Many of the devices do not fully support the features of IPv6 and vendors are disinterested in spending money to resolve problems. Good news is that some of the vendors are working on their products to fix their products. \n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/030411-ipv6-home-routers.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe Impact\n\nJust like the article states, this could be a big problem in the future when IPv4 addresses are really depleted because consumers will be forced to get a device that supports IPv6. And if network devices won’t work well with IPv6, it will cause havoc on the ISP side as, most likely, they will be blamed for. On the other side, this could give a huge advantage to companies that make their network devices support IPv6 flawlessly because their name value will go up. \n\nVocabulary PPPoEv6 : According to Wikipedia, The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol for encapsulating Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames inside Ethernet frames. It is used mainly with DSL services where individual users connect to the DSL modem over Ethernet and in plain Metro Ethernet networks. It was developed by UUNET, Redback Networks and RouterWare and is available as an informational RFC 2516.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSummary\n\nThe article talks about advancement of Wi-Fi 802.11N technology. Article starts by mentioning that there are many home devices equipped with Wi-Fi technology, which made more readily usable by 802.11N. And then the author starts talk about some of the highlights of 802.11N, which is as follows.\n\nMIMO allows users to get connected to multiple data streams to be transmitted to and from the device, which is a huge improvement if the user needs a reliable, constant connection.\n\nChannel Bonding makes two separate signals into single channel, which results in increased bandwidth.\n\nBlock Acknowledgement is one of the methods to reduce protocol overhead, and it does this by sending data even before the acknowledgment from the recipient.\n\nAggregation simply assembles data into more efficient chunks, and this also results in reduced protocol overhead.\n\nThe author wraps his story by mentioning that it is still evolving technology, and in the near future we will be able to take advantage of it maximum throughput, which is 600Mbps.\n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/tech/2011/031111-wifi-evolving.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe advantages of 802.11N technology are very fascinating. However, I must agree that it is not fully supported by the hardwares. For example, About 4 years ago, I bought my laptop with the wireless care supporting 802.11n Draft. When I see the wireless cards that laptops now have, it still did not change as much. The number of antennae installed in consumer-grade laptops is only 2, which usually gives 300Mbps. More importantly, many of the wireless routers(PAT) which is available to consumers still do not fully support Channel Bonding. So, the impact of this technology has been small, as far as I observed. However, I think this technology will pick up its speed as time goes by and change the way we use wireless data communication.\n\nVocabulary 802.11n : IEEE 802.11n-2009 is an amendment to the IEEE 802.11-2007 wireless networking standard to improve network throughput over the two previous standards — 802.11a and 802.11g — with a significant increase in the maximum raw data rate from 54 Mbit/s to 600 Mbit/s with the use of four spatial streams at a channel width of 40 MHz.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article starts out by pointing a fact that last two or three years has been a great time to plan for virtualization by investing on peripherals that supports such functionalities. The virtualization is cost-control technology, it is not absolutely needed. On the other hand, migration to IPv6 is mandatory step for the whole IT system, and this fact makes it more important. \n\nImplementing IPv6 requires a lot of resources, thoughtful planning and commitment to make it possible because it also means data center equipment upgrade, as well as upgrades in desktops, security compliance software, network management systems, WANs, and IP telephony, just to name a few. These will cause scope-creep into the entire project, and small of midsize companies will have to find different routes to delay the implementation to IPv6 by using NAT or 6to4 tunnels.\n\nThough there will be lost focus on virtualization project, the functionalities that is supported by IPv6 will greatly enhance many features that cloud services has to offer, which will benefit virtualization in general.\n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/migrating-to-ipv6-will-dominate-your-it-budget.php?type=article\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nJust as the article states, the impact will be the less focus on other IT related projects when companies try to migrate to IPv6. And since this is an immediate issue, there will be a lot of development and production of devices and services to ease the pain of the migration among companies. This is where the opportunity lies. The big companies will start the migration early, followed by small and midsized companies, and the home users at the very end. This is not something that can be done overnight and it needs significant amount of time to make the move. I think businesses that are related to IPv6 migration consulting will have a great chance to generate revenue over in the several years to come.\n\nVocabulary NAT64  : NAT64 is a mechanism to allow IPv6 hosts to communicate with IPv4 servers. The NAT64 server is the endpoint for at least one IPv4 address and a IPv6 network segment of 32-bits (64:FF9B::/96). The IPv6 client embeds the IPv4 address it wishes to communicate with using these bits, and sends its packets to the resulting address. The NAT64 server then creates a NAT-mapping between the IPv6 and the IPv4 address, allowing them to communicate.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nMicrosoft offers $7.5M for 666,624 IPv4 addresses\n\nSummary\n\nThe title of the article is very self-explanatory of what it is trying to tell the readers. Microsoft is trying to buy a block of 666,624 IPv4 address from a company that is facing bankrupt. Microsoft offered the value of $11.25 for each addresses, which sums up to about $7.5 million. The author of the article suspects that about 470,000 addresses will be available for use immediately. \n\nThe American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) has raised a concern as the IPv4 address should be returned to common pool so that other organizations who are in desperate need to use the addresses, and obviously Microsoft is not providing any support document as to why they need those addresses. They speculate that Microsoft will use those address to maximize the profit until the value of IPv4 addresses go down.\n\nThe court acknowledged the fact that IPv4 does have value attached to it, and Nortel is willing to sell the address to raise money to pay off creditors.\n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032511-microsoft-offers-75m-for-666624.html?page=1\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe Impact\n\nThis is somewhat expected. As it is getting scarce to find available IPv4, it is not hard to foresee the value of the address is climbing up. I think Microsoft could find a really good use of those addresses if the deal goes through. Also, as the article suggests, there could be a black market emerging to trade IPv4 addresses in the near future. Those addresses will be in high demand for large organizations when they do not wish to, or are not ready to, migrate to IPv6 for whatever reason. I do not think it will affect the regular consumers very much because they would not want to pay extra dollars to stay on IPv4 addresses. I would assume that people will turn their attention to ‘free’ IPv6 addresses and buy consumer grade network gears that support IPv6 addresses.\n\nVocabulary ARIN : According to Wikipedia, American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Canada, many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands, and the United States. ARIN is non-profit organization, and they manage the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and numbers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIEEE approves next WiMax standard\n\n<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->\n\n<!--[endif]-->\n\nSummary\n\nIt is very easy to predict the content of the article from the title. The article is about next generation of WiMax. IEEE has approved the standard for the newer generation of WiMax. The article goes on to explain some of the features of IEEE 802.16m. One of which is the support of the speed up to 330Mbps. The performance was able to achieved by combination of the MIMO technology, which essentially transmit several streams of data to one location. Also, this newer technology is backwards compatible with the current WiMax, the article states. \n\nWiMax was used for stationary or nomadic wireless broadband and was developed even before LTE, but it seems the market is favoring LTE more than WiMax. The article say that even the largest WiMax provider, Clearwire, is moving away from the technology to LTE. \n\nThe article predicts that WiMax is going to have a hard battle to win over LTE, because many of the major companies are supporting LTE technology.\n\nThe URI of the article is as follows.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/040111-ieee-approves-next-wimax.html?hpg1=bn\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI first heard news about WiMax technology in Korea and how it is used by individual consumers about three years ago. Back then I thought the technology would spread the nations in a few years. However, it seems that the technology is about to fade away with the emergence of new, better technology. Especially, when the market is not supporting the technology, I would assume that it is not going to dominate the world. So, in conclusion, this event may not impact the wireless market as LTE is doing. \n\nVocabulary MIMO : MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output), is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication performance. It is one of several forms of smart antenna technology. MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications, because it offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit power. MIMO is an important part of modern wireless communication standards such as IEEE 802.11n (Wifi), 4G, 3GPP Long Term Evolution, WiMAX and HSPA+.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1317,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/web-security-services-put-to-the-test.php\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read was about the offering of web services to filter out malicious traffic to clients by directing that client's internet traffic through a proxy server hosted by the provider.  This provides clients with security with fewer costs to maintain that security themselves.  This article basically just shows the finding of tests that were run on these web services.\n\nImpact\n\nWhen the services were tested, the results were actually pretty good.  They did a decent job of filtering out malicious packages, and only added .1 or .2 seconds of latency to the sites that were tested.  So, the service does work, and does so in a non-intrusive way.  The services also detected viruses in various packages and blocked those as well.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile the services do seem to work well, I have to say that I agree with the author in his statement that they will not endorse these products for wide-spread use yet, since the technology is so young.  However, this is just another example of what cloud computing can do.  Not only can it help out with storage and applications, but security can effectively be boosted using cloud computing.\n\nVocabulary SaaS : Software as a service - basically it's a term used to describe when software is included with a package as an additional service.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nFacebook has started offering HTTPS as a security option now!  It's an option that users have to enable, though, due to the fact that some apps won't work with https enabled.\n\nImpact\n\nI think this article has great impact - we all remember FireSheep last semester.  That was interesting.  The fact that Facebook finally uses https is nice, but I'm wondering why it took so long, considering that https has been around a while.  And since it's only an option now, not a standard, most people probably won't even use it.  I turned it on immediately, which makes the message of this article important to me, at least.\n\nVocabulary https : HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer. If used, it encrypts data being sent between a computer and the server, making sniffing out information more difficult.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read today was about the fact that IANA handed out the last batch of IPv4 addresses that it has this week.  There was a lot of information in the article, trying to inform those who might not understand the lingo about what was going on.  One of the points they are trying to emphasize is the fact that most people will remain largely unaffected by this, because only about 14% of the address currently assigned are actually in use.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt explains further about IPv6 and why it hasn't been universally implemented yet.  It takes a massive effort to coordinate the change over, and there are several possible solutions to do so.  The article also stated why NAT won't work to fix the problem.  Some of the features that users use a  lot, such as peer-to-peer programs, will not work as easily through NAT setups.\n\n\n\n\n\nLast of all, it was written that the internet will not \"Break\" because of this, but hiccups and slow-downs are a definite possibility during the transition coming up.  This transition for different companies could take anywhere from a couple of months to a couple of years.  One of the possible transition options is to stack servers, so that two mirrored servers are running side by side, one using IPv4 and one using IPv6.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article has a large impact on me.  It is very likely that in my career I will be dealing hands on with the transitions that this article is presenting.  I'm excited to see the change, and sad that more companies hadn't prepared for this earlier.  It will be an interesting time, and once the change is made, I believe that some new innovations will become possible. To be honest, though, I'm not looking forward to remembering IPv6 addresses.  \n\nVocabulary CIDR : Classless Inter-Domain Routing: In 1993, this was the method that was introduced to assign IP addresses. Under the previous system, IP addresses were handed out in large chunks, rather than smaller ones. This method allowed for smaller chunks of addresses to be assigned at a time.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI already read the assigned article for last week, so Dr. Lindstrom told me to just mention that I read it already and to read another.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/next-gen-network/the-ipocalypse-is-not-a-cause-for-panic.php?keyword=ipv6\n\n\n\n\n\nOne of the things that I found interesting in this article was that the author focused on the actual practical meaning behind the switch from IPv4 addresses to IPv6 addresses.  He mentions some of the difficulties that corporations will have to overcome while trying to serve both sides of the matter, IPv4 and IPv6, at the same time.  He stated that peer-to-peer and online gaming will likely suffer from the changes as they start happening. Also, this change has apparently happened before - from IPX to IP, so we have experience changing.\n\n\n\n\n\nHe sums up by saying that everyone will have to upgrade to IPv6.  However, this will take time, because the hardware has to be upgraded to support the new protocol.  As we've discussed in class, this is why it hasn't happened already.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs I said last week, this article has a big impact on me, because I will probably be part of this transition in my future employment.  Yay!\n\nVocabulary IPX : IPX stands for Internetwork Packet Exchange, which is used by Novell. It is not used much at all anymore, because TCP/IP is used now by practically everyone. It is a precursor to IP.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.redherring.com/Home/26498\n\n\n\n\n\nThe US government has found a way to get past censorship that foreign governments have put up in order to share news and other information with people in those countries.  Tests have been done, and apparently the method worked well in all the tests.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe technology used to do this is called Feed Over Email, or FOE, and can be used to share RSS feeds through email to bypass filters.  This was tested by sending \"censor-targeted data\" to recipients in countries employing this censorship and it worked just fine.  FOE was shown to enable sharing of RSS feeds, downloadable files, and proxy web addresses.\n\n\n\n\n\nApparently, though, if people don't have access to an email address that wasn't created in a non-censored country, this technique won't work.  Email providers in China, for example, can censor emails.  Encryption needs to be used on both ends of the tunnel to keep deep packet filtering from working.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article really doesn't impact me much at all.\n\nVocabulary FOE : FOE stands for Feed Over Email. It's a method of sending censored material through emails (much like sending an html link through emails) that allows people to bypass censorship put into place by governments.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/migrating-to-ipv6-will-dominate-your-it-budget.php\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article goes over the ways that migration to IPv6 will affect IT budgets in corporations.  Recently much of the focus of these budgets have been on virtualization and such, including cloud computing.  Since the switch to IPv6 is mandatory, with no way to opt out of it or work around it permanently, the budgets will reflect this change of focus.\n\n\n\n\n\nHowever, just because IPv6 needs to take focus from cloud computing and virtualization, it will benefit them in the future.  IPv6 has many features built into it that will streamline and help the cloud computing systems.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was interesting because it shows two sides of the story and how they come together in the end.  There are those people who want everything to do with virtualization, and then there are network people who haven't seen their fair share of the budget for quite some time.  While the virtualization people may hurt in the short run while the network people get all the money, in the long run, the change will benefit everyone out there with new technologies available via IPv6.\n\nVocabulary Cloud : Cloud is often misdefined, so I thought I would define it here. Cloud computing is virtualization between many machines, with each machine giving some of it's resources to the virtual machine. This way, if one machine goes down, or if a virtual machine needs more power, more physical ones can be brought into the mix to amp things up a bit. It makes for more flexible computing.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031811-verisign-ipv6.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\n\n\nVeriSign is joining World IPv6 day.  While they already support IPv6 on traffic through their DNS servers, they will be switching their corporate site to IPv6 for the day.  Other major players in the internet have already agreed to do this, such as Facebook, Google, and Yahoo.\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 day is meant to help network administrators and other operators gather information on IPv6 at work.  This will help them find out where problems occur in the implementation of IPv6 so that they know what they need to fix before a complete switch over happens in the future.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI'm very interested to see what June 8th ends up being like for the internet.  I for one am really hoping that my ISP has things set up correctly for it.  The impact of this article will be found out on June 8th for me.  Yahoo believes there will be about 1 million people that find that they can't use these sites on that day at first.  I hope it's not me.\n\nVocabulary VeriSign : Verisign runs two of the 13 main DNS servers, and is a leader in trust seals and digital certificates. The king of internet security, basically.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/storage-networking-management/coping-with-increasingly-large-files.php\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is about how networking and file storage have changed because of increasingly rich media types that are being stored instead of simply using pure data stored in tables in a database.  Because of the changes in media, more storage is needed, and bandwidth become important as branches of a business need to share large files around the world more quickly.\n\n\n\n\n\nBecause of the different needs of different companies, storing data has become a complex science, taking into account what information is accessed the most, how it is accessed and by how many people, and how big the files are.  To enable multiple people to work on different aspects of the same video file at the same time, for example, a robust system is needed to keep degradation and errors out of the files being used.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is just stating how complex something as simple as storage and transfer of files can get in businesses.  Concurrent usage and size and transfer rates are all important aspects of this.  It seems to me that anyone who may be in the position to manage such a setup (such as any of us ISYS students) needs to know a lot about a wide variety of technologies in order to best equip his or her business to succeed in this.\n\nVocabulary FC (Fibre Channel) : This is a network technology used primarily in storage networking. It is the current standard in enterprise storage networking, although it started in supercomputing.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/verizon-wireless-ongoing-lte-drive-creates-lush-wireline-based-backhaul-opp/2011-03-28\n\n\n\n\n\nVerizon Wireless is looking to use Ethernet and optical fiber as their medium of choice to provide backhaul to their wireless networks, especially with the plans to spread their 4G network to 59 new markets this year.\n\n\n\n\n\nThere are three types of companies that Verizon can look to for this backhaul provision.  There are the independent small backhaul specialists, wire-line centric companies that don't have their own wireless options, and whole-centric companies that are big enough to provide almost all the services needed by themselves.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt will be interesting to see how Verizon goes about getting this backhaul.  They already have some contracts in place, but the need to expand because of the implementation of the 4G networks is going to require more resources, and they have to decide where to go for that.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts me directly because I am a Verizon customer, and I'm pretty sure that in the future I will be running a 4G phone on their network.  Because of the backhaul mediums of ethernet and fiber, the speeds I want on a 4G network can be realized.\n\nVocabulary backhaul : Backhaul is the term used to describe the medium between the main wired network of a company and their outlying edges (ie wireless towers). It basically provides a link between the towers and the main network of the company.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1343,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI was talking to my brother Daniel Johnson this morning.  He is an MISM grad from BYU, and I was telling him about the weekly reading assignments that I do in this class.  He was adamant that I study VoIP during one of the readings for this semester.  I figured I might as well study it for this week, and I am actually very interested in it.  I didn’t know that so much went into transferring voice over the internet.  I read an article published by PSU, and it is found at the website http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1041060\n\nThe article begins by giving a basic overview of how VoIP works.  a phone that can be either an analog or digital is connected to the VoIP adapter, which splits the phone signal from the computer service in order for both to simultaneously work. the VoIP adapter accesses the gateway, which delivers the audio via the internet either to another VoIP, or to a PSTN gateway, which allows any POTC to receive the data transmissions without any problem.  \n\nNext, the article addresses the problems with sending the voice data over the internet.  one cannot simply send packets using TCPIP protocol, because TCPIP is not very well equipped to handle video and audio.  the reason for this is that, though TCPIP is extremely good, TCPIP is based on receiving acknowledgment for receipt of transfer.  if the sending computer does not receive acknowledgement, then the network will become congested very quickly.  to avoid this problem, VoIP uses an implementation of User Datagram Protocol called Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).  This protocol allows quick transfer of audio and video data over a network.  \n\nAlso, the article describes how important the codecs are to encoding and decoding the data before and after transfer.  it says that the best practice would be to encode near the speaker and decode near the listener.  some codecs do this very poorly and should therefore be avoided.  \n\nThe next section of the article addresses various causes for delays and their solutions, such as delays caused by codec processing and propagation (multiplying the signal).  It also compares the difference between packetized voice to time-division multiplexing, a method which allows data to seemingly be sent and received simultaneously.  overall, time-division multiplexing lessens delays far better than packetized voice.  \n\nThe rest goes into a very low-level explanation of network QoS how calls are made.  Most of it was over my head, but it was very interesting to follow the different diagrams laid out to illustrate the path of information during different call situations.  \n\nFinally Telephony routing over IP is addressed in detail.  The article describes the different ways the telephone contacts the correct address, and how the information is routed through the gateway.\n\n( was this too much information?  how long should these article summaries be?)\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs stated in the article summary, I'm not entirely sure how long this should be, so I'll just write until I feel I've written enough.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThis article had quite a bit of impact on my understanding of VoIP.  I though VoIP worked over a TCP/IP protocol.  I didn't realize that there was so much detail that goes into a 10 second conversation over VoIP.  I learned a lot of new vocabulary, and I learned a lot better what a gateway and router do, since the article talked a lot about both and I had to look up their meaning.  I finally know what a buffer is; it's a storage medium that connects two different data transfer rates.  A buffer allows data to be transferred at a seemingly constant rate and arrive at the time it needs to.  Finally, I learned a lot about TCP/IP.  it's a pretty powerful protocol, but it's not the best protocol for everything.  \n\nVocabulary Buffer overrun : when too much information is sent to the buffer at one time, this can cause information to overflow the buffer and overwrite adjacent memory. this can cause all sorts of problems, from the connection to be disconnected to a loss of data security. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNetwork- attached storage (NAS) devices\n\n \n\nThe article I read is entitled “How to buy a NAS device,” and is found at pcworld.com (http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2354173,00.asp)  The article first describes that a NAS device is a storage unit that can connect either through an Ethernet cable or wirelessly to a network and that allows all authorized computers to connect to it.  The article describes these devices as a sort of Server unit because they come with an OS and they are networkable.  This sort of device is very handy for any LAN because it allows for a sort of mapped drive to any computer without the inconvenience of unavailability due to the host computer being powered off.  \n\nThe rest of the article goes over the sorts of qualities that one should look for in a NAS.  The first, capacity, explains to us that having more memory is not the only attribute of memory storage that we want to look at.  Some NAS devices use flash memory whereas others use magnetic hard disks.  Although flash memory is compact and easy to use, its downside is that it doesn’t allow real-time mirroring, something that would be important for a device to perform.  Without real-time mirroring the real benefit of having duplicate information is lessened, since a drive failure could erase all information on the disk.  \n\n\n\nSecondly, the article compares wireless access to a direct port connection.  As expected, more latency is inherent in the wireless access than the direct connection\n\nThe rest of the article deals with the preferred OS, the frequency of backups that are to be performed, and the quality of the processor, the specs of which all depend on what the user wants.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to be very helpful because I have recently purchased a backup device, and we recently mapped drives in our datacom lab.  I wanted to see what other sorts of network devices are out there, and the NAS jumped out to me.  Though I think my backup device is flash memory, I’m going to find out if It is network capable without mapping it through my computer.\n\nVocabulary network attached storage : a memory container that has an operating system and that is networkable. This allows for many users to access a centralized memory unit.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSimple Object Access Protocol  \n\nLast semester, Professor Albrecht talked with us about the power of using xml to secure information over the internet.  I wanted to better understand exactly which sort of xml-based protocols are used in these cases.  I did a search and found an article at the link http://webdesign.about.com/od/soap/a/what-is-xml-soap.htm\n\nRegarding the simple object access protocol (SOAP).  The article describes what sope is, it’s application, and how web applications utilize it.  \n\n \n\nFirstly, the first section describes XML SOAP as an application-level protocol that allows programs to communicate with one another over the internet, even when different operating systems are involved.  because a request-for-application is sent to the server, and the server sends the program back wrapped in XML, this makes it particularly easy for web programs to function more efficiently.  This allows powerful programs written in languages like java and c++ to be used over the internet.  \n\nAn example of this is used in the article by saying how a typical online banking system doesn’t allows for separate functions to be correctly connected.  For example, transferring funds from an account to a credit or debit card is not feasible for most html-based banking systems because each different function is handled by a different computer.  Sending a java program via xml-SOAP allows a user to have interconnection between the various separate functions.  \n\nFinally, the article addresses the power of SOAP in business-to-business processes and programs that use databases.  Truly, this information can be sent in many different forms, but the power of xml-SOAP is found in how simple it is to use; SOAP can be used with any programming language and any platform.  SOAP’s attractiveness is found in its flexibility\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact-  \n\nThis was very interesting to me because I have always wondered how programs keep getting more and more powerful over the internet, and how so many different programs can run on so many different operating systems.  I believe that the power found in the current applications on the web as well as the more or less universal usability of programs regardless of the platform or operating system is found in protocols such as SOAP.  \n\nVocabulary Messaging Pattern- : This is an architectural pattern that SOAP protocol follows in order to allow two nodes to interact with each other. SOAP follows this by having a request-response pattern.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI was referred by my TA to a site called security now which is a site that has datacom-related broadcasts.  The article that I read is entitled, “how a LAN works,”  which, although we went over it pretty extensively in class, I feel that it most certainly wouldn’t hurt me come exam to go over it a bit more.  \n\nThe first part of the article actually doesn’t talk about LAN’s at all, but talks about a problem with some of the systems that are out there and that are being manipulated by software like Limewire.   UPnP—Universal-plug-and-play—is a feature that is enabled on many of the modern consumer-level products.  This feature allows systems to open up different ports on people’s routers in order to make the networking more manageable and hassle free.  However, this cuts security down quite a bit because what’s stopping a virus to do something similar and open many ports for a hacker to go through and steal sensitive information?  \n\nThe part that actually talks about networks is very much a review of what we learned in class.   IP addresses can be determined based on the subnet mask and the network address.  The gateway router is the point through which other nodes on the network can send packages to connecting networks.   \n\nMany modern day routers are set up to do Direct Host Connection Protocol serving.  This would make the router automatically assign an ip address for any computer that logs onto the system.  However, the article intimates that DHCP can be very insecure for a LAN because the computer that is logging onto the network will send out a broadcast message to request an address.  Therefore, a computer could easily spoof a DHCP server.  But the article also says that an Ethernet-based network is asking for all sorts of trouble.  Apparently, there’s no real security at all.  The article says that it will go into details on that in another podcast, but all that talk makes me really nervous about what a person could do to my home network.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis was a good article for me to read because it taught me about what sorts of things I may want to enable and what sorts of things I may want to disable on my LAN.  I may want to get rid of the option to Plug and Play with other networks.  Also, depending on the network, I may want to turn off DHCP serving.  \n\nVocabulary UPnP -Univeral Plug and Play : a set of protocols that allow networks to detect other networks and set up ways to share information easily. It's great for convenicne, but not so great for security.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe assigned reading for this week talks about IPv6, which is the newer Internet Protocol version.  The article starts by mentioning that the last IPv4 addresses were recently handed out.  Though this is not something that will cause a huge immediate impact on normal consumers or even larger corporations.  However, it does mean that we must begin the transition to IPv6, something easier said than done.\n\nThe next section tells us of a few of the changes that will be taking place with the internet in the years to come.  It begins by telling us that IPv4 addresses use 23 bit numbers whereas IPv6 address are 128 bit numbers.\n\nOne extremely big factor in this is IPv4’s incompatibility with IPv6; neither can run on the same type of wire.  \n\nThe article continues with explaining how all 4.3 Billion IP addresses were used up so quickly.  We covered most of this in class, but the long and short of it is is that many IP addresses are reserved for different classes of networks, and only certain networks will handle certain IP addresses.  Furthermore, IP addresses are hardly used sparingly by computers and servers, which can have many different interfaces. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI really enjoyed this article, but it worried me a little bit.  It appears that my internet price is going to go up.  As IPv4 addresses get more and more scarce.  They probably won’t go down for a while either, since I don’t believe that it will be a very quick transition between IPv4 and IPv6.  \n\nVocabulary IANA list of IPv4 allocations  : a list that has been set apart for IPv4 multicasts. It constitutes roughtly 1/16 of all the IP addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.examiner.com/technology-in-national/by-flipping-a-few-switches-egypt-blocks-the-internet\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nI have been quite intrigued as of late as to how Egypt could cut off internet service in their whole country.  I thought that, with all the different ways to connect between different networks, it would be virtually impossible to isolate a geographical area from the internet when said area is as large as Egypt.  So, I looked up a news site which gives a basic overview about how Egypt’s ruler turned off the Internet.  \n\n \n\nThe first section states that blocking one specific site such as twitter or facebook isn’t all that difficult.  The different servers merely need to be shut down.  However, according to the article, this is the first time that a government has performed a complete blockage of the internet.  \n\n \n\nThe rest of the article explains why it seemed as if the government threw a few switches and the internet was suddenly disconnected.  According to the article, Egypt’s telecommunications are still mainly controlled by the government.  Therefore, government officials merely talked with engineers in charge of critical nodes that connect the country to the internet.  According to the BGPMon, 88 percent of Egypt’s internet connections were cut down.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to be very very interesting.  It was very illuminating and it actually makes me a little frightened as to how a government can have so much power in regards to communication.  It comforts me to know that, though the US government probably could do the same, it doesn’t seem as if it would be as easy for them.  \n\n \n\nVocabulary Border Gateway Protocol : the protocol that is the base to the key routings on the internet. Measuring the use of this protocol allowed BGPMon to monitor the country’s connectivity. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/022511-it-graduates.html?hpg1=bn\n\nI was reading through the different articles that Isysguy provides and I came across an article that talks about how many managers don’t believe that their recent hires in the IT department have enough skills out of college.  I know that most of these articles are to be focused on the more technical side of data communications, but I found it worth my while to read this article and find the things on which I could focus in order to be a more desirable hire.\n\nThe first few paragraphs of the article explain that 4 out of ten managers don’t believe that their new IT hires are qualified to work at the company.  Another 4 out of the remaining six detect a large gap between the skills of new hires and the skills of employees who have a little more experience.\n\nManagers want employees who have experience in Programming, Databases,  Analysis and architectural skills, and problem solving and technical skills.  Also, even though managers are disappointed in their new hires, there is a very large demand for IT employees.  About 60 percent of all Companies that need IT assistance are hiring in one aspect of IT or another.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n \n\nI found this to be a very informative article.  It made me feel very grateful for the living Heck that I’m going through in these two semesters and for the difficulties that lie ahead in my future schooling, because I believe that this integrated core has given me experience in all the areas in which many employers said their employees are lacking.  I also feel that I get an advantage through having a lot more hands-on experience than other programs may offer.  \n\nVocabulary Virtualization technology : - Basically, it’s the technology that is behind our virtual boxes in the lab. This technology has recently been replaced by Java Development as the most difficult skill set for hiring managers to locate. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWe went over active directory in class and then later in lab.  I thought that it was really neat technology.  So, I decided to read the Wikipedia site for it.  \n\nFirstly, Active directory is relatively new.  It was released with the first windows 2000 Server edition.   Its purpose is to store information and settings in a centralized database this can allow a company to allow a person to have special settings and have their own personal hard drive space on whatever computer that is part of the active directory domain.\n\nIn regards to Active Directory’s structure, Active Directory is structured into two different categories of objects:  resources and security principals.  These different objects are placed into zones called forests, trees, and domains.  Forests are the larger zones, trees are smaller, and domains are the smallest.  You are able to access different domains, trees, or forests according to the amount of access that your account is allowed.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI thought that this article really helped me understand how powerful active directory can be for a company.  This would allow any user to get to their computer whenever they need to.  Some of the stuff went over my head, but I look forward to using this technology later.  \n\n \n\nVocabulary Forest : a collection of trees that share common attributes. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/\n\nI decided to read the article that Professor Lindstrom posted, especially since I’m going to need to understand this well if I’m going to do well in Intex II\n\nThis article goes through a more in-depth look at how a web page works when you navigate through URL.  The First section tells us how the DNS lookup works : it first goes through the Browser cache, then Os cache, then router cache, then ISP DNS cache, and then, if it can’t find it anywhere else, it does a recursive search.  This search is what professor Lindstrom explained to us in class about two weeks ago.\n\nThe next part of the article explains that there are ways for domains not be be overloaded with queries.  The one that I thought was the most interesting was the load balancer.  it listens on an IP address, and then forwards the requests to other servers.  This approach reminded me a lot of port forwarding.  \n\nThe next parts are basically what we did in lab this week.  The browser does an HTTP request and, if the request is successful, is redirected to the page it requested.  After the redirect is made, the browser follows it and the server handles and sends back an HTML response.  If necessary, parts of the HTML are filled in with JSPs or AJAX.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI found this article to be very enlightening.  It was neat to be able to talk about this in class, work on it in a lab, and then read an article about it.  After doing the work in lab, it was a lot easier to understand what the article was talking about.  \n\nVocabulary Load-balancer : a device that listens on an IP address and forwards whatever requests that are made to one or more servers. This helps to make sure that an IP address is not overloaded. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1314,"Article Summary\n\nArticle source: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/010711-android-gains-ground.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\nThis article discusses smartphone operating system usage statistics.  It details that RIM Blackberry and iOS Operating system usage is being overtaken by Google's Android operating system.  The article goes on to tell us that Android usage nearly doubled in 2010 compared to relatively small gains by RIM Blackberry and iOS.  \n\n\n\nThe article places total market share for each item at around 25%, but hints at Android getting far more than that in the future due to the large gains in usage.  \n\n\n\nFinally, the article tells us that at CES this year, Google unveiled a reworked Android designed specifically for tablets.  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is that device operating systems make a big difference when consumers choose what kind of device they use to communicate and to consume  information from the internet.  This article actually mirrors in a small way the PC operating system competition in the 70's with Apple \"controlling the stack\" and designing software to work with only the hardware they create, and Microsoft creating a platform for use on nearly any hardware setup.  Google is taking a page from Microsoft in the Smartphone OS battle, while Apple continues to \"control the stack.\" \n\n\n\nA smaller impact this article makes is to hint that Google's Android platform is making smartphones more available, or at least more desirable as evidenced by their large gains in 2010.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary ComScore : comScore is a marketing research company that provides marketing data and services to many of the Internet's largest businesses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI pulled my article from http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011211-world-ipv6-day.html?page=1  I also linked to http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/2010/042810-ipv6-tutorial.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article, entitled \"Facebook, Google, Yahoo commit to 'world IPv6 day' trial\" is about the adoption and use of IP addresses using the newer IPv6 protocol.  The article discusses the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 and the need to adopt IPv6 technology quickly.  The reason cited is because the world is running out of IP addresses on the 32 bit IPv4 protocol, with estimates that they will be entirely used up by the end of 2011 or into 2012. \n\n\n\n\n\nAs the title hints, several internet giants will launch a full scale test of IPv6 support on their websites for 24 hours on June 8 of this year.  The test will hopefully completely support IPv6 for that 24 hour period with no shortcuts or workarounds like DNS Whitelisting.  These companies hope to gain some valuable knowledge from the tests that will enable them to convert to IPv6 on a more permanent basis sooner rather than later, while also judging how well IPv6 works alongside IPv4 protocols already in place.  \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article on data communications is a large one.  IPv4 only supports 4 billion addresses, and as more and more of the world enters computing and the internet and more and more gadgets become internet ready (desktop, laptop, tablet, smartphone, tv, e-reader, VoIP phone, etc.) single persons may need 3 or 4 or more IP addresses.  There simply won't be any left by the end of 2012.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThat means that this test is important.  Running out of IP addresses has been a concern for a long time and stop gaps like NAT and CIDR have been created to help until what would become IPv6 could be created.  Now it has been created and businesses need to ensure it is adopted soon.  Because without extra IP addresses, businesses can't grow.  In some cases, businesses wouldn't even be able to function.  Growth would be stopped in so many areas.  The test that is going to occur on June 8 of this year will be very important because it will give the internet giants key information that will allow them to completely adopt IPv6 much sooner.   \n\nVocabulary Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) : Created to help slow the growth of IPv4 addresses in use, CIDR groups IP addresses into single routing table entries\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I chose was taken from: http://www.informationweek.com/news/global-cio/interviews/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000793&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article discusses two video formats used in streaming video to computers and, soon and more often, to television.  The formats are h.264, which the article says Google dropped in favor of a new codec, WebM.  The article goes on to discuss how h.264 is one of the current standards for video streaming and transcoding, autodetected by programs like flash and silverlight. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe reason this is a problem, according to the article, is that new and better video codecs are notoriously slow to catch on, and purveyors are notoriously resistant to change.  This means that without support for h.264 in addition to WebM, videos from google using the WebM codec will be unable to play on existing or new devices in the next few years.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe author of the article thinks it was a mistake to drop h.264 support in favor of WebM because it could cause google to \"miss the wave.\" \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is ostensibly about video formats, but it's also about streaming.  The way we consume information. This relates to datacom in that we will be unable to consume information if we don't have the proper codecs.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe question in this article is more of a business datacom scenario. Google's defense of it's dropping h264 is that there is an easily downloadable application online which will allow the player to play files with with the WebM codec.  Sure it's a little bit of a hassle to download a small program before you can play WebM files, but once you have it, you never need to worry about it again.  The author of the article was VERY put out by this, if WebM is a better codec, it should be used, and Google is encouraging its use and providing a way to be sure it is used.  As a business decision it is a good one.  \n\n\n\n\n\nIn addition, what Google is doing is encouraging the development of new codecs by trying to change the speed with which their WebM codec is picked up.  This could actually mean faster improvements in streaming technology and protocols that allow information to be moved across networks in surprising ways, or with surprising speed, or clarity or whatever.   I think it's a step in the right direction. \n\n\n\nVocabulary h.264 : h.264 is a video compression standard used for recording, transmitting and showing high definition video\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle Source: http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/get-real-ethernet-wide-area-transport-about-ubiquitous-nfl-franchises/2011-01-27\n\n\n\n\n\nThe writer of this article was discussing the GigE standard of ethernet and its implementation problems in rural america.  He discusses that the problem with gigE is that in rural america there isn't enough use to make it worthwhile for the ISPs to lay fiber to those areas.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe author also discusses the ISP's problems in creating these rural networks on gigE becuase of the insistence of ISPs on the bottom line.  The biggest impact on the bottom line comes from veterans who understand the older technologies, and the author says this will result in compartmentalized support where one tech understands one protocol, another understands a second, and still another understands a third. \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is a little hard to grasp at first, but when you think about internet speeds across america, GigE isn't necessarily standard yet. The author is offering a condemnation of ISPs that aren't innovating enough to make gigE work in rural markets.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe problem is that if gigE is not picked up in rural markets, internet traffic that moves through routers and networks in that area will be reduced to the lowest common denominator speed, which will severely diminish the usefulness of GigE in other places.  Essentially, if there are enough networks running slower (or rather, narrower) than gigE, they will create a bottleneck.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI am always in favor of upgrading technology, and the gigabit ethernet standard is a step in the right direction, toward better internet infrastructure in the US. \n\nVocabulary ATM : Asynchronous Transfer Mode - a layer 1 protocol that encapsulates data in cells and is designed to handle both traditional and high speed traffic. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle source: http://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=32433\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discusses the attempts by Greentouch to improve wireless network energy efficiency.  Greentouch claims that it can one day improve wireless network design 1000 fold.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article discusses an event held in London where it demonstrated an antenna array that transmits small focused \"beams\" of information selectively to many users at once as opposed to the traditional broadcast across the whole of the wireless coverage area.  They claim they can do this on a large scale.\n\n\n\n\n\nThey are focusing their efforts on core switching and routing, optical data transfer and energy trends in the hope of increasing energy efficiency as well as losing fewer packets without compromising signal and using separate data and signaling networks so that network access can be made \"on demand\" rather than having it connected all the time.  \n\nImpact\n\nThe kind of technology posited in this article is very exciting.  The idea has a great deal of implications.  First, wireless network speeds and wireless network ranges.  With an antenna like this one, a wireless provider could improve signal strength and wireless speeds a great deal by using more devices for less money (provided the devices themselves are not cost prohibitive).  Second security.  The idea that traffic on a wireless network can be focused leads me to believe that they can also be more secure.  At the very least there would be no broadcasting of access cookies for anyone with enough savvy to use firesheep to snatch off the wire.   The idea that access can be on demand greatly reduces the risks, since anyone trying to hack a device on such a network would have to do so while it is transmitting or receiving from the network and further would have to find that device in the sea of other focused bands of data flowing to and from devices that pop on and off the network as they please.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI think that I have no idea just how amazing this technology has the potential to be, but I think that this idea has the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate wirelessly.  \n\nVocabulary silicon photonic technologies  : The technology to use silicon as a light sensing medium (photonics deals with the generation, emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, detection and sensing of light) to capture and manipulate waves of light on the same wavelength as most fibre-optic communication systems and then (ostensibly) use that light to transmit data. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle source: http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/3925491/House-Votes-to-Block-Net-Neutrality-Rules.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article covers simply the decision by the house to block the proposed net neutrality rules approved recently by the FCC.  It doesn't go in to detail about what those rules are or what it would mean if they were implemented however.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI can assume that the net neutrality rules proposed would prohibit ISPs from giving any sort of bandwith increase or speed throttle to any single person or entity over any other.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe bill would prohibit the FCC from using any of its funding in the coming budget to enact the net neutrality restrictions. Lawmakers are quoted as saying that this is just a stopgap until a more permanent solution can be reached. \n\nImpact\n\nThe funny thing about this article is that it betrays how little the major players seem to know about net neutrality.  One congressman is quoted as saying \"We all want an open and thriving Internet. That Internet exists today. Consumers can access anything they want with the click of a mouse thanks to our historical hands-off approach.\"  Which is technically true, but doesn't  have a thing to do with net neutrality.  Net neutrality is not about what you access, but how you access it.  The fact that net neutrality as a concept was not discussed tells me also that the reporter doesn't really understand it. \n\n\n\n\n\nThat's neither here nor there.  I am happy about what this means for \"the fight\" about net neutrality.  The fact that the net neutrality propositions were blocked means that ISPs can continue to throttle internet usage up for some things and down for others.  I think this works.  ISPs  sell more bandwidth than they have anyway, if they couldn't throttle internet usage they would have to charge much more for internet usage, and either pick up a great deal more bandwidth, or sell far less.  In either event, general internet speeds go down, and prices go WAY up.  Glad the house ruled well on this, even if they don't quite understand it.  \n\nVocabulary net neutrality : Network neutrality (also net neutrality, Internet neutrality) is a principle proposed for users' access to networks participating in the Internet. The principle advocates no restrictions by Internet service providers and governments on content, sites, platforms, the kinds of equipment that may be attached, and the modes of communication\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/vertical-business-fiber-availability-us-and-europe-fiber-gap-remains/2011-03-11\n\nThis article covered the increasing availability of fiber internet connections in the us\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article discussed how many telecom companies are striving to increase to 100mbs + connections in the coming year and how the availability of fiber optic connections is growing compared with growth rates of the same in europe. \n\nImpact\n\nIt is admirable that companies are striving for 100mbs + internet connections, but \"the cake is a lie\" so to speak.  Until those internet companies can get enough bandwith they can afford to sell dedicated connections without overselling bandwidth to make up on cost, we are never going to get that good a connection.  Of course this will be far faster than what we have now (1.5mps anyone) but it will be interesting to see if the bandwidth provided by fiber will allow prices to drop sufficiently that we as consumers can get dedicated, non shared lines. \n\nVocabulary Fiber Optic connection : An optical fiber is a thin, flexible, transparent fiber that acts as a waveguide, or \"light pipe\", to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle source:  http://www.newsfactor.com/news/Microsoft--Feds-Halt-Spam-Network/story.xhtml?story_id=102003BWF82C\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article discusses the recent takedown of the Rutstock botnet by federal agents and microsoft tech crimes unit.  The article covers the raids launched across the US and the seizure of computers and harddrives in several major cities that were acting as controllers for the Rutstock botnet.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe writer claims that Rutstock was responsible for approximately 47% of all spam globally at one point and that the botnet has ceased sending spam.  The writer worries, however, that other botnets may grow to fill the gap left by the Rutstock takedown.  \n\nImpact\n\nThe thing about this article that confuses me is that it says the botnet was taken down, hard drives were seized, raids launched, etc. but they do not say who was responsible for the Rutstock botnet, and if anyone was arrested in connection with the recent raids.  This is important for two reasons, one direct and one indirect.  \n\n\n\n\n\nFirst: If the owners of the rutstock botnet weren't taken down, and if information gleaned from the raids does not lead to their capture, the perpetrators could simply set up shop elsewhere and build another equally successful botnet.  This would mean rutstock is not down, just temporarily disabled.  Sure authorities are working to clean off computers etc. but these succesful purveyors of malware can simply build the botnet back up using the same techniques.  The botnet won't be composed of the same computers, necessarily, but has the potential to be just as successful. The people behind the net need to be stopped. Which brings us to our second, indirect point.\n\n\n\n\n\nSecond: While spam volume across the globe is down, for the moment, down, the reason that botnets exist and spammers can be so successful exists, and that is that people continue to make poor decisions on the internet, and continue to leave their computers unsecured against virus threats.  In order to really defeat the problem, major education needs to take place among the general populace of computer illiterati.  Topics like how to browse the web safely, what is a secure password, how to clean off a virus if you get one, how to secure your computer and how often should you check your virus scanner need to be covered.   There are a lot of people out there who don't realize the danger their information is in, or how to fix it if they do find themselves compromised.  The more people we educate, the fewer potential botnet members there are.  I know it's not feasible to do on a large scale, but the rising generation of computer users needs to be aware.  \n\nVocabulary Malware : any piece of software or computer program or section of a program's code which is created, used or intended to be used to harm, glean information covertly or in any other way gain control of another person's computer. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nsource: http://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/3929156/Has-Virtualization-Adoption-Peaked.htm\n\n\n\nThis article discusses the possibility of the trend toward virtualization of servers in the IT field.  A survey conducted by CGC showed that only about 50% of respondents (it professionals) say they do not find virtualization of servers to be easier to manage or utilize. There is concern that the trend toward virtualization is slowing down because it isn't quite the ideal they expected.  \n\n\n\nI wish there was more to say, but it is a rather short article.     \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe idea behind the virtualization trend is that by running servers on virutal machines you can, with the push of a button allocate greater processing power or ram, essentially reconfiguring the hardware of the machine on the fly.  Unfortunately it appears this isn't as easy as it sounds. First there appears to be a trend toward more virtual machines, and many are getting lost in the shuffle.  \n\n\n\nThe idea of course is a good one, buy a single super powered machine and run multiple, stable servers on virtual machines on a single physical machine.  They can all be constantly running, accessible via anyplace on the network and potentially highly mobile, should any need to be cloned and put on a different physical machine the process can be pretty easy.  The problem, in my opinion is that as the article says, it's easy to create a great deal of machines and get them all mixed up.  The other issue happens if the single physical computer fails, you lose multiple servers at the same time, they have to be backed up, adding to the confusion, and the trouble in the event of  a failure.  Virtualization has its place I think, but the \"Cloud nirvana\" discussed briefly in the article seems like it's still far away.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary virtualization : the practice of creating a virtual device instead of an actual one such as a hardware platform, operating system, or other network resource. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1369,"Article Summary\n\nSource: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2374933,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read had to due with net neutrality. It wasn't just informational, but rather took the approach of whether or not the FCC should even have the power to regulate the internet. It talked about a poll that was done that showed that 54% of 1000 people polled in a Rasmussen survey said that they oppose the FCC's effort to regulate the web. It mentioned how many of the people think that the FCC will use the regulation to push their political agenda.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, the article did explain the three main rules behind net neutrality: transparency; no blocking; and no unreasonable discrimination.\n\nImpact\n\nWe didn't really talk about a ton of technical things on Tuesday, but the topic of neutrality was brought up. I wanted to learn more about it, so I looked up this article. I feel like this article is important because essentially, it effects everyone. The entire topic of net neutrality is a huge 'fighting' arena because this type of decision can affect how \"free\" the internet is for the present and the future to come.\n\nVocabulary net neutrality : Has a range of meanings, but its core principles include: transparency in management, no website blocking, and no unreasonable discrimination of bandwidth.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://10-gigabit-ethernet.tmcnet.com/topics/10-gigabit-ethernet/articles/133926-10-gigabit-ethernet-molex-acquires-luxteras-active-optical.htm \n\n \n\nThe article I read had to due with 10Gbps Ethernet and the acquisition a cable company (Luxtera) by a high-speed internet company (Molex). The article, in addition to talking about the logistics of the acquisition, talked a little bit about the technology surrounding the companies, including QSFP+ (quad small form factor pluggable (proprietary high speed transmission technology )) 40Gbps Ethernet and AOC (active optical cable). The article talked about how this type of merger will allow for future technologies of 14, 25, and 100 Gbps Ethernet. The article then mentioned how this type of merger will help to bring 'Silicon Photonics' to customers all over the world.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a large impact--though possibly small in the short term--on everyone who connects to the internet. Though it may not be these two companies who actually bring us faster internet speeds, these two companies are example of companies who are combining forces to try to push and elevate the speed of the internet. Potentially with these technologies they are evolving, anyone who uses the internet could be affected. (Which from this perspective has a huge impact!)\n\nVocabulary Silicon photonics : An optical medium that uses silicon as a medium to transfer data long or short ranges. Early prototypes of silicon photonics long-range telecommunications push transfer speeds at up to 12 Gbps. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\n http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/216601/the_clock_is_ticking_give_ipv6_a_test_drive.html \n\n \n\nThe article I read had to due with IPv6 and how a lot of websites are planning on participating in World IPv6 day, which is supposed to be on June 8 , 2011. This event is supposedly a huge push to try to raise awareness and try to encourage ISP's and server operators to update their hardware to allow IPv6, or at least make plans to. The article mentions the low number of IPv4 IP address left and even states that we will run out of IPv4 IP addresses either near the end of this year, or sometime next year. The article then explains a couple ways that you can personally prepare for IPv6 (such as using a tunneling service, called Hurricane Electric, to fetch IPv6 versions of websites, etc.). After giving a few recommendations, it lists a couple sites that you can try to see if IPv6 is working for you (e.g. ipv6.google.com and v6.facebook.com)\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a very large impact on the current technology world (an anyone who uses computers within it). As we have been learning in class this last week, IPv6 will make a difference not only in the number of addresses that are available, but also is fine-tuned to support better services (such as streaming movies from Netflix). (This is at least what Dr. Lindstrom mentioned in class) This impact will be felt by anyone who uses the Internet and in an essence, will usher in a new era of Internet. (Maybe more personal IP addresses will be given out) The article raises the awareness of the need to upgrade to IPv6 and even shows a potential danger of not doing it: running out of IP addresses.\n\nVocabulary Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) : DMZ is a sub-network that exposes a company's external services to the Internet. Usually, rather than saying \"Demilitarized Zone,\" people just refer to this sub-network as the DMZ. The purpose of this sub-network is to add an additional layer of security to a LAN.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\n http://mashable.com/2011/01/22/the-internet-is-running-out-of-space-kind-of/ \n\n \n\nThe article I read had to due with IPv4 (which was on the reading list this week) and how we are running out of IPv4 addresses. The interesting thing about the article was that it gave a prediction as to when we would run out of addresses. And ISP named \"Hurricane Electric\" is counting down to what they are calling the \"Ipcalypse.\" They say that we will run out of addresses on February 2, at 4 a.m. The article says that they reached this conclusion by calculating how many addresses were being handed out per day--and how many addresses were left to give out. After talking about this, the article dives into IPv6 a little bit and talks about how with IPv6, 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses will be available to hand out. The article ends by urging ISPs to switch over to IPv6 soon so that they don't have to face the \"IPcalypse.\"\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nThis article has a very large impact on the world (and anyone who uses computers or the internet within it). Not only does it raise the awareness of the need to upgrade to IPv6, but it predicts the time that we will run out of addresses. This article is one of many that are lining the web now urging ISP's to upgrade to IPv6. Although this is a HUGE impact on the current technological world (anyone who uses a mobile device, computer, or connects to the internet), Dr. Lindstrom mentioned in class that when we run out--we won't actually be completely out. He reasoned in class that there are a lot of companies who don't use all of their IP addresses (BYU included)--and those addresses will probably be fetched and handed out before anything frantic happens. Either way, this article shows us that we are in a historical time and a new age of computing.\n\nVocabulary ISP - Internet Service Provider : This is sometimes referred to as an Internet Access Provider (IAP). It is a company that provides a connection to the internet for both business and non-business customers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703 \n\n \n\nThe article I read (and I believe everyone read it) had to due with the depletion of the number of IPv4 addresses left. The article talked about how the last 'batch' of IPv4 addresses were handed out on February 3rd. The article makes the point that this isn't the end of IPv4 addresses yet, but that the companies who hand out the addresses are going to run out soon and we are going to have to learn to operate without new IPv4 addresses (or just make the switch up to IPv6). After talking about this dilemma, the article goes into a little detail about what is an IP address, how many addresses are available on IPv4 vs IPv6, why IPv4 touches everything on the internet, and what dilemmas companies have to switch from IPv4 to IPv6 (e.g. why should they have to pay to upgrade when so few companies have already made the switch).  Although this is a huge milestone to reach in the Internet era, one analysis mentioned in the article is cited estimating that only 14% of IP addresses that have been handed out are actually in use. After discussing these things, the article went into some depth of who is behind all of the addresses (For a birds eye perspective from the article: ICANN has a group called IANA who hold the supply of IPv4 addresses. They hand them out to RIR's who then lease them out ot ISPs and mobile phone network operators). According to the RIR for the United States and Canada (ARIN), we won't run out of addresses for at least 6 to 9 more months--and even then the ISPs will still have many addresses to hand out. Also, as the article mentions, there are many large corporations and organizations who have millions of addresses left who may give back some of their addresses to ARIN or consider monetizing from them. One solution that has been used to fix some of the problems of have few addresses is using NAT, as we talked about in class. In conclusion, the article talks about how much we will have to do personally such as buying a home router that supports IPv6 and how we will be able to still use the internet during this transitional phase (such as proxies or tunneling). The article mentions the address space 240 to 255 that was set aside for multicasting--and explains how these address spaces have been baked into routers so there would be no way to free them up to use right now. The article ends with a prospectus of how long it will actually take for companies to move over.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a very large impact on the world (and anyone who uses a computer or the internet).  As the article states, this is a problem of \"unprecedented magnitude since it ultimately involves anything that touches the Internet.\" This is a pretty big impact since so many devices (including cell phones) touch the internet and rely on it for connectivity. Its amazing to think about how widespread this really is and because of the 'interconnectivity' of the internet, it will affect nearly every business who operates in the world today. (Which in turn affects nearly every individual in the world) Although we don't have to worry about the addresses running out for the short term, this is a problem that will have to be more readily addressed in the near future as we loom towards a day of no more IPv4.\n\nVocabulary ARIN - American Registry for Internet Numbers : Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Canada, the United States, and many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands. ARIN keeps track of and manages the distribution of IPv4 and IPv6 address space. It is one of 5 RIR's in the world who similarly distribute and hand out address space in other parts of the world.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110214006431/en/Daddy-Introduces-Premium-DNS-%E2%80%93-Takes-DNS \n\n \n\nThe article I read had to do with this weeks reading (DNS) and a new service that Go Daddy is introducing called Premium DNS. The article starts by talking about what DNS is to a common user: an easier way to remember web addresses (by their name rather than by IP addresses). Apparently there are more than 200 million domain names registered across the web and Go Daddy is so big, they manage the IP addresses for many of these domain names. With this new premium service that Go Daddy is offering, Go Daddy says that the propagation of new DNS information throughout their DNS servers will be faster, more reliable, and more secure. Go Daddy also says that with this new service they will balance traffic across many Go Daddy data centers across the United States, Europe, and Asia. This will prevent any failure up to a 99.999% uptime guarantee for the service. Also with this new service, Go Daddy allows customers to create custom DNS Zone templates for their domain name servers and add multiple users to the accounts. Last, this service allows customers to enable DNSSEC which is a security feature that authenticates DNS records when a user attempts to visit a domain name. This feature is very helpful because it can help to prevent Internet attacks on different domain names because the DNS record has to be authenticated. It does this by assigning an encrypted key to validate the DNS lookup. The article ends by saying that this can prevent people from being diverted to a malicious computer when they try to access your website.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article first of all has an impact on any company who uses Go Daddy as a web registrar. This actually ends up being a lot of people--as Go Daddy is one of the web's most popular registrars. It also has an impact on anyone who wants to make their DNS connectivity more secure and stable (probably corporate clients). Lastly, this article also has an impact on the whole web. The rationale for this is--when you make your site more secure, anyone who could  potentially access your site is also protected from anyone who would hijack a site. In other words, this service has the potential of making the whole web more secure. This factor combined with the others has a HUGE impact on anyone who accesses the web. With a safer web, we will be able to better share and more freely contribute to the collective knowledge that the web has grown to be.\n\nVocabulary Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC)  : DNSSEC is a group of specifications that allow DNS on IP networks to be more secured (and authenticated). The specifications provide to DNS users the authentication of the original DNS data and data integrity. (a way of securing DNS transactions) \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/major-new-dns-vulnerability-discovered.php \n\n\n\nThis week there wasn't an assigned topic to read about (because it was exam week), so I just found another article for last weeks topic (DNS). The article I read was talking about a new vulnerability discovered in an implementation of the DNS protocol called BIND (which is apparently a very common implementation of the DNS protocol). BIND stands for, Berkeley Internet Name Domain (due to University of California at Berkley). The article was talking about how there is a vulnerability in a version of BIND that allows for Denial of Service attacks to be performed on DNS servers. After a brief introduction to the ideas, the article goes into deeper explanation explaining that the exploit is opened based upon the way that BIND handles incremental zone transfers(IXFR). According to the article, IXFR is a method for transferring data on top of the transmission control protocol. When this transfer of data occurs, coupled with a small query, a deadlock is created on the DNS server which will freeze all incoming connections and make the server virtually useless until it is restarted. This deadlock could easily take down DNS servers and prevent people from accessing the internet. According to the article, there is already a fix for this vulnerability, but many companies haven't upgraded their versions of BIND. The article also states than some older versions of BIND don't have this problem in them.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a very large impact and huge ramifications on the world in that anyone who uses the internet has to have their requests routed through DNS servers. Essentially this vulnerability affects not only companies who host DNS servers, but also anyone who uses these DNS servers to access the web. With rumors of only hacker groups who perform Denial of Service attacks, these vulnerabilities are even more important to pay attention to. This really is  because if our DNS servers went down, we would have a near impossible time accessing anything on the internet. The both businesses and consumers alike rely on DNS servers to keep the internet running smoothly.\n\nVocabulary Incremental/Full DNS Zone Transfer (IXFR/AFXR)  : IXFR and AFXR are services available for administrators that allow them to replicate DNS databases across a number of DNS servers. Although these services were widespread and universal at one time, newer DNS database replication mechanisms have been growing at more modern DNS server packakes have been developed.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/Security-Software-offers-privilege-management-capabilities-592172 \n\n\n\nThis week we started talking about security related issues and Active Directory (by Microsoft). There wasn't a reading assignment, so I decided to find something that dealt with Active Directory. The article I read (that came out on March 1st) was discussing a new piece of software called \"Centrify Suite 2011\" that extends the security and auditing capabilities of Active Directory across many major platforms (Linux, Mac OS X, etc.). Centrify Suite 2011, as the article describes, will allow for even more enhanced 'finer grain control' over the 'sign-on' capabilities that the software provides. In a nutshell, Centrify Suite allows for additional control and security of Active Directory across  many different platforms. By the sounds of the article, Centrify streamlines the process of stretching Active Directory across many platforms and creates secure connections while doing it. The article then shows a list of many new capabilities and additions to Centrify that will aid in the current security and auditing features that Active Directory offers. Some of these new features include: Enhanced Linux and MAC OS X desktop management, centralized local UNIX and Linux account management, Expanded platform support for operating systems (including Fedora 14, IBM AIX 7.1, Mandriva 20102, OpenSUSE 11.4, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Scientific Linux, and Ubuntu), and many other features. The article ends by giving a summary of exactly when Centrify Suite will be available and a summarizing description of how the software ties all of these features together.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has a pretty big impact on businesses who use Active Directory (which, according to Dr. Lindstrom, is a LOT of businesses). Specifically, this article has an impact of those who try to use and configure Active Directory to run across multiple platforms or operating systems. By using this software, companies can create more security in the use of and generation of their data. Really it seems like anything that improves security and streamlines processes is a big deal. Although this article may not impact all businesses (because maybe there are just using Windows machines), for those who aren't just using windows, this software is a very good thing for them and could very likely impact them for the good in the long run. Whenever security can be tightened down--the impact is generally good (e.g. not losing, leaking, or corrupting data). Overall, this article has a pretty big impact on businesses in general by providing more security and ease to a service that many of them use.\n\nVocabulary Active Directory : Active Directory is a directory service created and updated by Microsoft. A directory service is a piece of software that organizes, stores, and provides access to information within a directory. So specifically, Active Directory is a service that allows administrators to assign policies to the information within a directory that is stored in a central database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/community/node/71627 \n\n\n\nThis week there wasn't a reading assignment, so I decided to find something that dealt with Active Directory since we have been working on it in the labs and talking about it in class. The article I read (that came out on Feburary 22nd) was very technical to read, but was discussing how to use Active Directory for VPN authorization on an ASA by using LDAP. The article mentioned a previously written article that talked about how to do that authorization (that was mentioned in the last sentence), but this article started by saying how you could use Active Directory attributes such as Group Memberships for VPN authorization. Here is the breakdown for how the article describes how to do it: Basically the process is that the ASA queries the LDAP server (which would be Active Directory) for a user profile.  User profiles store the Group Memberships. ASA doesn't naturally understand Group Memberships so you have to configure an attribute map for the ASA that will map the LDAP attributes to a RADIUS attribute on the ASA. The article then continued and showed value pairs of LDAP attributes and RADIUS attributes that were mapped to each other and how to do it. The article ends by saying that essentially you can do this mapping for any LDAP directory--you just have to follow the steps to map the ASA RADIUS attributes to the LDAP ones.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has quite a big impact on businesses who use Active Directory (according to Dr. Lindstrom there are a LOT of businesses who use it). Specifically, this article has an impact of those who try to use and configure Active Directory to run through an ASA. It was a very interesting article that seemed to apply directly to what we are doing (because they were using ASA's to configure everything). Overall, it seems like it has a pretty big impact because you could configure your network to be even more secure (by running it through an ASA router), but you would still be able to do your active directory authorization. For the end user this makes things a lot more safe and really impacts the security of a corporate network. (both for preventing things from getting in--and things from getting out).\n\nVocabulary Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)  : LDAP is a protocol that allows for the reading and editing of directories (or database records) through a network. You can communicate with Active Directory via LDAP. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/221857/back_up_your_web_email_account.html \n\n \n\nThis week we were talking about mail servers, smtp, pop3, and related technologies. As I was looking around for articles dealing with this, I found an article that had to do with the backing up of web email accounts using these type of technologies. The article started by referring to the incident that happened a few weeks ago with the gmail accounts that got compromised and deleted. This incident spurred a number of articles online dealing with how to backup you online email accounts. The article then dived into a number of applications and ways to back up your different accounts online. For example, for Gmail, you can use an application called gmail backup; for hotmail, you can use an application named mail source; for yahoo, you can use a utility named zimbra. The interesting thing is  that each of these applications has a similar process for backing up your email. Basically, each backup service connects to your designated and authenticated email account and then pops your emails off of the email server--without deleting them from the server. This, in a sense, just creates a copy of your emails off the internet and them leaves them on gmails server so that you can still access them online. Once downloading the designated number or time frame of emails, each utility zips or backups your emails to a folder or drive for future use. The ability to use pop to do this is awesome because it leaves your emails on the server while allowing you to back them up.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article has a pretty big impact on anyone who has an email account in the world (which is virtually most youth and tech-savvy people--or, a TON of people). This article has huge implications for the world because by being able to backup email, people can be more secure with their data and can feel a peace knowing that it is all secure. Any way to increase security for people can be considered to have a huge impact on the world. Email is something that has become increasingly important to the modern world. Business transactions, financial records, and personal items are very often stored in email. When or if email is lost, it can be a very bad and frustrating thing. Overall, this article has a big impact because so many people use email and this article makes it even more secure.\n\nVocabulary POP3 : POP3, or Post Office Protocol is an application-layer protocol that can be used by email clients to get email from a remote server (via TCP/IP). POP3 is the most recent version of the protocol POP. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/03/how-the-comodo-certificate-fraud-calls-ca-trust-into-questionhow-the-comodo-certificate-fraud-calls-ca-trust-into-question.ars \n\n \n\nThis week we were talking about http, https, html and related technologies. As I was looking around for articles dealing with these technologies, I found an article at Ars Technica that was dealing with security certificates and HTTPS. The article starts by talking about what HTTPS is. It is basically the use of HTTP that is secured through SSL or TSL (for web transactions). After defining this, the article digs a little deeper into SLL and explains how it works. The article says that there are two aspects to SSL. The first is encryption. Encryption is used to obfuscate data so that anyone snooping won't be able to tell what the data says. The second part of SSL is authentication, or proving that you are who you claim to be. This is done by sharing an encryption key (the article says that it is shared through clever mathematics in order to not just send the key over the wire).  The article then goes on to explain a clever way to get around this security by using what is known as a man in the-middle-attack (MITM).  This is basically where one party can pretend to be the server--getting all of the users data--and then forward the data on to the server (and back to the client with responses from the server). MITM attacks can be overcome through the use are security certificates (which are part of SSL and provide a means for encrypting data through the use of a public key cryptography). This alone can't completely overcome MITM attacks, but by the use of a Certificate Authority (CA), a source can be verified and you can trust that the connection is secure. (This is because a CA won't issue a certificate to a company that isn't who they say they are). The article talks about how this is safe and secure--until a CA decides to issue security certificates to companies who aren't who they say they are (e.g. Issuing a certificate to a company who claims to be Amazon, but really aren't amazon). The article continues by saying this is exactly what happened when a CA, named Comodo, issued certificates to a company claiming to be google, yahoo, skype, mozilla, and microsoft. The reseller for the Comodo certificates is named UserTrust (which is a funny name due to the current events), and is based out of Salt Lake City, Utah. The article explains that after the certificates were found, they were able to issue a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) that web browsers check before connecting to a website. Apparently this isn't errorless as web browsers will often ignore these lists due to errors. The article says that the root of these certificates went to servers in Iran. The article then ends by talking about other historical mess ups when certificates were handed out to fake companies and how this circle of trust has many technologies relying on it.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nThis article has a huge impact on anyone who accesses the web (which is probably like 3/4 of the world population). Anything that deals with security at this level has a huge impact on the way that we live our lives (e.g. because of trust) and the way that we operate online. If we have a constant fear that a source is going to steal our personal information, people could potentially stop using online sources and the internet could be forever changed. This article is very important to be able to secure the future of the web and the future of technologies. As can be seen, this article is very important and has a huge impact on the world.\n\nVocabulary Certificate Revocation List (CRL)  : CRL is a Certificate Authorities list of invalid certificates. Your security can become invalid due to a lapse in time, a change in employment, or theft of a key. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=21641 \n\n \n\nThis week we were talking about MS SQL and we didn't have a reading assignment. As I was looking around for articles dealing with MS SQL, I found an article at Informit that was dealing with MS SQL and the ability to set up SQL Server search catalogs that allows you to more efficiently search through a database. Apparently when you have a huge database using clauses such as \"LIKE\" or \"WHERE\" can slow your query down--so developers have created these catalogs to help speed up the search queries. (e.g. Think of Google. If it had to search through every piece of text it found on a page every time someone typed something into the search engine, it would be a slow process. Instead they use catalogs to speed up the search process) The article steps through a few different steps to get the catalogs working in MS SQL. It discussed how to create and set up the catalog, how to populate it, and then how to design full-text catalogs. One thing to note that the article addresses is that the \"Microsoft Search\" is a service that is separate from the SQL service, but it uses the SQL service to build full-text catalogs into separate files. The article ends by giving some tips for setting up the catalogs. (For example, a table that has more than a million rows or is around 1 GB in size should have its own catalog; catalogs should be stored on separate drives)\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article has quite a big impact on anyone who accesses a website or a server that runs MS SQL (which is probably a lot of people since MS SQL seems to be pretty prevalent). Anything that touches or deals with the internet and connectivity has a pretty big impact on an everyday users' experience. By allowing catalogs to be created, users will be able to more efficiently access data on web (or server, etc.) because search times will be decreased and the ability get exactly what you are looking for will become more possible. This article seems to be very important and seems like it will become even more important at the technologies surrounding the internet evolve and continue to be used more and more. In summary, this article is very important and has a huge impact on the world--because it seems that many users will 'touch' the servers that this search service runs on.\n\nVocabulary Enterprise Manager (EM)  : An enterprise manager is an administrative tool in MS SQL Server 2000 that allows a user to do many things including the ability to define which servers are running on MS SQL Server, group servers, and design and test SWL statements and scripts. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1294,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article is about Oracle’s commitment to “Lustre” file system technology.  There was a quiet period from Oracle that was making some Lustre users nervous, because they had no idea what Oracle was thinking about the whole thing and when Oracle was silent about OpenSolaris, the verdict was that Oracle was disinterested in it.  The article continues, expanding on what Lustre is, and who uses it.  Lustre is used by 61 of the top 100 systems in the top 500 supercomputer list.  Or.acle is integrating Lustre with ZFS (Zettabyte File System)so they can be used on their file systems. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9201062/Oracle_burnishes_its_Lustre?taxonomyId=155&pageNumber=1\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article mainly only affects those people who use Lustre or people overly interested Oracle.  Oracle has been showing signs of being interested in further developing Lustre as they set up a booth at the Supercomputer 2010 show.  This article helped my understanding of Lustre, because before reading it, I had no idea what it was, or why it was important.  I had to look up a lot of the words in the article, but I think I understand the file system better.\n\nVocabulary Lustre : a massively parallel file system that stores huge amounts of data on multiple nodes. It is mainly used for cluster computing. According to Wikipedia, the term “Lustre” comes from the combination of “Linux” and “Cluster computing.”\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/mowi/article.php/3920601/iOS-Beta-Mining-Reveals-Future-iPhone-iPad-Features.htm\n\n\n\nThis article is about the forthcoming versions of both the iPod and the iPad.  The author of the article is hypothesizing about features that will be present in the next versions of these Apple products.  There are a few very interesting ones that he is guessing will be present in the  new versions.  The absence of the home button is just one change that he is predicting will come out with the new iProducts.  There will be new multitouch technology that will make the button redundant and so the author believes it will be taken out.  iThings will be able to register more that two points of contact with the device.  The author thinks we should be seeing these things before this summer.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was very interesting to me, even though I currently am a PC user.  I think that this new innovation is exciting to Apple fanboys and PC lovers alike.  I think that Apple has been very innovative and I expect to see even more touch sensitivity coming to mobile devices and tablets in the future.\n\n\n\nVocabulary CDMA : Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This is different from GSM networks, which connect to the network by searching for cells in their immediate vicinity. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article is about cloud storage and how careful we as users need to be.  The article talks about how cloud storage is more dangerous than any other type of storage.  It continues to talk about how data, once it is backed up, only has to backed up with any changed information.  Data is compressed and made smaller before being sent across the cloud.  Back up and recovery may take more work though.  \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/cloud-computing/blog/archives/2011/01/how_careful_do_1.html\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important because cloud computing is up and coming these days and it is a huge deal.  I am very interested in it.\n\nVocabulary cloud : This is a method of sharing information on an electricity grid. It is relatively new technology that people use to collaborate in real-time.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe world is eventually going to have to transition to IPv6.  This is a problem because everything that touches the internet is going to be affected.  There are still IPv4 addresses available, but they have been given to or bought by companies already.  IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers; there are 4.3 billion possible addresses.  With IPv6, the number of IP addresses grows exponentially to 340 undecillion.  One of the main concerns associated with “the big switch” is web accessibility.  It will be hard for an IPv4 user to reach an IPv6 server.  And a lot of people and companies, although IPv6 has been around a long time, have not transitioned yet, because there hasn’t been much of an incentive.  Interestingly enough, a survey conducted of the entire IPv4 internet suggests that only about 14 percent of the addresses are actually in use.  Although there are a lot still available, it is hard to reassign IP addresses; it requires a lot of network updates.  The transition to IPv6 is not going to be graceful though.\n\nThe Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a subgroup of the Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers and holds the central supply of IP addresses.  They eventually make their way to Internet Service Providers and the like to be handed out to people and companies as they please.  It will take ISP’s still a while to go through their supply of addresses though.  NAT won’t be able to fully solve the problem, although it does help a little. \n\nRecent computers have been built to be able to handle IPv6, so the problems will mainly be with servers communicating with these computers.  The transition can take companies as little as a few months to years.  ISPs are going to have to move fast and get on the IPv6 bandwagon.  There isn’t as much support for IPv6 as there is for IPv4, so it could take a while for some companies to make the change.  Google and Facebook are aggressively moving toward IPv6.  On June 8: World IPv6 Day, they are going to help iron out.  Neat.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article impacts everyone because just about everyone shy of legitimate hermits and the very devout Amish use the internet on an everyday level.  The impact, however, isn’t terribly immediate, but it is never too soon to start thinking about it.  There will eventually have to be a transition, but I think it will affect big companies and ISPs rather than the average Joe.  I don’t think that the average Joe really knows what an IPv4 vs and IPv6 address is.  The ISP’s and hardware suppliers will have to make the transition and pass it on to their users.\n\nVocabulary NAT : Network address translation is allowing multiple computers on a network to have the same publicly visible IP address. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/security/app-security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229218786&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All\n\n\n\n\n\nOracle announced this week that they are releasing a database firewall.  It monitors databases in real time.  It enforces normal database behavior and defends against SQL injections.  This is very interesting to me because in our programs we have to take certain measures to protect against SQL injections and these firewalls could make that happen without tricky coding.\n\nIt is very interesting to me that it hasn't been thought of before.  You would think that with databases containing such vital information, someone would have created a firewall to protect databases before.  It's cool though because there is no required change to the existing database structure.  The rest of the article talks about and explains SQL injections.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is very interesting to me because I have never really thought of databases as something that is protected by a firewall.  This affects everyone who uses Oracle databases.  This is big news.\n\nVocabulary SQL Injections : An SQL injection is a code injection technique that people(probably criminals) use to mess with someone else's data. They can input code that will mess with data tables and corrupt the company's data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9211659/Hacker_writes_easy_to_use_Mac_Trojan\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is about a RAT Trojan, called Black hole, that was written to attack Macs.  It is a variation of a Window's trojan called \"darkComet.\"  The Trojan gives the criminal remote access to the computer.  This is new because there are not many Mac viruses published.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts Mac users.  I hear all the time about Mac computers' safety because there is a lack of viruses that attack them.  This is an easy to use virus that targets Macs.  Mac is growing in market share in computers, so there are more viruses being written to target them\n\nVocabulary RAT : Remote Access Trojan - a major type of Trojan horse that was developed to give the attacker with complete control of the victim's system.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2011/01/how_careful_do.html;jsessionid=BLFCDRA0SFY1RQE1GHPCKHWATMY32JVN?catid=cloud-computing\n\n \n\nCloud Storage is becoming more and more important to IT managers.  This article is about cloud storage security.  When you use “the Cloud” for storage, you are not directly in control of your data anymore.  Most of the concerns have been addressed with encryption.  Encryption keys are more likely to be given away than the encryption cracked.  As long as those are protected pretty heavily, you should be fine.  The data on the cloud is also stored across multiple drives, so if someone gets one of the drives, they only have pieces of your data, which is encrypted.  Most data in a data center is not encrypted.  The data on the cloud might actually be safer. Many business grade cloud storage offerings leverage a hybrid model where an appliance is installed locally to act as a cache to the cloud.  Most of your data can be stored on the cloud and you can access limited amounts of unencrypted data on your servers at a time.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is interesting because it addresses a fear that a lot of people have about giving all of their information to an outside party.  It is interesting to read the opinion of the author that the data on the cloud is actually more secure because of encryption and the distributed nature of the data.  I agree with him.  Data in a data center is an easy physical target for someone to defraud.\n\n \n\nVocabulary The Cloud : This is a method of sharing information on an electricity grid. It is relatively new technology that people use to collaborate in real-time. A lot of people use it to refer to the internet\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article is about Google’s new supposed Facebook-rivaling social network called “Google Circles.”  The circles are like social circles that we have in real life, such as family, close friends, extended family and old friends.  Google denies the rumors of the Google circle, and claims that they just want to bake more social features into its existing products.  \n\nThe main difference between Facebook and Google Circles is that users are in more control of their information.  They can choose which circles they want to share certain updates with.  \n\nThe opinion of the author is that Google should both launch Circles as well as make their products include more social features.  An example of Google’s transparency is illustrated in Google’s dashboard that came out about a year and a half ago.  “As Google continues to build new social features into all its offerings, users will end up with no idea who's seeing what. They'll feel confused and paranoid, and may want to switch to competing services that offer more visibility and control over sharing.”  The author says that Google will prevent this problem by making a social network.\n\nThe author goes on about how people will realize that they are more dedicated to Google than to Facebook.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is interesting to me because Google has been an enormous presence on the internet for years now.  The word Google is now in the dictionary and colloquially is used as a verb to search something or figure something out.  Facebook, however has become a more dominant force on the interwebs in recent years.  This will affect pretty much everyone, because everyone has a Google account and everyone has a Facebook.  Chances of Google virtually taking over the world greatly increase when they release this social network.\n\n \n\nVocabulary Social Dashboard : This is what the author believes the Google is going to implement to keep people updated on their friends' lives. It will be a transparent and you can control which people see what information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/browsers/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229301089\n\nChrome 10 is the newest version of Google Chrome.  Google’s web browser is updated fairly often.  The new features present in Chrome 10 include the Crankshaft V8 engine for JavaScript.  The author goes on to say that Chrome ranks really high as far as browser performance goes; right next to Opera 11.  The options menu has also been revised.  The Chrome Sync feature is also updated in the most recent version of Chrome.  Chrome Sync makes it possible to use a Google or Gmail account to share bookmarks across different browsers.  Sandboxing is not also available on Chrome 10.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis impacts a lot of people.  I am now hopelessly devoted to Google Chrome.  It is the only browser that I use anymore, so I was very interested in reading this article and finding out about the newest features offered.  Because Chrome auto-updates, I was able to play with a few of the new features that the author mentioned in the article.  I wasn’t quite sure how to test out the new Javascript engine, but so far Chrome has been impressive.  I like the new options menu and I ran the Peachkeeper benchmarker on Chrome.  The Peacekeeper runs tests on the browser that tests its ability to test HTML rendering and JavaScript, Canvas, DOM and Complex Graphics on different browsers.  It’s actually pretty cool.  My Chrome got 8965 points.\n\nVocabulary Sandbox : security mechanism for separating running programs. It is often used to execute untested code, or untrusted programs from unverified third-parties, suppliers and untrusted users.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215249/MySQL_Web_site_falls_victim_to_SQL_injection_attack?taxonomyId=142\n\nThis article is about the ironic SQL injection that attacked the MySQL website.   The two hackers, named TinKode and Ne0h, publicly posted usernames and passwords of the site’s users.  MySQL.com ran a variety of internal databases on an Apache web server.  Users with accounts on MySQL.com have been advised to change their passwords.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n:  I think it is kind of hilarious that the MySQL site was attacked with a SQL injection.  It is ironic because you would think they would have pretty advanced security measures against SQL injection attacks.  I am particularly interested in this article because I am very interested in network security and the measures to whick you have to go to protect yourself.\n\nVocabulary SQL injection : – SQL is Structured Query Language and is used to interact with databases. An Injection is an attack using that language that allows the attacker to mess with the data of the attacked. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1326,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nPC Magazine posted an article teaching people how to set up a home network. It is titled \"How to Set Up a Home Network in 5 Simple Steps.\" The five steps that were given are as follows:\n\n1. Connect Your Router\n\n2. Access the Router's Interface and Lock it Down\n\n3. Configure Security and IP Addressing\n\n4. Set Up Sharing and Control\n\n5. Set Up User Accounts\n\nTo summarize the steps, once you have bought the device, you turn off the cable or DSL modem, power up the device, and connect the network cable. Once connected you can turn the modem back on. Connect a laptop and go to the router's interface via browser. Change the laptop's IP settings so they match those of the router's. Change the admin password, then change the router's SSID, then assign security (WPA/WPA2) and create a password or passphrase. The last two steps are for creating a Homegroup (Windows 7) or Workgroup so that devices on the network can share files.\n\nImpact\n\nI recently bought a (dare I say it?) wireless router from Best Buy. I had an extremely difficult time setting it up, and when I saw this article I wanted to read it to see what steps I missed and how to do it right. Using the last two steps provided above I have been able to set up a workgroup that my wife and I are on so that we can share our files between our two laptops. Ultimately, this article helped me a lot to understand the necessary steps to getting my device in working order.\n\nVocabulary DHCP : The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a computer networking protocol used by hosts (DHCP clients) to retrieve IP address assignments and other configuration information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1936808/sites-ipv6-enabled\n\n\"Top Sites Become IPv6 Enabled...at least for a day\"\n\nAmong other companies, Google and Yahoo will enable IPv6 on their main services for a 24-hour period this June. We all know that we are running out of IPv4 addresses, but since the inception of IPv6 addresses about 10 years ago, less than one percent of people have adopted it. To see that large companies such as the one named above are making plans to move from v4 to v6 will hopefully help other companies to adopt the same.\n\nThe IPv6 Test Flight is scheduled to run on June 8, 2011. The goal of the test is to prepare the companies for full adoption of the new protocol by seeing how it works and to fix things that don't so that the transition will be seamless. Hopefully the test results are good, because it is getting close to the point where we will run out of IPv4 addresses.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI think the IPv6 Test Flight will be very important. When companies see that major players like Google are making the transition to the new protocol, they will have a strong incentive to adopt IPv6 as well. This stuff is important for me to know because the entire internet relies on this protocol, so making a transition to a new protocol will affect not only me, but everyone in the world.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. The new address space supports 2128 (about 3.4×10^38) addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/timing-shift-ethernet-mobile-backhaul\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about bandwidth overconsumption and what we might need to do to fix it. The author states that the problem is that mobile backhaul infrastructures were already over capacity with the introduction of 3G, and with 4G traffic now coming into play, the bandwidth problem desperately needs to be solved.\n\n\n\n\n\nMany mobile operators are currently using a hybrid approach to backhaul, that is, they use both Time Division Multiplexing and Ethernet. The author suggests that going 100% Ethernet would be the best solution for these operators for three reasons: ease of use, cost-efficient scaling, and compatibility with the types of packets that are causing all the growth.\n\nImpact\n\nI didn't realize that there were two ways for mobile operators to handle mobile backhaul, so it was good for me to learn about what time division multiplexing is, how it differs from ethernet, and what the pros and cons are for each.\n\nVocabulary Time Division Multiplexing : A processes of splitting one medium into two or more channels by using timed segments to transmit information.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://electronicdesign.com/article/communications/FCC-Power-Grip-Sets-Up-Net-Neutrality-Ends-Internet-Freedom.aspx\n\nI was previously unaware that the FCC had already begun implementing new net neutrality rules. I was under the impression that it was only a hot debatable topic. But this article states that there was a favorable vote for net neutrality at the end of last year.\n\nWhat this means is that no internet service provider will be able to block or slow any web traffic, whereas in the past service providers have given more bandwidth to those who pay more or who are more important. But now everyone will have equal access.\n\nImpact\n\nI don't like it. I feel like people who use the internet frequently for important things, like I SYS majors, will have slowed internet due to unimportant people, like Netflixers, taking all the bandwidth. If I want to pay to have privileged web access then I should be able to pay for it! I think that this new policy will go over very badly once people realize the negative effects.\n\nVocabulary ISP : Internet Service Provider. A company that offers its customers access to the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/218764/what_cloud_computing_means_for_the_real_world.html\n\nThis article talks about the pros and cons of cloud computing and its effect on us, the users, in our networking and communications. Here is a list of some of the benefits that were mentioned:\n\n1. Simplicity. Low-level computer-illiterate people don't need to know what saving is, or understand the file system.\n\n2. Permanence. Files on the cloud are there permanently unless you choose to delete them. You don't need to worry about CD degradation, etc.\n\n3. Independence. Programmers don't need to worry about what operating system they create programs on. If it works on Firefox, any computer with Firefox can use the program.\n\n4. Security. Versions of files won't be stored on laptops, USBs, etc., so you don't have to worry about losing confidential information. All documents are in one location, so management will find it easy to manage the information.\n\nAll in all, there seem to be a lot of benefits of cloud computing. It makes collaboration and communication immediate and easy, and is very possibly the way of the future for data sharing.\n\nImpact\n\nBecause cloud computing is becoming increasingly popular, I need to know and understand how it works, so that I can use it in the most efficient way possible. I will likely collaborate with team members in a future company by way of cloud computing, and if I have a good knowledge of it then I will have a strong influence on the team and in the company.\n\nVocabulary cloud computing : Location-independent computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand, as with the electricity grid. Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualization, service-oriented architecture and utility computing. Details are abstracted from consumers, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure \"in the cloud\" that supports them.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nWe're out of IPv4 addresses! This article discusses how that happened, the impact this will have on the world in the near future, how IPv6 will solve the problem, and how companies will have to change to support IPv6 on all their hardware.\n\nHow it Happened: a man by the name of Vint Cerf decided that IPv4 addresses would be 32 bits many years ago. He never could have guessed that 4.3 billion addresses would be used up in his lifetime. With the vast expansion of smart phones, laptops, and desktop computers, all of which need IP addresses to network, the IP addresses have been handed out to companies at a very fast rate. There was a ceremony giving out the last blocks of available IP addresses last week, and from here on out we need to tighten our belts until the transfer to v6 is complete.\n\nImpact: for now there isn't too much of an impact on the regular user. Our devices are still given addresses, we can still get on the internet. But in approximately 6 to 9 months, when addresses aren't generally available for sign-up, our connections will be slowed down. Huge ISP companies will have to provide more and more overhead management to utilize the same amount of IP addresses to handle more and more customers. The real impact, though, is that all companies have to get hardware that supports IPv6.\n\nHow IPv6 Solves the Problem: IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length. That means there will be 2^128 addresses available. That's a lot! Once the transfer is complete and everyone uses v6 rather than v4 we won't have to worry about running out of addresses for a very long time. The problem is that a device using IPv4 can't communicate with an IPv6 device, so everyone has to make the transfer.\n\nHow Companies Will Have to Change: Currently there are many devices, such as most modern computers, that can handle IPv6, but are currently configured to use IPv4. For many devices, though, such as routers, printers, fax machines, etc., no IPv6 handling is available. So pretty much all companies will have to do a lot of changing to get ready to handle IPv6. \n\nImpact\n\nThis is important to me because soon I will be moving out into the real world, working for a company that will have to, like everyone else, transfer to IPv6. I was offered an internship with Cisco, and they are going to have to go through a lot of work before they are ready to use IPv6 on all their devices. I could very well end up helping to make the transition, so I really need to know about it.\n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. A non-profit corporation that oversees a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by other organizations, notably the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.techweb.com/news/229218786/oracle-releases-database-firewall.html\n\nThis article talks about a new Oracle product called the Oracle Database Firewall. This piece of software is designed to protect databases from SQL injections, assess SQL queries, and monitor databases in real time. There are several benefits of implementing such a firewall for a database:\n\nRequires no change to an existing database. This firewall can be deployed on almost any Intel-based software, and is compatible with all Oracle databases. \n\nBlocks SQL injections and unauthorized access. A study showed that 89% of breached data instances were caused by database servers being compromised. This firewall prevents any SQL injections. \n\nUses SQL grammar-analysis technology. This technology looks at every SQL statement and checks it against whitelists, blacklists, exception policies, and policy to make sure it is a valid statement from a valid source. The policies it checks range anywhere from time of day and IP address to user and SQL category.\n\nUsing this firewall, or any other database firewall that's out there, can be a great benefit to any company that maintains a database.\n\nImpact\n\nA very important aspect of data communications is security. It is important for me to consider all of the ways that I or my company can be attacked and to take preventive measures. Firewalls are a great example of a preventive measure that I need to learn how to implement.\n\nVocabulary SQL Injection : A code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4213522/Security-penetrates-the-clouds\n\nA big question that keeps coming up when talking about cloud computing is security issues. A company's private information is not safely secured at the corporate office, but out where it can be shared, and possibly accessed by hackers, rivals, etc. This article talks about what a company is doing to provide more security for cloud computing.\n\nThe company is SafeNet Inc. SafeNet is a security provider that has now adapted some of its security suites to run on cloud computers. The security that this brings to the table includes:\n\nAuthentication - users have to identify themselves in order to gain access to information \n\nEncryption - as information travels, it is encrypted so it can't be read\n\nThis is an improvement that might give some a feeling of security, but until there are more ways to secure the information, I won't feel comfortable sharing important and private information through the cloud.\n\nImpact\n\nSecurity is a really big deal, so when I saw the title I was intrigued. As more and more security is provided to cloud computing, more and more companies will begin to use it. These are some important first steps in providing comfort to people knowing that their information is safe.\n\nVocabulary Xen hypervisor : Also called virtual machine monitor (VMM), it is one of many virtualization techniques which allows multiple operating systems, termed guests, to run concurrently on a host computer, a feature called hardware virtualization.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213199/Beijing_to_track_people_s_movements_via_their_mobile_phones\n\nNetworking is communicating in the goal of obtaining or sending information. I consider networking to be a private matter: you connect with who you want to get/do what you want. It seems that this mode of thinking has been violated in Beijing, where the government is using people's mobile phones to track where they are and where they are going.\n\nAnyone in Beijing with a China Mobile phone is going to be tracked. According to the government, the information being taken from the phones is the exact location of the person and the direction they are heading. They say that this is in the goal of reducing traffic, which has become a huge problem for the extensive population. For many, though, this violates the privacy of the individuals.\n\nThe Chinese government has been known to use technology to control the population, like squelching dissent. The information that they can obtain from these phones could potentially be used in other ways than were stated by the government. We will find out eventually, I guess, if their real intent is truly just to fix the traffic problem, or if this information will be used in other, privacy-violating ways.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAlthough this article does not contain a lot by way of technology, I believe it fits into the networking subject very well. We talk a lot about how to protect data as it moves across networks. But it's hard to protect data that the government is requiring you to give. Privacy is a fundamental issue when talking about information, and I believe that people have a right to choose what information to give to others.\n\nThis article impacted me because things like this don't just happen in China. As issues concerning information, privacy, and networking arise closer to home, I need to be aware of what's going on so that I can learn about the issue, take a stand, and do something about it if necessary.\n\nVocabulary privacy : The ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves and thereby reveal themselves selectively.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12772319\n\nThis article addresses the recent take-down of monster botnet Rustock. This particular botnet is believed to have been run by only a handful of people, yet it controlled over a million drone computers and sent as much as 200 billion messages a day.\n\nWhat does it take to stop such a giant botnet that has been successful in hiding itself for years? You have to:\n\nFigure out how the botnet operates \n\nGet participation from law enforcement \n\nFind domain name registrars and internet service providers used by the botnet servers \n\nMake a swift raid to take the servers all at once, before the people who run the botnet can move operations to new hardware\n\nBecause Microsoft worked hard on locating and stopping this botnet they were able to seize control of the servers that ran Rustock and stop the botnet.\n\nImpact\n\nIt is helpful for me to know about the nature of spam, because I deal with it every day. It is good to learn about the known botnets and the type of spam they send because then I won't be duped into clicking on a link I shouldn't or paying money to a fraudulent company or something.\n\nVocabulary botnet : a collection of software agents, or robots, that run autonomously and automatically\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1377,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/01/net-neutrality-fight-gop-wields-garlic-against-fcc-vampires.ars\n\n\n\nI read an article called \"Net neutrality fight: GOP wields garlic against FCC 'vampires'.\"  The article talked about how the republicans are trying to pass their anti net-neutrality laws.  Now that many new republicans were sworn in they wasted no time and brought up the subject on the first day.  \n\n\n\nThe Republicans want to limit and even eliminate the FCC's power over the internet.  One representative in particular named Marsha Blackburn is very passionate about the subject and has been trying to pass laws for a couple of years now.  She refers to the FCC as a vampire trying to suck the life out of the internet.\n\n\n\nextra word that i wanted to look up\n\n\n\nWi-Fi - In 1999, pioneers of a new, higher speed (compared to the original 802.11) spec, endorsed the IEEE 802.11b specification to form the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) and branded the new technology Wi-Fi. The Wi-Fi Alliance is a trade association that promotes Wireless LAN technology and certifies products if they conform to certain standards of interoperability. Not every IEEE 802.11-compliant device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance, sometimes because of costs associated with the certification process. The lack of the Wi-Fi logo does not necessarily imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices. 'Wi-Fi' is not a technical term. However, the Alliance has generally enforced its use to describe only a narrow range of connectivity technologies.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article impact is that the government is very involved in our usage of the internet.  They could take full control of our usage privileges or laws could be passed excluding them.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary FCC : The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government, created, Congressional statute, and with the majority of its commissioners appointed by the current President. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing the FCC.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://smart-data-centers.tmcnet.com/topics/smart-data-centers/articles/134686-netapp-acquiring-akorri-networks-boost-virtualization.htm\n\n\n\nNetapp bought out Akorri to improve their business management capabilities.\n\n\n\nAkorri focuses on virtual infrastructure management and Netapp is the leader in providing storage and data management software. \n\n\n\nNetapp will now be able to better provide companies with the tools they need to reduce spending on environment management.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts me because it shows that the leader in data management software and storage is preparing to help companies with virtualization and cloud technology.  That means my future in this career will be heavily involved with virtualization and I will need to know about it so that i can advise companies on the best way to manage and implement that technology.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary dynamic data center : a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems. It generally includes redundant or backup power supplies, redundant data communications connections, environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning, fire suppression) and security devices\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Mobile-and-Wireless/Enterprise-IPv6-Transition-266024/\n\n\n\nEnterprise IPv6 Transition\n\n\n\n-employees with company phones will not be able to have network access if they are not IPv6 configured outside the company\n\n-global connectivity will need IPv6 to communicate\n\n-IPv6 is more efficient route aggregation\n\n-companies need to update hardware and software, and attend training\n\n-it will be a pain but it will be inevitable and once done will be much better\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis has a great impact because when we graduate most companies will have had to make the change from IPv4 to IPv6 and we need to be familiar with how it works.  It will be new still so if we can be on top of it we will be  a great asset to companies being network administrators.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Domain Name System : associates various info with domain names and most importantly translates meaningful names to numbers (ip addresses) to be able to network and locate addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nMoving to IPv6\n\n\n\nbasically the article talks about how we ran out of IPv4 addresses and we need to switch to IPv6.  there are 340 undecillion addresses in IPv6, i've never even heard of that!  There will still be available IPv4 addresses from ISP's through the next year but the reserve will not last long.  \n\n\n\nNAT is only a short term solution and will not last long term either so people are being forced to start transitioning.  \n\n\n\nMost consumers will not have to do anything, but ISP's especially have to move right away. The biggest problems consumers will experience is slow internet speeds for certain companies that need to use proxy servers with IPv6.\n\n\n\nThe timing for the transition will be months for certain companies and years for others that dont have such a necessity to have IPv6 capabilities\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis has a great impact because I need to be familiar with both technologies and after graduation i will probably be very involved in the transition process.\n\n\n\nVocabulary web server : can be referred to as either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that helps to deliver content that can be accessed through the Internet. A web server is what makes it possible to be able to access content like web pages or other data from anywhere as long as it is connected to the internet. The hardware houses the content, while the software makes the content accessible through the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.maximumpc.com/article/news/us_governments_ice_office_mistakenly_freezes_84000_websites\n\n\n\n\n\nU.S. Government's ICE Office Mistakenly Freezes 84,000 Websites\n\nHomeland security is trying to bring down sites involved with counterfeit products and child pornography.  one of these sites was mooo.com.  Mooo.com is a large shared domain and as a result 84,000 websites had a banner stating that the domain name was seized and listing the penalties of child pronography.  The owners of these websites had to explain to their customers that they were not involved with the actual operation.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI did not even know that there were such things as shared domain names.  This can really be important because if we are ever involved with some sort of job or operation where we need to identify domain names, we need to know that one name might not specifically correlate with just one ip address.\n\n\n\nVocabulary ICE : Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics (ICE) is a term used in cyberpunk literature to refer to security programs which protect computerized data from being accessed by hackers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021711-anonymous-hack-lessons.html?page=1\n\n\n\n\n\nYou are previewing premium content. Become an Insider to read the full article.\n\nYou are viewing Insider content. Browse other Insider articles\n\n7 ways to avoid getting hacked by Anonymous \n\nLessons to learn from how Anonymous had its way with HBGary Federal\n\nA security-tech company named HBGary got hacked by a group of hacktivists named Anonymous.  The CEO of the company threatened to reveal the names of the leaders of the group and in return Anonymous stole hundreds of thousands of emails and posted them online and defaced their website.The article talks about 7 ways to try to avoid this happening.  \n\n\n\n1. dont assume a certain type of attack\n\n2. use good content management system that includes updates, patches, and support\n\n3. hash and rehash passwords in databases\n\n4. use strong passwords\n\n5. dont reuse passwords\n\n6. keep current with patches\n\n7. have better user awareness of social engineering\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article relates directly to what we have been learning in class. It shows how vulnerable companies can be to hackers and internet threats.  This is important for our field because we need to understand how important network security really is. As developers and consultants we need to be able to put as much focus on security as all the other things including deadlines.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary content management system : procedures used to manage work flow in a collaborative environment including: access control, communication, and storage\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/354765/Firming_Up_Firewall_Protection?taxonomyId=145\n\n\n\n\n\nSecurity Manager's Journal: New firewalls should increase protection\n\nThe article talks about today's application based firewalls.  It say that they are a lot better than they used to be and that the technology could possibly make so that most businesses are using this type of firewall.  It would eliminate all the need for multiple devices and hardware.  It can be integrated with active directory to make more rules, it provides url filtering, and it helps to trace malware.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nTechnology will continue to advance. Security is getting more and more important to campanies and if technology is getting better then we will have to know about it to help protect data and networks.  The firewall described in the article seems like the technology that soon we will probably have to implement into our companies.\n\n\n\nVocabulary united threat management : ability to provide network security without extra appliances and management consoles\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/16593/cloudmark-says-ipv6-may-cause-rise-in-spam-volumes/\n\n\n\nCloudmark says IPv6 may cause rise in spam volumes\n\n\n\nThe article talks about some of the different ways that spammers could possibly abuse the new IPv6 network.  Some ways include:\n\n\n\nNo longer able to blacklist bad ip addresses\n\nAddress so large spammers could use one address to send a single email at a time.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nTechnology is changing all the time and with it comes more security threats.  It is important in our field to no the most up to date ways to fight things like spam and others.  Companies will look to us for knowledge on what the threats are and advice on how to protect against them.\n\n\n\nVocabulary DNSBL : Stands for DNS Black List. It is a list of ip addresses, networks, and computers that are linked to spamming and is available through DNS\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382037,00.asp\n\nFacebook's Web Server Strategy: 'Chinese Foot Soldiers'\n\nThe article talks about an interview with the guy that is in charge of Facebook's servers.  Many companies are using virualization to manage their servers, however Facebook does not use this method.  They use what Gio, the guy in charge, compared to Chinese foot soldiers.  They have many many microservers.  When a problem happens, they some of the microservers are taken out but there are so many that the end user never notices.  \n\nImpact\n\nThe one thing i learned is that the newest technology and methods are not always the best for every business problem.  Facebook uses a technology that is slightly older but that works better for their specific needs.  In the work force we need to be aware of which technologies would be better suited for specific business needs.\n\nVocabulary microserver : Another name for server appliance. A computer appliance that works as a server. It comes preconfigured, but components are activated by the user\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.ttkn.com/technology/customer-spotlight-stein-mart-accelerates-business-planning-with-microsoft-sql-server-2008-9966.html\n\nCustomer Spotlight: Stein Mart Accelerates Business Planning With Microsoft SQL Server 2008\n\nThis article talks about how Stein Mart implemented sql server company wide.  With this new platform the company can better compete with others and it's executives are better able to forcast and make business decisions.  Data processing took more than 14 hours with the previous system, but now it only takes 3 hours.  Their data warehouse was close to 12 terabytes in size, but now its only 4.  Their data processing is so much better now and they have great plans to improve and grow.\n\nImpact\n\nI think its interesting that Stein Mart didn't make this change until they already had 265 stores.  To me this shows that it is very likely that we will work for a company that needs to make changes like this. Stein Mart is now saving $50,000 a month on hardware leasing and maintenance costs.  It is important to know about these different platforms so that we can reccomend them to our executives, this kind of decision would surely give us a raise!\n\nVocabulary terabyte : one trillion bytes, or almost a tebibyte which is 1024^4 bytes.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1368,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nAfter class I felt like net neutrality was still a very new idea so i decided to read an article about the FCC's new rules extending the principles of net neutrality. This article, titled \"What do the FCC's Net Neutrality Rules Mean for You?\" by Chloe Albanesius essentially establishes that there are three rules the FCC is releasing in regards to net neutrality Albanesius attempts to dig at the actual relevance of the three rules. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe rules are as follows: (1) Transparency - basically ensuring that ISPs are upfront with their    users on how their network is managed\n\n     (2) No blocking -no matter what users' activities are, as long as the   content and activities are lawful regardless if it bogs down the   network, the ISPs cannot block the content\n\n      (3) No unreasonable discrimination - companies like Comcast                 cannot cutoff services like Netflix or Hulu simply because it    competes with their services. The can prevent things like malware    from coming on their network but not legal applications. \n\nThe author concludes that these new rules wont necessarily affect us in any large amount now but it will change the way internet is provided in the long run. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is relevant to what we are learning due to the fact that it discusses the role that the FCC plays in the distribution and enforcement of net neutrality. The more companies can interfere with the way we as users utilize the internet in order to benefit their company, the more negative of an effect it will have on how efficiently we communicate over a network. Companies should amke the use of internet fair and should have to ability to manipulate the network unfairly in order to make a better profit or in order to make it a greater benefit to themselves. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Unreasonable discrimination : pertains to companies discriminating against competitors or giving benefits to those \"willing to pay a little more.\" it isreasonable to discriminate against malware and child porn, etc. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week I chose an article titled \"Crossing the Great Divide,\" in which is discussed the preparation for transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6. The article, found at http://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/crossing-great-divide-migrating-ipv6, makes the argument that despite many businesses and organizations being under the opinion that the choice to transition is an option, that it is in fact a necessity. The article goes on to explain that even the government has made it mandatory that its agencies begin to shift to IPv6. Knowledgeable sources, such as Owen Delong of Hurricane Electric expect that there will be residential shortages on IPv4 addresses by the end of this year. This in turn puts companies that choose to not transition till late in the game at risk because certain clients will not be able to access their services, creating a major disadvantage to such companies. The article also notes that because the economy is already hitting companies now, that this is a difficult choice for them to make, but in the end if they are to survive, the transition has to be made. \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact this article had on me and on what I've learned in this class is that connectivity is so important and online access becoming increasingly critical for individuals throughout the world to have. If this is the case and we really are running out of IPv4 addresses, then i completely agree with the author. If companies cannot make the transition to IPv6 then they will suffer major consequences if users that can only receive an IPv6 address since thats all thats left will be forced to sign on with more capable competitors. This helps me understand the difference between the two address types, which when I was in lab, was tryiing to understand the significance of the two. \n\nVocabulary IANA : Internet Assigned Numbers Authroity, which is an organization that oversees the allocation of IP addresses, Top-Level domains, and Internet protocol codes. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read this week was about a company called NTT Communications which is about to launch a service called \"Universal One\" in Japan in the next few months. The article, found at http://www.convergedigest.com/Bandwidth/newnetworksarticle.asp?ID=32318, basically explains that this company's service will be able to provide a solution to the biggest concern for services in the \"cloud\", which is reliability in guaranteeing continuous access to the cloud. The company will offer different services, but it will mainly be able to provide redundant access lines, which would enable enterprises to quickly deploy cloud-based networks without having to worry about connectivity risks and at a decent price. It will be layer 3 and also have a backup access line to ensure the network is always available. \n\nImpact\n\nThis is an important article to what we are studying because right now we are trying to set up virtual networks and to determine that networks will be reliable. Its also relevant since many companies are resorting to cloud-based technology and to ensure full connectivity at all times would be an extremely valuable asset in assuring that clients of enterprises' services are satisfied. I enjoyed reading about the innovation that is continuing to evolve in putting networks in the \"cloud.\"\n\nVocabulary Layer 3 : Layer 3 refers to the Network layer of the commonly-referenced multilayered communication model, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article was very insightful for me to read. I have reported on IPv6 and the transition that will need to eventually take place but this article was far more informative. One thing the article did was effectively explain why there really isnt another \"good\" solution outside of transitioning to IPv6. NAT is not really a solution because if everyone were to use NAT to extend the use of IPv4 no longer would people be able to use local services if the NAT is translating on a much broader aspect. Also its important to understand that even though there are many organizations with /8s (16 million addresses) they each have the right to monetize the use of their IPv4 space.\n\n\n\n\n\nI also though this was an interesting article because I really liked the fact that they went through the process of releasing the use of IPv4s. going from ICANN to IANA to RIRs which can then allow ISPS to use these addresses. I think its amazing that we will be about to jump from 4 billion to 340 undecillion addresses. \n\nImpact\n\nThis definitely impacts what we have been talking about in class. This last week in discussing NAT and PAT, its good to know that we have such tools that will allow us just a little bit more breathing room as we begin making this huge transition. If we didnt have NAT or PAT then we would be left with just Static IPs that would have depleted much earlier. The fact that one IP address can be used with several ports in translation will allow certain companies and ISPs to hold out until they can afford to make such a transition. \n\nVocabulary undecillion : a very big number. 1 and then 36 zeros. so 3.43^38 is going to essentially never run out. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nthe article i read was found at http://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/news/article.php/3925411/Alcatel-Lucent+Expands+IP+Address+and+DNS+Management.htm which discusses the fact that Alcatel has developed technology that is able to produce very positive results as far as IP management is concerned. With the growing concern regarding IPv4 running out of addresses this is great because with better IP management, enterprises will have somewhat of an extension on how long before they need to upgrade, which is costly. whats interesting is that this new technology can 12000 leases per second. \n\nImpact\n\nthis is an applicable article in the sense that with better leasing capabilities more IPs will be available on the inside network of many companies without having to expand. Also with what we have learned in class 100000 DNS queries per second is pretty impressive. \n\nVocabulary DNSSEC : DNS security extensions which further improve DNS capabilites\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article i chose can be found at http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/active-directory/Answer-Cloud-Security-Concerns-Federated-Identity-.aspx and its about how security is slowly going to the cloud. It talks about how using identity providers is going to become increasingly more popular mostly for security reasions. The fast that many businsesses are going across enterprises makes it more difficult for services like Active Directiory to be sufficient in reigning in how many rights and what privileges may have there in local domains. Using what are named claims identity providers will have a much easier tiime protecting users information over large areas.  \n\nImpact\n\nThis was very insightful into how important AD really is in an organiszation in order to protect sensisitve or persosnal information or even to make serious updates. This is such an important tool and to leanr that something thtt allows for greater security can be accessed  bu users with the right privileges. To be able to move similar features to the choou is looking. \n\nVocabulary Kerberos : Kerberos is a computer network authentication protocol, which allows nodes communicating over a non-secure network to prove their identity to one another in a secure manner. ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_(protoco\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis week i chose a different kind of article than i have in prior weeks. The article,, found at http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/031811-rsa-securid-breach.html?hpg1=bn is about a recent security breach that has occurred within the company RSA. RSA provides a security product to customers called SecureID that enables a two-factor authentication. Somehow this product was hacked and now there is an  APT attack on the company threatening the customer data that RSA holds for its clients. RSA is now working with the government to find out how this happened. but the article basically provides a list of recommendations to their clients such as reiterating to employees how careful they should be with information sent via email, etc. \n\nImpact\n\nI felt this article was significant especially since in an organization where we are insuring the safety of data for their network, we need to be aware of possibilities of security breaches. It also made me think when we were using hMailServer, which has no type of encryption for its use, how importnat it is to have as many security precautions as possible in order to avoid divulge any information that is private. \n\nVocabulary APT : Advanced Persistent Threat attack, a phrase often given to mean a stealthy and sometimes long-term attack\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSO this weeks article my have been most applicable to what we have learned in the networking lab. I found it at http://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/the-importance-of-correcting-packet-loss-in-vdi.php and it basically discusses concernes or issues that may exist with setting up virtual machines, or rather VDIs to run over WAN. The author doesnt feel like this is a good idea without some kind of WAN optimization put in place. The reason for this is that services such as VoIP, voice calls, and VDIs typically use UDP over TCP to free up some space on the TCP protocol; however, this said, the risk of packet loss is going to be higher when working with these programs over a WAN. \n\nThis article then goes into whether or not packet loss is significant, or rather when does it become an issue that requires further attention.  \n\nImpact\n\nThis was very applicable to what we have been learning throughout the semester. It is so important to understand the differences between networking protocols in order to ensure that networking and data communication is solid. If there is just minor packet loss during aVoIP call of WAN in a small enterprise, not much of an issue. But, if your working in a very large enterprise that requires communication to be perfect, packet loss could prove to be a pretty serious issue\n\nVocabulary packet loss : Occurs when one or more packets does not arrive at its final destination. This causes a noticeable gap in the flow of voice – seems like the person talking is missing parts of their speech. http://www.aptela.com/compare-phone-services/terminology-guide\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1309,"Article Summary\n\nArticle: \n\nWikiLeaks fiasco prompts new Fed effort to boost data security\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/010611-wikileaks-fiasco-prompts-new-fed.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\n\n\nWith the recent classified US cable releases by WikiLeaks, the Federal Government is starting to think about what it can do to prevent this type of thing in the future. According to the article, the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has asked all federal agencies and departments that have anything to do with classified data to increase their data security.\n\n\n\n\n\nWhat can the various agencies do? First they need to check and strengthen preventative controls, such as access control mechanisms on the systems level and determining who should have access to what. They can also ensure proper encryption during data transmission. Secondly, they need to have detective controls, such as monitoring and auditing data access so that a breach can be identified and corrected. Any employees showing low morale should be monitored extra closely. \n\nImpact\n\nWhen an organization has larges amount of sensitive information (and the United States Government with its agencies, departments and military certainly qualifies), they become a target for data breaches. As more and more things are stored and transmitted digitally, it becomes more and more important to protect that data.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact of things like WikiLeaks is both good and bad. The good news is that it will force organizations to scrutinize their security policies and implement better controls. The bad news is that controls often get in the way of everyday business and will be bothersome to many. But hopefully the IT staff are good enough that the benefits will outweigh the costs.\n\nVocabulary IT Audit : An examination of controls within the Information technology (IT) infrastructure.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: Facebook, Google, Yahoo Commit to 'World IPv6 Day' Trial\n\n\n\n\n\nURI: http://www.pcworld.com/article/216611/facebook_google_yahoo_commit_to_world_ipv6_day_trial.html?tk=rel_news\n\n\n\n\n\nSummary: On June 8th, 2011, Facebook, Google, Yahoo, and Akamai are all participating in an IPv6 trial. Google currently operates a DNS whitelist which allows certain people are who are registered to access their services via IPv6. However, on June 8th they will whitelist everyone and see how it goes. Currently, IPv6 traffic accounts for less than 1% of internet traffic. Hopefully there will be a nice surge that day.\n\nImpact\n\nIPv6 is going to be a big deal over the next few years as IPv4 has basically run itself aground. It will be important for me, as an Information Systems professional, to understand the challenges with upgrading. \n\nVocabulary IPv6 : IP version 6 is the next version of the Internet Protocol (IPv4 is the current one) that will increase the number of available internet addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nVerizon files lawsuit over FCC net neutrality order\n\nURI: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/012011-verizon-files-lawsuit-over-fcc.html?hpg1=bn\n\n\n\n\n\nVerizon has accused the FCC of overstepping the authority given to it by Congress. It filed a law suit this week stating it. Even though it is widely believed that Congress will strike down the new regulations, Verizon is taking them to court. It should be interesting to follow as this is not a suit relating to net neutrality to but the FCC's ability to regulate the Internet.\n\nImpact\n\nIn December, the FCC voted to prohibit broadband providers from selectively blocking or slowing Web content and applications.  This means that they can't throttle BitTorrent traffic so that our internet work better. While having no net neutrality has the potential to be a slippery slope, ISPs need to be able to control their users behavior to an extent. \n\nVocabulary net neutrality : Rules that would prohibit wired broadband providers from blocking or throttling legal Web content and services for any reason.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207078/Without_Internet_Egyptians_find_new_ways_to_get_online\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article \"Without Internet, Egyptians find new ways to get online\" first explains how Egypt had the internet cut on them by the government on Thursday at midnight and then goes through the ways Egyptians have tried to stay connected. Egyptians are using dial-up, fax and the last internet supervisor there — Noor Group. Ham radios are also in use, but most who know how to use them are probably in on the internet being cut. The article also talks about how while countries like Tunisia and Iran clamped down on specific websites during times of protests, they did not cut internet. But in place like Nepal and Burma, the internet has been cut in the past by the government.\n\n it.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe article explains how important the internet can be for communications and possibly the negative impacts (as some see it) of the internet. We as a society have become very reliant on this kind of technology. It also shows how desperate people are to have some sort of connection with the outside world and each other as Egyptians are using any means possible to try to connect with each other; even tweeting of ways to connect. It also touches on the fact that while the government may have tried to shut down the internet, this is a tough thing to enforce altogether with satellite and other means. While the impact is probably being felt, it is less so since the internet is now everywhere and people can get creative with ways to access it.\n\nVocabulary Internet censorship : Internet censorship is control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/next-gen-network/net-neutrality-where-the-money-goes.php\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article was written by a guy who was pro-Net Neutrality. He made some very interesting comments, in particular, he referenced the original FCC proposal and pointed out that it allows for ISPs to prioritize bandwidth for things like VoIP, gaming, live media streaming, etc. I went to the FCC document and found that it also allows for ISPs to block illegal activity and spamming as well. Craig Lindstrom said (several times) in class that if net neutrality passed, this would not be allowed. I'm not sure who to believe any more!\n\n\n\n\n\nAnyways, the point of this article is to talk about who gets the money in a non-net neutrality world. I pay for my internet here at home, and YouTube pays for their internet connection. Why should YouTube (Google) have to pay my ISP additional money to route the packets? \n\nImpact\n\nI was explaining the basics of the Internet to my wife a few days ago and told her about the idea of little packets and routers and was using different analogies to help her understand. Then she asked me a very profound question that I didn't know the answer to: who pays for the middle-man routers? I mean, obviously I pay for access to my ISPs router, and the web server that I'm requesting a page from has paid for its bandwidth, but what about all the core routers between the two? It turns out they have contractual agreements between each other. Or, as it turns out, instead of paying each other in currency, they pay eachother in kind but agreeing to transmit eachothers (as equally as possible) packets. So I'm still not sure exactly how they get the initial funding.\n\nVocabulary packet shaping : The prioritizing of certain internet packets over others to improve latency and throughput by delaying the delivery of non-priority traffic.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\nURL: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the recent major event in the IP world that occured a few weeks ago: the IANA passed out the last five blocks of unallocated IP addresses. IP v 4 can only address 4.3 billion devices, whereas IP v 6 can do 340 undecillion. IPv6 also has some other improvements. But the problem is that v4 and v6 are not compatible with eachother. Transitioning will be tough.\n\n\n\n\n\nOne of the most interesting facts was that before Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), they had to give out blocks in full /8, /16 or /24 chunks, which explains why some groups have huge allocations. It is estimated that perhaps only 14% of the allocated IPs are actually in use. WOW!\n\nImpact\n\nThe Internet is not about to fail. Even though the last of the /8 blocks have been handed out, the RIRs all have plenty of IPs to work with. However, eventually the RIRs will run out and then things will really get nasty. I just hope that ISPs don't try doing NAT/PAT on everyone. That would just be awful. But, as the world begins to realize the inevitable, they will begin the transition to IPv6 and life will get better.\n\nVocabulary 2^128 : 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456, or 340 undecillion for short.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: Why Libya can't shut down bit.ly\n\nURL: http://money.cnn.com/2011/02/21/technology/bitly_libya_service/index.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about Libya shutting down their Internet much like Egypt did. But it talks about an interesting question that people had. If Libya turned off the internet servers, then the .ly name servers in Libya would go down as well. (.ly is the TLD assigned to Libya).\n\n\n\n\n\nThis causes people to panic because one of the most popular URL shortener out there is bit.ly. But, rest assured, bit.ly (and all of the .ly sites) should still function because of the five .ly name servers, only two are actually in Libya. Two of them are in Oregon.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article helps me appreciate the nature of the distributed database system of DNS. Because there are five name servers throughout the world, it is robust again things like internet outages. Had Libya kept all the name servers in Libya, then it would be a different story. Which is another good less in networking: don't put all your eggs in one basket.\n\nVocabulary TLD : Top Level Domain: A domain at the highest level of the hierarchy in the DNS system, just below the root (.).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIntel's Thunderbolt Gets off the Ground\n\nURL http://www.pcworld.com/article/220587/intels_thunderbolt_gets_off_the_ground.html\n\n\n\n\n\nIntel has released a new technology called Thunderbolt that is twice as fast as USB 3.0. Running at 10 gigabits per second, Thunderbolt can move some serious data. In addition to being wickedly fast, it is also a multi protocol port, which means that a number of different signals can run on it, including video, data transfer, networking, etc. It uses the mini-display port connection which I think is a lot nicer than USB. The new line of Apple Macbooks will have this port.\n\nImpact\n\nAs I learned about this, my first thought was \"Wow, this is pretty cool\" but then I started thinking \"this is just another Firewire!\" Sure, it is faster and better, but its not backwards compatible and its just another port that laptops and desktops need to have, and its another port that external harddrives will have to implement. Is this hassle worth it? Most of the benefits in Thunderbolt are available in USB 3.0 or are in the works. \n\nVocabulary Thunderbolt : Thunderbolt is an interface similar to USB for connecting peripheral devices to a computer at 10 gigabits per second.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle: Taking Down Botnets: Microsoft and the Rustock Botnet\n\n\n\nURL: http://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2011/03/17/taking-down-botnets-microsoft-and-the-rustock-botnet.aspx\n\n\n\nMicrosoft recently took down the worlds largest botnet, which was called Rustock. It is estimated that about 1 million PCs were a part of the botnet. Around 30 billion spam messages per day were sent using this botnet. Eliminating it has decreased \n\nworldwide spam substantially. \n\n\n\nPerhaps the method they used is the most interesting. The botnet used hard coded IP addresses so attacking it via DNS wouldn't work. Using Peer-to-peer communication they can change the IP address list of the infected computers, so Microsoft had to work with the US Marshalls and simultaneously take down all the servers and sever their IP addresses at the same time so that the botnet couldn't be moved. And it worked! Go Microsoft!\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere are several important impacts from this article. First, my gratitude goes to Microsoft and their digital crime unit for tracking down these morons and taking down the botnet. They have eliminated it at the source, but hopefully they can continue working on eliminating the infection that resides on the 1 million PCs.\n\n\n\nBut, more importantly, this brings to light on how important it is to protect your computers. You need to use preventative measures like firewalls and virus scanners to prevent infection. But also, it is important to monitor your network and be able to detect botnet behavior. If people were more careful with their computers, we'd have a lot less spam than we currently do. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Botnet (Malware) : A botnet is a collection of computers running programs that that run autonomously and automatically. Often the botnet is controlled by a central source and is used for illegal purposes (spamming, DDoS, etc).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle: AT&T plan to merge networks with T-Mobile faces few technical hurdles\n\nURL: http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/news/2240033699/ATT-plan-to-merge-networks-with-T-Mobile-faces-few-technical-hurdles\n\n\n\n\n\nLast week AT&T announced a $39 billion plan to buy T-Mobile from its parent computer, Deutsche Telekom. While there are going to be lots of regulatory hurdles to overcome, the two companies use very similar cell phone networks. AT&T has lots of experience bringing new companies into its network.\n\n\n\n\n\nSince bringing in the iPhone, AT&T has been infamous for its lower quality network and T-Mobile might be their ticket out. By combining networks, they will be able to add 20-40% network capacity almost instantly! T-Mobile is also further along in their 4G implementation than AT&T which should help springboard them into this lucrative market.\n\nImpact\n\nA few weeks ago I read an interesting article about how Sprint was considering buying T-Mobile and I thought to myself \"How is that going to work out? They're nowhere near the same!\" But this merger makes a lot of sense to me. There are many people on T-Mobile who are specifically avoiding AT&T, so it will be very interesting to see how all those folks do. Especially those with jailbroken iPhones.\n\nVocabulary GSM : Global system for mobile communication: a mobile phone protocol used by most nations around the world. AT&T and T-Mobile both use this type of signal.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle: Samsung keylogger could be false alarm\n\nURL: http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/sec/2011/032811sec2.html\n\n\n\n\n\nEarlier this week I read an article about how Samsung might be installing keyloggers on their laptops. The potential problem was found by Mohamed Hassan, who bought a new Samsung laptop and immediately installed VIPRE security suite, which found a folder called C:\\Windows\\SL, which VIPRE said was StarLogger. He got another Samsung laptop which had this problem as well. He wrote to Network World about this and soon the idea that Samsung was spying on its users went all over the web.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt turns out however, that the SL folder is a screensaver for the Slovenian language. VIPRE's heuristic had a false positive and there is nothing to worry about. \n\nImpact\n\nThe biggest thing that stood out to me was this quote from the story:  \"The findings are false-positive proof since I have used the tool that discovered it for six years now and I am yet to see it misidentify an item throughout the years.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nWHAT?! His basis for his discovery being correct has to do with the fact that his program has never had a false positive? Is he serious? That is the least scientific thing I have ever heard. He didn't even look inside the SL folder, which was EMPTY... This guy has a masters degree in Information Assurance, a field similar to ours. The biggest impact this article had was how important it is the be sure of what you're talking about before you go posting stuff on the internet. Samsung's reputation was damaged because of this idiot.\n\nVocabulary keylogger : Keylogging, or key stroke logging, is either a hardware dongle or software that records all keystrokes on a system, including those in password protected fields. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1289,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-19413_3-20026878-240.html (part 1)\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-19413_3-20027380-240.html?tag=mncol;txt (part 2)\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talked about who the major players in the cloud based computing market are currently and how they can position themselves to be major players in the next ten years. Because this weeks topic was about how the network is the computer, to my untrained eye, that sounds like cloud computing. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article focused on the idea that major cloud computing companies are going to be the companies that can offer integration or a complete one-stop for small and medium sized businesses. The SaaS Strategy would be to write the programs that are online that these smaller dependent companies could use for cheaper then they could create or implement them for themselves. \n\n\n\n\n\nIt talked about how the companies that are best able to provide these services and will be the most successful. He believes that Google and Microsoft are the two companies that currently are in the best position to provide a one-stop integrated cloud based environment. \n\nImpact\n\nI am really new to the idea cloud based computing so I think this article was really interesting. I think this article has a big impact as cloud based computing is going to be very important over the next decade or so and the idea of putting companies into a position to create or take advantage of this software will probably be important in our future professional careers. \n\nVocabulary SaaS : Software as a Service. Its a cloud based computing term that describes the business model. Its of actually programming the software that companies or individuals would pay to use.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/655511/As_PC_Virus_Turns_25_New_Worry_Emerges_Attack_Toolkits?page=2&taxonomyId=3089\n\n\n\nThis article talked about how the first virus was created by a couple of brothers from pakistan. It was relatively harmless and they even included their name and number in the virus. That was 25 years ago. \n\n\n\nToday's world of viruses are not longer so funny. The article discusses how people can purchase \"kits\" that enable people with no coding knowledge to launch specific malware attacks against networks. These kits can be relatively simple, only costing $50 or they can be very destructive and expensive ($4000). Some of these kits even have online tech support where people can get help in their creation of viruses. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis was a pretty alarming article to me. I think its a huge deal, and greatly effects the course material of this class. Data communications need to be protected from these viruses and any form of malicious code. Networks need to be secure. It made the reality of viruses really set in, people can specifically target your company and do damage to them, even if they are uneducated. A disgruntled customer going to attack your network? That's pretty impactful. One specific kit has already been purchased more than 90,000 times and used to make millions of attacks.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Attack toolkits : The definition of the from the article says \"bundles of malicious code tools used to facilitate the launch of concerted and widespread attacks on networked computers.\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9207058/Without_Internet_Egyptians_find_new_ways_to_get_online?taxonomyId=167&pageNumber=1\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the role that data communications is playing in the Egyptian Revolt right now. Unrest has led to mass protests and all sorts of problems in Egypt right now. So in order to try and cut down on the ability of protesters to coordinate their attacks, the government has tried to destroy all data communications in Egypt. They have banned all ISP's except for one, and have even taken down mobile networks. In response people from around the world are trying to figure out ways to keep Egyptians connected to the outside world. That includes Calling Land-line phones and having statements posted on twitter for them, using mobile phones as modems, and even a dial up number from France that can provide people with internet access that way. Even Ham Radios and morris code are being used in order to get information out. \n\nImpact\n\nI think this shows the importance that Data communications plays in our lives. Several times in class we have talked about Cell phones not being reliable, neither the internet, and how HAM radio was good to know. Well here is evidence in the real world. Data communications is a key part of our lives and our society. It is important that we learn how to use Data Communications so that we can make intelligent decisions in such times if need be, to help others or to help ourselves. It shows how integral Data Com. is in the real world, and the importance and value of things we are learning. \n\nVocabulary Tor Project  : The Tor Project is a free program that has been set up online to in order for people to browse in the internet in anonymity. This means that people will not be able to find where you are, or what sites you are looking at. It accomplishes this through a distributed network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2379363,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article explained how Comcast has started testing modems that are \"dual stack\" meaning that they can work with IPv4 and IPv6 without any work  by the user. They are touting this as a potential way to deal with the fact that IPv4 addresses have now run out. They have begun testing these new modems by handing them out clients in the Colorado area have been successful thus far with testing. They plan to distribute more modems throughout the country to continue to test the devices. It also explains how the transition to IPv6 is mainly an issue of ISP's and how they are the one that needed to upgrade their equipment to make the switch. They talked about how they were testing to see how many ip addresses to distribute with each modem. Also of interest they said that the minimum block of addresses allotted to an ISP in IPv6 is more than the current IPv4 all together. Big time. \n\nImpact\n\nI think that running out of IPv4 addresses is probably the biggest news in networking right now. It's a pretty significant milestone. Since Data Communications relies pretty heavily on IP/TCP protocol that needs IP addresses this is a pretty significant story. The way that this issue is dealt with currently will probably effect the way that we do our jobs with data communications down the line. It's a pretty impactful matter. \n\nVocabulary DOCSIS : Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is an international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of high-speed data transfer to an existing Cable TV (CATV) system. It is employed by many cable television operators to provide Internet access over their existing hybrid fiber coaxial infrastructure.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n \n\nThe article explained what IPv6 is how the challenges that we face in our transition from IPv4. It talked about how its a milestone that we handed out the last addresses but not a deadline. We probably won't actually run out of addresses for devices for a long time. The article talked about what we will need to do make the switch, and how current ideas will not work. NAT is just too much work and it will become more work than it is worth, and the reserved multi-cast IP addresses are not supported so those cannot be the answer. The switch to IPv6 is inevitable, it just a \"immature\" technology that needs to be tested and worked with in order to take advantage of its potential. Major companies are starting on this sooner than later, including Facebook and Google. One interesting thought was that mobile phones will be something that pushes this as many of them are coming into the market and needing addresses, 4G phones are required to have support for IPv6. It covered a lot more explanatory details and concepts as well. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIPv6 is a big deal in data communications, now and will grow to be even more important in the future. Its important that we understand IPv6 as it will be a major player in our careers that deal with Data Communications. As mobile phones become more of a dominate force in computing, they way they interact with IPv6 and older content will be an important issue to tackle and overcome. Based on the timing of events, we might have to do work in the future of converting established companies to IPv6, so its important we understand it personally. So in conclusion, big impact personally, and huge impact globally on the future of data communications.\n\n\n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers , a non-profit group set up in the 1990s by the U.S. Department of Commerce, governs the Internet's inner workings. I finally know to who I am paying that fee when I register a domain. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021511-rsa-cisco-securex.html?page=1\n\n\n\nThis article tries to explain Cisco's new SecureX technology, but it can't really go into much detail because Cisco hasn't shown any of it running, they have just announced it. The idea behind it is motivated by the mass of new mobile devices that getting onto networks and causing security issues. Secure X  would potentially be able to: \n\n\n\n\" Who somebody is, are they part of an organization, what applications are they trying to use, are they using an iPhone and iPad and is it managed by IT,\"\n\n\n\nSo basically its going to make sure that the network can understand what mobile devices are doing, whose mobile devices they are and even potentially block the use of some mobile applications. Sounds like a pretty interesting idea, while just announced, Cisco plans on implementing the technology first are their ASA devices. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI feel like this article defiantly applies to what we are learning about data-communications. Mobile devices are going to continue to grow in their use and power over the next few years as we enter the workforce, and we need to be able to understand them, how they work, and the threats they pose to the networks we will be responsible for. Because this is a newly announced technology it might not be that impactful in the future as their might be something better, but if Cisco can make this work, I can see it being a standard down the line especially as phones become more powerful. I thought it was cool that I know what an ASA is, and why SecureX is going to be put on them first. \n\n\n\nVocabulary context-awareness : Context awareness originated as a term from ubiquitous computing or as so-called pervasive computing which sought to deal with linking changes in the environment with computer systems, which are otherwise static.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality\n\n\n\nI chose to do my reading this week on a subject which I have heard a lot about but have never really understood the principles beneath it, Net Neutrality. Network neutrality I now understand to be the non-biased treatment of packets sent across the internet. Basically what this article explains is that all internet requests are handled the same no matter what type they are or by who makes them. People pay for connection speeds to the internet, and then they are able to do what they please on the internet. All their different types of data VOiP, Gaming, Streaming Video are all handled in the order in which they arrive. \n\n\n\nThe Article is quite extensive, and goes to list the history, the future, the proponents, alternatives, legal opposition and activity in various countries and many different resources offering more details on Net Neutrality. Its a pretty complete article and explains the concepts at high and low levels. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI feel like this is a pretty impactful concept for Data Communications, and I now understand why Professor Lindstrom would bring the concept up in class. It is important to understand how the internet works and handles packets as just about all data communications these days is concerned with the internet. If regulations pass or don't pass it will affect the future of the internet and therefor our professions and daily life. I can understand why different people and companies have taken different sides on this issue. I think it will be important to understand how our communication with the internet will work in the future, for example, if in the future packets that have video in them are processed slower than others, it would be a business blunder to try and use video conferencing at peek usage hours if our connection and access were not able to make up for the biased treatment. I guess thats probably a poor example, but just one to show that the impact Net Nuetrality can make in the future. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Data discrimination : Data prioritization(\"Discrimination) is the assignment of a priority to data frames by an Internet service provider. For example, torrent files being given less bandwhich. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2354173,00.asp\n\n\n\nI decided to read this article because I had no idea what NAS meant. But, basically this article explains what NAS is the many differences that exist in some of the popular devices. It addresses speed, security, what NAS is used for and many other items. While it was meant to be a basic guide for consumers to buy something for a small business or home it was an informative article on the basics. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI don't know if this article in-and-of itself is going to be that impactful on the things we are learning or in the future. But the ideas that networks need to have storage at an increasingly large rate is something that I am sure we will have to deal with in the field. Especially if we are working with a network or a business that is going to need to be able to handle increasingly large amounts of data. I feel like NAS is an important concept but I don't think we would be using any of these smaller devices, except for perhaps if we were setting up our own business. \n\n\n\nMy Favorite thing about reading this article is that I understood all the words that were used to describe networking terms. That was kinda a cool thing for me. Come a long way already this year. \n\n\n\nVocabulary NAS : NAS stands for Netword Attached Storage. Pretty self explanatory phrase...\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://electronicdesign.com/article/embedded/Manage-Network-Traffic-In-Your-100-Gbit-s-Designs.aspx\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about a lot of advanced networking and traffic managing information that was honestly over my head. But it was an interesting read and has lead me to do some more research on my own. Basically this article talks about how networks are being pushed to handle data at higher and higher rates, which is pushing the limit of hardware and software. To help with this increased data-communications demand people/companies will need to have better optimized Traffic Managers (Bandwidth management). It talks about how data packets need to be sorted and queued in a more effecient and productive manner if the network is not going to slow down. To do this it must have flexible algorithms that know how to sort data quickly and how to do with the different type of traffics when it is overloaded. For example it talked about how in UDP its better to drop a packet than to delay more packets, and how in TCP its better to use WRED that changes the likehood of a dropped packet, which better takes advantage of the TCP and UDP protocols. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI feel like this article is pretty impactful, and would probably be more impactful if I knew all the technical details about the things they discussed. The base principles of helping networks to be better able to handle high loads of traffic is something that will likely be important no matter what companies we work for in the future, as everyone is relaying increasingly on data-communications. When a network slows down, production slows down and it therefor costs the company money, which is never good. Its very likely that we will have to deal with keeping networks up and running in the future. \n\nVocabulary Bandwidth Management : Bandwidth management is the process of measuring and controlling the communications (traffic, packets) on a network link, to avoid filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link, which would result in network congestion and poor performance.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam_%28electronic%29\n\n\n\nAs encouraged by Professor Lindstrom in class I decided to read about Spam. The best most objective article I could find is the wikipedia one, hence the URL. I was a little overwhelmed by the cost of Spam when we talked about in class was even more overwhelmed by the issue brought out in this article. You are costing companies and average users billions of dollars every year in time, money, and speed. Its pretty crazy. The article talks about all the different kinds of spam, where the term came from, the first electronic spam and its development over the years. \n\n\n\nIt talked quite a bit about the cost of spam and the sure amount of spam that goes out ever year. Spam is numbered in the TRILLIONs that go out every year. From the United States alone over 6.6 trillion spam messages were sent in 2009. That is an incredible number. The article talked about the logistics of how this is even possible and talked about legal implications both in the past and in the future for spam. Pretty informative article. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a topic that I felt was not impactful until our class discussion and reading this topic. Spam is a big deal. I always figured that it was just something out there that you ignored and went on your way, but I didn't realize that people are having to pay to fight these things and companies have foot the bill, which then again gets passed on to consumers. I feel like this is a pretty impactful article potentially if we are to be managing major networks and will  likely be important no matter what connection we have to data-communications. We will need to understand spam so we know how we can fight it both technically, via firewall etc, and physically. We will likely need to be able to train users of companies about how to avoid internet scams and not give out their information. This could be a big deal in my future for all I know .\n\n\n\nVocabulary BLAM : Blam is blog spamming. This is a newer form of spam that is causing quite a stir lately. Basically people spam blogs with phony comments to increase their SEO rankings and move up search lists. Its ruining internet searches and causing quite a bit of damanage.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/slideshow_viewer/0,3253,l%253D254315%2526a%253D254312%2526po%253D1,00.asp?p=n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the 10 best things we can do to secure ourselves on public networks. The most important thing it lists is connecting to a network that is secured(somewhat obvious) but that lead me into investigation of the secure technologies like WPA2, WPA, WEP and so forth. It also has simple things like, leave important documents off your mobile laptop, don't save passwords, browse using secure websites with HTTPS. Some of the other ideas were use a Virtual Private Network, hide documents, and or encrypt the sensitive parts of your hard drive. Many of them are basic principles but it was a learning experience and made me realize I am pretty bad about security on networks. Even though BYU is supposed to be a place where you can trust your peers, it seems like I should be doing better to secure myself, and the ideas presented in this article are worth thought. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI think this article is pretty impactful both now immediately and in the future as well. Its important as students and as people with sensitive material we need to make sure we are not doing anything to damage our online presence or anything else. \n\n\n\nAlso, I feel like this will be very impactful in the future. If we are in charge of a department which uses laptops we will need to make sure that people using those laptops are training on simple knowledge of what to do on public networks and what not to do. As consultants there is a good chance that we will have sensitive data about companies on our computer and we have to make sure that information is secure at all times. If we lose companies information we will lose our job. Many of these things are basic but very important that we do them in the correct way. Good read.\n\n\n\nVocabulary WPA2 : WPA is a security used for wireless networks, it built upon WPA which replaced WEP. WPA2 requires testing and certification by the Wi-Fi Alliance. WPA2 implements the mandatory elements of 802.11i. In particular, it introduces CCMP, a new AES-based encryption mode with strong security.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing\n\n\n\nI wanted to take this week to research the hot word topic \"The Cloud\". I have heard the phrase alot in marketing lately and we have even talked about it in class a few times but I have never really heard anyone define it before. So straight to wikipedia where they gave me the somewhat dissappointing answer: \"A provider's offering of abstracted Internet services is often called \"The Cloud\".\" Basically anything that the user doesn't understand but benefits can fall under the umbrella term cloud. \n\n\n\nCloud computing has some key ideas that really seem very standard, which have led many people to accuse the world all together as just being a marketing ploy, but the concepts are still there. A simple interface for the user on the front end, where they don't know any specifics of how or where things are happening on the back end. So they run a program, and it works via the internet. Many people see this as web-apps and other services that are online. The idea is to keep the cost low in development and mantinence and for the customer as well. Most installations and informaion are kept on servers and users simply access these programs over the interweb. \n\n\n\nThe article goes over many key terms and concepts in detail. It talks about the history and development and the potential future of the \"cloud\". Over all it was pretty informative and worth my time I think. \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI feel like this is an important topic to understand both technically for data-communications and the concepts behind it (including the marketing side). In the future I really do feel that most services and companies are going to be available via the internet, where you simply open things in a browser and do your work. Who needs an operation system? Its all online. Therefore I think its going to be extremely important for us in the future to be able to program, secure, teach, and utilize the \"cloud\" concept. \n\n\n\nThe cloud is I feel the biggest reason why I think Data-Com is perhaps the most important class that we are taking. Everything has to be connected, and in the future it is going to be even more so. If we can understand and harness that information we are going to be successful. Impactful indeed. \n\n\n\nVocabulary Intercloud : Basically it is connection all the computers on the internet to work on things together, like a virtual skynet, the future. Actual Defition is: The Intercloud is an interconnected global \"cloud of clouds\" and an extension of the Internet \"network of networks\" on which it is based. The term was first used in the context of cloud computing in 2007 when Kevin Kelly stated that \"eventually we'll have the intercloud, the cloud of clouds. This Intercloud will have the dimensions of one machine comprising all servers and attendant cloudbooks on the planet.\". It became popular in 2009 and has also been used to describe the datacenter of the future.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1299,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nData Communications Article #1\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Networking/Verizon-4G-LTE-Sallies-Forth-Amid-Market-Confusion-840972/\n\n\n\n\n\nAccording to a recent survey, twenty percent of wireless consumers are not aware of 4G, and only half of the remaining eighty percent even understand it.  The recent talk by media and wireless providers about 4G has made it not only confusing for consumers but for the industry in general.  As for data communications, 4G should be considered anything greater than 100 megabits per second, but none of the US wireless carriers will come even close to that with their current and near future 4G wireless broadcasting. \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is such that it shows that the industry is just as confused at defining 4G as are consumers.  This may have a future impact on helping consumers see the need to upgrade from 3G to 4G.  It was like helping people see the need to upgrade from standard TV to HD.  Many people still haven't made the switch.\n\nVocabulary 4G : Though I thought the definition to be any transfer speed faster than 3G, it actually means, as I stated in the summary, speeds of 100 mbps or faster.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011211-world-ipv6-day.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOn June 8, 2011 Facebook, Google, Yahoo, and many other large companies will participate in \"World IPv6 Day.\"  This will be a day that IPv6 integration will be tested.  IPv6 is currently being used by only \"one-twentieth of 1% of overall internet traffic.\"  That is a very small portion.  According to the article, it is only a matter of weeks, not months or years, until the stock of lPv4 addresses is depleted.  World IPv6 Day will help show the world that IPv6 is beneficial and necessary.\n\nImpact\n\nOn an economical standpoint for many companies whether hardware or software, switching from IPv4 to IPv6 could be an extra cost that they may not want to incur.  Though without it, the connectivity of new laptops, desktops, servers, and portable internet capable devices could be impossible with all IP addresses being taken.  The need for more IP addresses is apparent, and IPv6 will solve this problem, allowing for an almost infinite amount of addresses, specifically 2 to the 128th power.\n\nVocabulary DNS Whitelisting : In this case, it refers to a shared list of IPv6 users who want to access Google, Yahoo, Netflix, and Microsoft. It is essentially a list of users who have current connectivity through IPv6 rather than the standard IPv4 allowing for the previously mentioned sites to provide IPv6 content to these specific users. Issues about the sharing list is the time, energy, and man-power needed to maintain the list.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.com/reviews/product/routers/netgear-n600-wireless-dual-band-router-wndr3400/34169558?tag=content;get-selector\n\n\n\n\n\nNetgear N600 Wireless Dual Band Router\n\n\n\n\n\nThis dual band \"router\" allows for simple wireless and network connectivity for home users.  The one draw back is the lack of Gigabit Ethernet connectivity.\n\nImpact\n\nWith this \"router\" home users can easily create a home network making it simple to connect to the internet with a fast connection and longer range.\n\nVocabulary dual band : This is the capability to transmit via the 5 GHz band used by 802.11a and the 2.4GHz band used by 802.11b,g,n. This provides for maximum flexibility in setting up a home network with a fast connection.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://mashable.com/2011/02/03/ipv4-ipv6-guide/\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv4 & IPv6: A Short Guide\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article simply explains the difference between IPv4 and IPv6.  It says that we are out of IPv4 addresses and must switch to IPv6 addresses soon.  The transition to IPv6 started about a decade ago, but adoption has been slow at best.  This transition will take time and money for companies and consumers.  June 8, 2011 will be World IPv6 Day when Google, Facebook, Microsoft, and many other large tech companies will be switching to only IPv6 for one day to test out how it would work.  Hopefully there are no problems that day or the world might find itself in technical turmoil.\n\nImpact\n\nThe problem is that this transition will cost time and money.  Not only for companies but possibly for consumers too.  If firmware updates on modems and port translation devices, aka routers, is not enough, then consumers would have to buy brand new modems and routers to support the new IPv6.  This could be great for companies since some people who have been using the same modem and router for years would have to buy brand new equipment.  If IPv6 is not adopted soon enough, then futures devices may not be able to connect to the internet.  That would be a catastrophe.\n\nVocabulary IPv4 vs IPv6 : IPv4 only allows for 2^32, or around 4.29 billion IP address, whereas IPv6 allows for 2^128, or 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 addresses. That's a lot. Essentially every molecule in the world could have a few IP addresses. Problem solved.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nHP Poised To Capitalize On Apple, Amazon Lessons\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/news/cloud-computing/platform/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229301160\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThough the article is supposed to be about HP, the entire first page praises Apple for being a non-software company that has introduced a closed cloud for it's business and customers.  Apple is praised for not giving in to stereotypical cloud that everyone has thought of until now.  The cloud has always been seen as freeing the customer, making information and data more accessible to the cloud consumer.  Apple's model has not been the case.  It has been very restrictive to it's applications and those of developers, not allowing for use of them through any means other than through iTunes, the App Store, and the Mac App Store.\n\n\n\n\n\nHP, as the article states, does not need to create a trendy product like Apple, or cheap cloud storage like Amazon, but it needs to make it very simple for enterprise cloud computing and make it attractive to business users.\n\nImpact\n\nThe new of this from HP makes the cloud-computing industry a more competitive, whereas right now there are only a select few companies, with each doing it a bit differently.  HP looks to combine a few of their ideas and make their cloud-computing product more attractive, with many more features, to those who bring in the money, business and enterprise users.\n\nVocabulary EC2 : EC2 refers to Amazon's EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud). This is Amazon's current product for allowing cloud-computing to consumers and businesses. Though it is a robust product, it isn't the most simply to use. It is popular with tech gurus and several businesses, but it is not widespread nor attractive at all, which is exactly what HP wants to do.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1354,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nAccording to Mary Schacklett's article, \"WAN Issues Drive Application Deployment and Architecture\" (located at http://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/wan-issues-drive-application-deployment-and-architecture.php?p=2), InterContinental Hotels (IHG) is a global hospitality company with hotels and resorts in over 80 countries all over the world. One of the challenges of providing good customer service to a global customer base is overcoming the physical and legal barriers in transferring data between the central data center in Atlanta, Georgia and the other countries in the WAN. For example, a customer from China must wait for his request to pass through government firewalls, while customers in Africa may not have enough fiber optic cable to guarantee fast transactions.\n\n\n\n\n\nTo overcome this challenge, IHG has split its central data center into \"data shards,\" which have been relocated to geographical \"pockets\" of the world where their customers and hotels are located. In doing this, IHG is pursuing 3 major strategies:\n\nUnload transaction processing from its Atlanta data center to the parts of the world that \"own\" the transactions.\n\nLeverage cloud-based processing technology\n\nMove away from internal infrastructure toward \"commodity-based\" processing\n\nWith these changes in place, customers all over the world can enjoy the same high-quality experience no matter which country they live in.\n\nImpact\n\nImpact on the world: WANs and cloud computing are really ramping up global competition. For example, IHG is able to provide customers in China with the same experience (e.g. speed of transactions, connectivity, etc.) as customers in the United States. This means that native Chinese hotels and resorts must compete not only with IHG's physical presence--they must compete with IGH's virtual presence as well.\n\nVocabulary WAN : A computer network that covers a broad area. More specifically, any network whose communication links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read \"Your Guide to Facebook's Social Inbox: What You Need to Know About Messages\" by Kristin Burnham at cio.com.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article explores in-depth Facebook's new product called \"Messages.\" Messages is essentially an email account that also keeps a record of every other form of correspondence imaginable--regular facebook posts, online chats, tweets, and even text messages. These correspondences are organized in the email account by person.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlthough the idea of Messages may appeal to some, especially young people, the quality of security behind it remains questionable. After all, that is a significant amount of personal information all in one place.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of Facebook's Messages could be substantial. First of all, we're talking about people keeping inordinate amounts of detailed personal information all in one place. That in and of itself seems to me a serious security risk. What could happen if an identity theif hacked into that email account? What about a stalker or a kid-napper? And what about privacy on Facebook's part? While many people may jump on this new social scene, I think the benefits are far to few to risk handing such a huge basket of ammo to all the malicious cyber-bullies out there.\n\nVocabulary hub : A place or thing that forms the effective center of an activity, region, or network.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAccording to Charles Arthur's article, \"Egypt Cuts Off Internet Access\" (located at http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jan/28/egypt-cuts-off-internet-access), the Egyptian government has cut off almost all access (about 88%) to the Internet in the country. The cutoff was a response to organized protests that have been occurring across the country.\n\n\n\n\n\nThis event is really interesting from a data communications standpoint. In China, the government limits Internet using firewalls. However, in Egypt, the government has actually physically disconnected the networks by simultaneously removing all routes to Egyptian networks in the \"internet's global routing table.\" According to Arthur, approximately 3,500 individual BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) routes were withdrawn, \"leaving no valid paths by which the rest of the world could continue to exchange internet traffic with Egypt's service providers.\"\n\nImpact\n\nRemoving the internet service from Egypt has caused its citizens to communicate by phone, mail, and even morse code. It seems the lack of Internet has not discouraged rebellian in Egypt, although it has raised questions about how the government will behave now that they are no longer under a close internet monitor.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Internet is fragile. Networks must be configured properly, and joined to the correct routers in order to function effectively. The protocols that allow networks to communicate are equally important. By withdrawing a few hundred BGPs, the Egyptian government wiped out most of its people's only access to the outside world.\n\nVocabulary BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) : The protocol backing the core routing decisions on the Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' that designate network reachability among systems. Most Internet service providers must use BGP to establish routing between one another. Therefore, even though most Internet users do not use it directly, BGP is one of the most important protocols of the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn his article, \"Getting Serious with IPv6 in a Windows Networking Environment,\" (located at http://www.networkworld.com/community/node/71239) Rand Morimoto explains the IPv4 problem, and how IPv6 can solve it. IPv4 provides 2^32 IP addresses for the Internet. With 7 billion people in the world, and growing global business, 4.3 billion IP addresses are not enough.\n\n\n\n\n\nIPv6 provides 2^128 addresses, which is more than enough. Fortunately, the computer industry has been preparing for the switch. Microsoft has made IPv6 available in Windows since Windows 2008. If you or your business have already switched to the latest Windows server and Windows operating system, all you need to do is set up the addressing scheme, IPv6 DNS, and routers that support IPv6.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nSome people believe the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses will be Y2K all over again. Fortunately, the world did not end on January 1, 2000, and it will survive yet. The switch to IPv6 addresses will mean work for businesses around the world; however since IPv6 has been around for an entire decade already, steps have already been taken to make this process as smooth as possible. I'm sure most consumers won't even notice the switch.\n\nVocabulary Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) : The organization responsible for global IP address allocation. They are also responsible for domain names and other Internet-related symbols and numbers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn his article, \"Moving to IPv6: Now for the hard part,\" (located at http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703) Stephen Shankland explains the IPv4 problem and how it affects businesses and individuals around the world. While the last batch of IP addresses has been handed out, we are not completely out of addresses--we can still get some from the ISPs. However, we must take steps to migrate to IPv6, because the end of IPv4 will be here sooner than we'd like.\n\n\n\n\n\nEffects on the average consumer are projected to be minimal; businesses will have more work cut out for them. Some have considered NAT as a means of extending the life of IPv4 addresses, but extending the use of NAT will have \"diminishing returns.\" We all need to switch over eventually.\n\nImpact\n\nAlthough some seem to think that the depletion of IPv4 addresses means Y2K all over again, the switch should be relatively smooth. Although there will almost certainly be some bumps, traffic jams, and curves in the road, the industry is already pretty well prepared for what we're facing.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe average consumer shouldn't have too much trouble with the switch. We'll have to get IPv6-enabled modems and routers, but those should start to be fairly common in stores. Businesses will also need to change some of their hardware and software, but overall, the process shouldn't be too bad.\n\nVocabulary NAT : Network address translation. NAT allows a group of computers share the same publicly visible IP address.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAccording to Brad Reed's article, \"6 Cool Things Learned From the National Broadband Map\" (located at http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/021711-broadband-map.html), the National Telecommunications and Information Administration has launched its \"National Broadband Map.\" This map shows trends in broadband use and availability across the United States.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe \"six cool things\" mentioned in this article are:\n\nThere is a significant gap between connection speeds for small businesses and medium to large ones. The highest download speed recorded for a small business is only 1 Mbps more than the median speed for medium-large businesses.\n\nThere is a lack of broadband service providers in the Northeast.\n\nDSL is still the most popular wired Internet technology. Fiber optics still have a ways to go.\n\nThe future of rural broadband is wireless.\n\nThere are only 8 counties in the U.S. where 99% of the population has access to 100 Mbps speeds. Five of those are in New York.\n\nWyoming has the lowest Internet speeds at 3 Mbps for downloads and 0.7 Mbps for uploads.\n\nImpact\n\nThe most interesting part of this article for me was the difference gap between Internet speeds for small and large businesses. I think most small businesses use consumer-grade equipment because (a) they don't realize the magnitude of improvement between consumer-grade and professional network equipment and (b) they are much more cautious with company spending.\n\nVocabulary Broadband : a telecommunications signal of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than another standard or usual signal \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1370,"Article Summary\n\nTeleGeography: Skype rises while traditional long-distance revenues continue landslide\n\n\n\nSource: TeleGeography: Skype rises while traditional long-distance revenues continue landslide - FierceTelecom http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/telegeography-skype-rises-while-traditional-long-distance-revenues-continue/2011-01-06#ixzz1AVL1PEt5 \n\n\n\n\n\nAccording to a new report from TeleGeography, international telephone traffic growth declined from 5 percent to 4 percent in 2010. There are two contributing factors to this decline:\n\n\n\n\n\nNear-term\n\n1. The recent economic recession\n\nLong-term\n\n2. Internet-based voice service providers such as Skype are a growing threat to traditional international long-distance voice service providers.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nI foresee that soon, there will be no landline connections in the home. It will be cell-phones and Skype. Businesses and corporations might still use landlines, but I see the landline profits falling down in a landslide. \n\nVocabulary Telco : provides telecommunications services such as telephony and data communications \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource:\n\nhttp://unplugged.rcrwireless.com/index.php/20110121/news/6636/how-will-appeals-court-rule-on-net-neutrality-lawsuit/\n\n\n\n\n\nVerizon Communications Inc. filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia circuit challenging whether the Federal Communications Commission has the authority to regulate the Internet. \n\n\n\n\n\nThey filed it in the same court where the FCC did not have the authority to regulate Comcast's network management. This comes as no surprise.\n\n\n\n\n\nIn April, the court ruled that the FCC didn't have 'ancillary authority' over Internet management practices because they do not rule over information services; they only rule over telecommunications services.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is as clear as mud. If the Internet is classified as a Title 2 telecom service, then ancillary authority is granted. If it is classified as a Title 1 information service, it is more lightly regulated. \n\n\n\n\n\nIt's really just a question of whether the appeals court has the final say on the matter.  \n\nVocabulary Ancillary authority : The Federal Communications Commission has ancillary authority under section 4(i) of the Communications Act of 1934, which authorizes the Commission to \"perform any and all acts, make such rules and regulations, and issue such orders, not inconsistent with this chapter, as may be necessary in the execution of its functions.\"\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSource: http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/105245/20110126/internet-data-retention-law-will-help-catch-criminals-justice-dept-tells-us-congress.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Department of Justice was reprimanded by the U.S. Congress for suggesting the necessity of the Internet Data Retention legislation, which if passed would require Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to preserve records of user activity longer, but failing to provide more details on how it could aid in criminal investigations.\n\nImpact\n\nIf this law went into effect, many people might be greatly upset. I know my mother is extreme in what she wants to have stored on her on the internet, thus the many people this would affect would be upset. \n\nVocabulary Internet Data Retention : Law that would force ISPs to collect and store data about their customers that they would not normally retain.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nMicrosoft is coming out with another edition of Windows Small Business Server 2011 or, SBS. It claims to have simpler installation procedures. It includes programs and services to manage worker e-mail, calendars and file sharing. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe big point is now users can install their own PC's networks without needing the help of an administrator. Remote access has also been strengthened. Users can access their email inboxes using Outlook Web Access and their files from a personalized website. \n\n\n\n\n\nSBS 2011 will come in two editions; standard and essentials. The beta preview is now available to download. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nNow users can install their own PC's networks without needing the help of an administrator. This will eliminate the need for administrators to assist in the configuration and installation of a network. \n\nVocabulary SBS : Small Business Server\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSource: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\n\n\nIt's official: we've run out of IP addresses. IPv4 addresses that is. The internet is officially being destroyed and resurrected in a new, more robust, IPv6 web of connectedness. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe first big problem with the switch is incompatibility. Incompatibility of IPv4 addresses with new IPv6 addresses. Addresses that are IPv4 only won't be able to communicate with or receive communications from their IPv6 counterparts. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe second big problem is it wasn't useful until now. There was no incentive to use it until now. Therefore there is no graceful way to transition. \n\nImpact\n\nAs they get scarcer the price of an IPv4 address will go up--at least until the IPv6 transition is mostly over and done with.\n\n\n\nDue to the use of proxies and tunnels and various workarounds, network performance might slow down.\n\n\n\n\n\n\"A major wireless carrier has a bigger problem on its hands, with a burgeoning customer base using smartphones to check e-mail, play networked games, and post Facebook status updates. And large ISPs that offer Net access to millions of homes and businesses are likewise constrained.\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) : A non-profit group set up in the 1990s by the U.S. Department of Commerce, governs the Internet's inner workings. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSource: http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/26/my-message-to-google-stop-cheating/\n\n\n\n\n\nAccording to the author of this article, Google isn't playing fair when it comes to search optimization results. They cited Google's CEO Schmidt in commending one of the search engine's employees for creating transparency under Muburak in Egypt, and then calls for more transparency within the company when it comes to its own practices. \n\n\n\n\n\n\"If the company can invent a self-driving car then it can certainly figure out how to make its ranking algorithm more transparent without becoming an easy target for content farms...\"\n\nIt is impossible for some search engines to use AdSense. \n\n\n\n\n\n\"The all-controlling Google, Vaidhyanathan argues is “omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent” and thus needs to be controlled if we are to maintain a level playing field in today’s knowledge economy.\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nHopefully this article will allow lawmakers to determine that Google will not be like Julius Caesar and will level the playing field a bit.\n\nVocabulary AdSense : AdSense is an ad serving application run by Google Inc.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nSource: http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/03/supreme-court-att-cant-keep-bad-behavior-a-secret.ars\n\n\n\nThe Supreme Court ruled today that AT&T cant' keep embarrassing information from the public. This is due to the Freedom of Information Act. The path to this act and its implicate influence on the ruling started in 2004 when AT&T was forced to submit documents to the government about some of its dealings that were under scrutiny.\n\n \n\nCompTel wanted to know what AT&T did that was so bad. So they made a Freedom of Information Act(FOIA) request. AT&T requested to be exempted from the act. \"AT&T insisted that this personal privacy exemption applied even to corporations—after all, corporations are considered legal “persons” in the US. AT&T won this argument at a federal appeals court, convincing judges there that its submissions to the government should remain private.\"\n\n\n\nThe supreme court however, decided that matters deemed as \"personal\" applied only on the individual level-- not to corporations seeking to hide their mischief.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis may be a precedent setter. In the future, with similar cases, organizations might have to submit documents to the public that reflect poorly on the company. This could cause those companies to lose customers and profit. \"This decision means that corporations cannot hide behind claims of personal privacy in order to protect their business practices from public scrutiny.\"\n\nVocabulary FOIA Request : FOIA requests are intended to shine a spotlight on government activities, to let citizens know what their government is doing in their name.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\"There's little question that AT&T's planned $39 billion buyout of T-Mobile looks to be a big win for both businesses. But its impact on consumers could be pricey and painful, according to a number of analysts and research groups\"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe fear is that consumers will eventually pay AT&T rates for old T-mobile subscriptions. \n\n\n\n\n\nAnother fear is service may suffer. Because AT&T ranked last in customer service, consumers fear this will translate into subpar T-mobile service as well.\n\n\n\n\n\nOne good thing about it is that AT&T has better coverage than T-mobile so this could positively affect the provider's own coverage but the acquisition may still bode ill for innovation. It still remains to be seen whether the deal will go through.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs stated above, innovation may suffer as a result of the merger of these mobile service providers. \n\nVocabulary buyout : in finance, is an investment transaction by which the ownership equity of a company, or a majority share of the stock of the company is acquired.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1372,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nTwo of Quanta Service, Inc. Subsidiaries won a contract worth about $ 118.5 million to design and install fiber optic network in Pennsylvania.  They are going to build a fiber optic network connecting the Pennsylvania’s institutions of higher learning to national research institutions. The contract is given by KINBER, the non-profit corporation, which is a coalition of colleges, universities, research and health care organizations. Source: http://dark-fiber.tmcnet.com/topics/dark-fiber/articles/132599-quantas-subsidiaries-\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis project will help advance education, healthcare, research and development throughout Pennsylvania. If it works well in Pennsylvania, then it will be adopted in other states and other parts of the world, hence leading to global development. The author wrote this article to inform us about this new development, and get people in charge of making decisions like this to think about bringing the same kind of project to their communities.\n\nVocabulary Fiber optic network : is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article is about the meaning of cloud computing. It talks about how cloud computing is becoming popular in the world today.  It gives examples of cloud computing resources that are currently in the market. One of them is Saas; which is a type of cloud computing that delivers a single application through the browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. Source: http://www.infoworld.com/d/cloud-computing/what-cloud-computing-really-means-031?page=0,0\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nCloud computing greatly decreases the operational costs of client companies. When they adopt cloud computing, that means that they do not have to come up with upfront investment in servers or software. It saves the company space and labor costs. The company then requires less space and people to manage its data center. This could back fire though; it might lead to loss of jobs in some sectors. The author wrote this article to let us know about the products in the market that could help businesses save money and be more efficient. \n\nVocabulary cloud-computing : is a virtual server available on the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article discusses ways, InterContinental Hotels, which runs hotels and resorts in 80 different countries and 6 different continents,  is trying to improve the way it’s customer’s make reservations online.  They have for years had a reservation system that processes that processes millions of reservations from around the world through their Atlanta based data center each year. They realized that their customer’s outside of the US and UK were having slower speeds with making reservations, due to regulation in China for example and not enough fiber optic cable so less bandwidth speed in places like Africa. So they splitting their reservation data repository into data shards that can be located in the various geographical locations.  http://www.networkcomputing.com/end-to-end-apm/wan-issues-drive-application-deployment-and-architecture.php?p=2\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThey will be able to process all their reservations pertaining to that geographical location within that particular geographical area, and so they will be able to serve their customers better. This is important to people that come from areas of high regulation and slow internet. They will be able to receive better service. Most of all other companies are going to start thinking of doing the same to improve the services they provide to customers all around the world, so with that they will be able to increase their customer base because of good service, as well as overall profit. \n\nVocabulary Data shard : is horizontal partition of a database. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article is talking about how IPv4 addresses might be running out next week.  The very last IPv4 block will be allocated to a regional Internet registry next week. For now Internet service providers will continue using a number of methods to most efficiently use their existing IPv4 addresses. But soon people will have to start migrating to the IPv6 infrastructure. http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/ipv4-addresses-run-out-next-week-says-hurricane-electric/2011-01-26\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis shortage of IPv4 addresses, will most likely starting impacting residential customers, sometime at the end of 2011. So businesses have to start preparing their content and service for the shift to IPv6. The businesses that do not prepare for this shift will end up losing customers due to degrade user experience. Internet might become more expensive for people, that want to purchase IPv4 addresses. This is going to change the face of the internet, ultimately all of us have to adopt to the new changes taking place.\n\nVocabulary IPv6 : IPv6: is the newest version of IP addresses. It uses 128 bit address space. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIt is about how more networking vendors are coming up with products that are more media oriented. These days home networks are used to transport digital entertainment more than they are used for business data. The networking vendors are responding to this change of demand, by coming up with products like the; Intel WiDI adapters, which is a product that uses wi-fi to wirelessly move anything on a notebook screen to a HDTV, provided that the notebook is powered by Intel’s processor. The wi-fi alliance is working on a standard that will provide widi services, but without requiring intel based notebooks. Since Streaming multimedia requires good bandwidth and coverage, networking vendors are responding in several ways. One is that they are offering hybrid routers that combine networking technologies, offering support for both wireless and wired devices. D-Link's Hybrid Wireless-N Powerline Router (DHP-1320) incorporates support for 802.1n WiFi (on the 2.4GHz band), HomePlugAV, and Ethernet. The vendors are also offering faster Wi-Fi by introducing routers and adapters equipped with more antennas. TrendNet and Netgear both announced 450mbps dual-band Wi-Fi routers, the TrendNet TEW-692GR and the Netgear N750 Wireless Dual Band Gigabit Router.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe author wrote this article, in order to educate the public about the products available to them.  I am an avid consumer of media from the internet. So this new technology will improve the quality of my online entertainment. This technology is going to make it easier for everyone to access their favorite socials, and download a wide variety of data.  Many of the products are also great for small businesses that can use fast networks for big file transfers and backups. Many small businesses can also use the network cameras to monitor workplaces for security purposes.\n\nVocabulary Wi-Fi : is a technology that enables devices like laptops and phones to connect to wireless internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article talks about , the end of the IPv4 address. The last batch of them were officially given out last week. This means that the computing world must make the transition to towards the new IPv6 addresses. The process of moving to IPv6 structure is going to take months or even years before the computing world adapts to it. It is a crucial problem,  that will in due time affect the common consumer. The first big problem with the change from IPv4 to IPv6 is that one variety of IP data can't travel on a network set up to handle the other variety. So devices using IPv6 cannot communicate with devices using IPv4. Research shows that only about 14 percent of the IPv4 addresses are actually being used, so the ones out there are not being fully utilized. There actually many big companies and organizations that were given many IPv4 addresses at the time the internet was created. Some of these organizations have many addresses that they don’t really need and therefore should return to the rest of the public.\n\n<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->\n\n<!--[endif]-->\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html#ixzz1DoFs11qS\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article was written to educate us about IPv4 and IPv6. It discusses the impact the scarcity of IPv4 addresses is going to have on our lives. The main impact is that the computing world has to start developing devices and structure to support the migration to IPv6. This means actually putting resources assign in budgets specifically of this endeavor. This will probably affect me personally in a few years, if want to start my own business and want my own IPv6 address.  It will be more expensive to get the IPv4 addresses. So the computing world should come up with a way to implement the IPv6 structure more cheaply.\n\nVocabulary Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) : It is an organization that manages the central supply of IPv4 addresses. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article is about a data security firm called nuBridges that offers Tokenization in the cloud. It is a process of offering data security. Tokenization is the process of creating tokens that represent data secured in another database. So now IT professionals can use the tokens to analyze the data in various programs without showing actual data. It protects sensitive data that is used throughout a company but is subject to PCI compliance, which requires encryption. It seems like it is becoming more popular in the business world. It makes it easier for them to deal with transfer of sensitive information between different location of the company. \n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-protection/data-security-firm-nubridges-offers-tokenization-in-the-cloud.php\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe innovation of Tokenization is going to transform the business world. It saves companies the time and expense of managing data encryption systems for compliance with industry regulations, such as Payment Card Industry’ Data Security Standard(PCI DSS). This is especially good for business that already uses cloud. Now they can turn data into tokens, and that way they don’t have to encrypt it in order to access it over the internet. Since it is tokenization it doesn’t have to meet the PCI compliance.  So people will need less encryption infrastructure an less people to have to deal with all the data encryption issues. This will save companies a lot of money. Which will in turn be spent through other innovative ways.\n\nVocabulary Tokenization : is the process of creating tokens that represent data secured in another database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article is about how the IEEE 802.3 100-Gigabit Backplane and Copper Cable Study Group is considering a set of specifications that might make 100-Gigabit Ethernet he high-speed technology less expensive and more useful. It discusses that today, some 100GE LAN interfaces are on the market, but they only come with one or two ports per line card. Every inch of space on a switch chassis and every bit of floor space in a data center is very valuable, so dedicating a whole card to one or two ports is an expensive proposition, even apart from the actual cost of a 100GE interface. A module with several 100GE ports would probably be a better value as well as more useful. At the moment the first-generation 100GE ports and line-card components themselves are fairly large and use a lot of power.http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/022311-the-push-is-on-to.html?page=2\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis group believes that the standardization of the backplane will help 100GE move beyond proprietary designs and create a larger network of component vendors, eventually driving up production volumes and lowering costs through economies of scale, as stated by D'Ambrosia. Because of these changes power requirements are also likely to be driven down. The backplane group is also considering a new specification for a narrower cable interface, which should also help to save space in equipment designs and could lead to more flexible copper cables linking servers with data-center switches.\n\nVocabulary Bandwith : refers to how much data you can send through a network or modem connection. It is usually measured in bits per second.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article is about how Palo Alto Networks is coming out with software that provides its firewall protection to individual laptops regardless of where they are when they tap into the business networks. The software is named Global Protect. It works by through a software agent which sets up an SSL session over the internet to the nearest corporate Palo Alto security gateway, which enforces the security policies that have been set up for that particular user and device. The company is also announcing that they are going to provide security gateways called the PA-5000 series. The series provides 20Gbps firewall protection and 10Gbps of threat protection. The devices can be step up facing inward to segment network traffic, so this way extra protections like encryption don’t have to be applied to all traffic says the company. They are also coming up with a new version of the device operating system, PAN OS 4.0, which allows businesses to write scripts that let the gateways identify internally developed application as well as flag unknown applications.http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/030211-palo-alto-security-laptops.html\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe fact that security of the laptops no longer has to be restricted, to when people are using their laptops to access the business system when they are at their offices. Now business people can safely access their business systems from outside. This will help companies protect their information systems even better. Now it will be easier to get flag attacks from unknown devices trying to connect to the network. It will also save money, when the companies don’t have to use encryption or everything. This is going to change the way a lot of people do business, if these products are adopted by more businesses. \n\nVocabulary Secure Sockets Layer(SSL) : Is a protocol that provides communications security over the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article is talking about the security weaknesses of Virtualization, and it gives some tips on how to secure virtual machines. They talk about how they asked people about what they think of the safety of their virtual machines, many of the respondents stated that their virtual machines are probably safer than the physical servers.  In the article they talk about how Virtualization security is useless if you think only in terms of securing VMs. Virtual servers should be no different from their physical counterparts. It seems like with Physical servers there is a separation of duties within the IT organization; as a result, most enterprises have a distinct network team and systems team. Separation of duties is good security practice. But when it comes to managing virtual environments, that segregation of duties is not usually put in place. There are also virtualization specific risks, like Blue Pill and hyperjacking that businesses need to worry about http://www.informationweek.com/news/software/infrastructure/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229300395 \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe tips these article gives, will give the people better ideas on how to improve the security of the virtual centers. The author advices businesses to Implement strong change management that is auditable and mandates a separation of duties. This way it will be easy to follow up, on who accessed the virtual machine and what kind of changes they made to it.  He also goes on to advice that business should make sure that the spot where their VMs and snapshots are stored is not easily accessible. This will make it harder for malicious attackers to get  ahold of important information.  Also that hardening of the hypervisor followed by proper configuration of the virtual infrastructure itself will decrease the impact of any successful attack.\n\nVocabulary Hyperjacking : is an attack that compromises a hypervisor and gives an attacker access to all VMs on the physical server.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIt talks about the news from Microsoft that they have taken down Rustock, the world’s biggest source of emailed spam. They have taken down a botnet known as Rustock.  The article states that botnets are hidden networks of computers that have been enslaved by malware, which burrows deep into their operating systems and opens backdoors that allow control by remote operators via command-and-control servers. For several months, Microsoft and its allies, among them the security firm FireEye, the pharmaceutical maker Pfizer and the University of Washington, silently watched Rustock in operation. They determined that most of the botnet’s command-and-control servers were based in the United States. Microsoft filed a lawsuit against the botnet operators, which they won and so the U.S. marshals armed with a court order shut down and seized servers in the different states.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis shutdown of Rustock is going to help bring down the level of spam, sent out worldwide on a daily basis. Though Rustock-infected machines, Microsoft estimates that there are about a million of them , are at this moment frantically searching for new masters, and anyone who has the right software and algorithm to generate the appropriately coded URLs can probably take control of them. This will impact people with virus protect, because if their computers are confiscated then something more damaging might take over their computers. But it is still goo that that major botnet was taken down. We will all see a noticeable difference in spam levels.\n\nVocabulary Botnet : is a hidden networks of computers that have been enslaved by malware.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article talks about how Godaddy is getting ready to secure .com names with DNSSEC. Godaddy has worked for over a year in order to prepare for this transition. DNSSEC is an emerging Internet standard that allows Web sites to verify their domain names and corresponding IP addresses using digital signatures and public-key encryption. DNSSEC prevents Kaminsky style attacks, where traffic is redirected from a legitimate Web site to a fake one without the Web site operator or end user knowing. GoDaddy engineers wrote their own software to support DNSSEC in the company's homegrown Web-based Domain Manager and Systems Manager platforms. One technical hurdle that GoDaddy faced in deploying DNSSEC is that top-level domains have implemented DNSSEC differently, with various signing algorithms and key lengths.\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/032311-godaddy-dnssec.html?page=2\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSince GoDaddy handles a third of all DNS requests in the world, if this venture is successful then the rest of the world is going to follow in adopting this new standard. It is going to make it safer to go on the different websites. It is going to protect the websites better against possible attacks.  Godaddy is going to become even more profitable, because their engineers made more possible for dnssec to be adopted.  It is going to save websites a lot of money, because they are going to be protecting themselves against a lot of the attacks. They offer a one click solution where they handle key management and key rollover behind the scenes for the user. This will make it easier for websites being hosted  on godaddy to switch to use dnssec.\n\nVocabulary Digital signature : Is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article talks about how SCADA security arms race is underway. More researchers are taking a closer look at the quality of SCADA software. Last week the three person Moscow based security consultancy Gleg announced it would update its Agora exploit pack with scores of zero-day SCADA system vulnerabilities that had just been released. Security and SIEM vendor Nitrosecurity, along with the Emerging Threats open source community, the Open Information Security Foundation, and control system security consultancy Digital Bond and others, worked together to deliver intrusion detection signatures for SCADA vulnerabilities released by security researcher Luigi Auriemma.   Some companies are taking  the vulnerabilities very seriously, and they're deploying the appropriate monitoring and intrusion prevention systems to protect these networks, while other companies are not trying. \n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/040111-scada-security-arms-race.html\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWith the release of zero day vulnerabilities for the software that controls industrial systems, some are now asking if SCADA system security is going to quickly begin to resemble the security of traditional software and operating systems. This will put industrial networks at more risk, because traditional software for consumers is not as powerful, as the industrial software was thought to be. Over that years there have been more attack software written, but it is believed that they will never been able to go through the systems as it is feared. So scada might be staying on top for a while longer.\n\nVocabulary Stuxnet : Is a Windows computer worm discovered in July 2010 that targets industrial software and equipment.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1305,"Article Summary\n\nData communications is constantly changing in the way it is applied. It deals with the transfer of data within a computer or within a group of computers. Data Communications can be performed on one chip in a computer, in a car, in a wireless setting, or from on side of the world to the other. It deals with the physical nature of translating data.\n\nImpact\n\nBecause i was still unclear as to what exactly DataCom entailed i decided to read an article that talks about what data com really is. It helps to know that it is exactly what the title is. The ability to pass data from one place to another, in other words communicating.\n\nVocabulary Data Communication : equipment that was designed to provide or gather information needs to communicate beyond itself, to similar equipment or to a dissimilar system\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nVirtual Machines (VM) can be used to test different things. TheVM helps can be used to test programs to see if they will fulfill specific requirements. They can also be used to checked how a virus will affect a computer because you can isolated VM's so they have no real connection with the computer.\n\n\n\nURL\n\nhttp://www.brighthub.com/computing/enterprise-security/articles/64465.aspx\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIt helps me to understand a little more why people like having test machines hooked up. That way they can make sure something that could potential be very good for a network can be tested, just ot make sure it wouldnt bring everything down.\n\n\n\nVocabulary memory swapping  : is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels. This technique virtualizes a computer architecture's various hardware memory devices (such as RAM modules and disk storage drives), allowing a program to be designed as though:\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn this article they talked about how IPv6 would be entering into the the internet world. The last of hte IPv4 address have been ahnded out, even though not all of them are being used. It is not very easy to hand them back anyways, but some companies have given them back. \n\n\n\nThe main problem that we will face with switching to IPv6, is that not all of the main routers (the ones that cisco owns) are have the same capabilities that they have for IPv4. So as soon as we it gets to the point where the internet will come to a crashing holt i dont think the big hitters will get to involved.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nit was interseting ot me to see how the new ip address will have ot be handed out. how most comapnies will have to have dual stack on their devices. i believe that it most of the wireless/routing devices will have to support both for a while. But eventually they will be able to switch to just ipv6. \n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nVocabulary dual stack : which a computer speaks either IPv4 or IPv6 as necessary. Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html#ixzz1DnOddiuK\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://lifehacker.com/#!124212/geek-to-live--how-to-set-up-a-personal-home-web-server\n\n \n\n Setup a Home Server\n\n\n\nInstall Apache server\n\nstop firewalls or any server software\n\nthese types of programs can cause the server install to fail\n\nonce it is complete you should be able to browse to http://localhost/. \n\nConfigure Apache to share documents from a folder\n\npick the folder that you want to share.\n\nin a text editor open this file… \n\nC:\\Program Files\\Apache Group\\Apache2\\conf\\httpd.conf\n\n \n\nPasted from <http://lifehacker.com/#!124212/geek-to-live--how-to-set-up-a-personal-home-web-server> \n\n \n\nthen do the following\n\n \n\n#DocumentRoot \"C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2/htdocs\"\n\nDocumentRoot \"C:/Gina/My Music\"\n\nThen, comment out the line that starts with <Directory \"C:/Program... and add another with your directory, like this:\n\n#<Directory \"C:/Program Files/Apache Group/Apache2/htdocs\">\n\n<Directory \"C:/Gina/My Music\">\n\nLast, about 20 lines below that <Directory line, there is a line that reads:\n\nAllowOverride None\n\nChange it to:\n\nAllowOverride All\n\n \n\nPasted from <http://lifehacker.com/#!124212/geek-to-live--how-to-set-up-a-personal-home-web-server> \n\n \n\nby changing these parts of the file you will be able to restart your server and start working on passwords.\n\n \n\nit is important to setup a password so not everyone can get on and log in. \n\n \n\n      4. configuring domain name\n\nsetup a dns account\n\n \n\nyou can download DynDNS that will pretty much take care of all the DNS needs for you server, it is free so it is a great option.\n\n \n\n \n\nImpact\n\nI read this as well as a few other articles that talk about creating a server at home. It seems to me that with all the forums out there, it has become common knowledge about setting up servers. I have a old computer I am looking into turning into a server. I wasn’t sure if it could handle being a server, but by doing some research it has become apparent to me that it will work fine. By setting up my computer in such a way as listed above. I know that I can get the server up and running, and when it is time to hook it up to a DNS name then life will be easy. Between the 404 lab and the internet the only thing that stands in my way is, the isyscore. As soon as I am done with that I will create my own server, and start living the dream\n\n\n\nVocabulary apache : is web server software notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nWhat is network security? \n\n - \n\nconsists of the provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer network and network-accessible resources.\n\n \n\nPasted from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_security> \n\n \n\n \n\nThere are different types of network security, keeping unwanted people out and keeping people on the network from destroying the network or deleting information.\n\n \n\nOn of the very most simple types of network security is providing logins for all users that will need access to the network.\n\n \n\nIntrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) can help a network when it comes to malicious activity. They job of  IPS is to indentify malicous activity, log information about it, and then attempt to block it from happening.\n\n \n\nIPS also can drop malicious packets, resetn the connection and or block the traffic, unfragment packet streams, prevent TCP sequencing issues, and clean up unwanted transport network layer options.\n\n \n\nFour different types of IPS:\n\nNetwork Intrusion Prevention\n\nWirelles Intrusion Prevention Systmes\n\nNetwork Behavior Analisys\n\nHost-Base Instruion Prevention\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_prevention_system\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_security\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEven though I may not go into security, I know that no matter what job I work at I will have to understand and know how to defend my clients from potentially devastating attacks on their network. Either from the outside or the inside. Most companies have very confidential information saved, and if they were to lose that or have it compromised serious problems could follow. I hope to get a very good understanding of how to fix/ prevent network security issues from occuring. The hackers are getting really smart, so we must do the same.\n\nVocabulary network security : consists of the provisions and policies adopted by the network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of the computer network and network-accessible resources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThere can be three types of simple print servers\n\nleave one computer on at all times with a printer hooked up to it \n\nuser a router with built in print server. (router is the print server) \n\nuser a printer with network capabilities. (printer is the print server) \n\n \n\nif you use option #2, the printer has to be plugged into the  router. Option #3 you just need to plug the printer into a switch or router that is connected to the network.\n\n \n\nthe setup for either is the same, you have to set the ip address on the printer itself(or the router). Then you add the printer using the add printer wizard and put in the ip address. that will then add the network printer to you computer.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt seems simpler than I thought. I know that in most cases a printer server will need to be setup. But this just goes to show that if you know what your doing you can set anything up. It is something that I have always been interested in knowing.\n\nVocabulary router with print server capabilites : a router that can be setup to be a printer server, directing traffic to your printer without using a computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTo setup a domain name, you need to make sure to have a registered name from a company that works with ICANN.  after you registar a domain name with a registrar you must provide the following.\n\n \n\nDomain name owner credentials (name, company name, address, phone, email address etc.) \n\nAdministrative contact credentials \n\nTechnical contact credentials \n\nDomain Name System (DNS) server details \n\n \n\nPasted from <http://content.websitegear.com/article/domain_setup.htm> \n\n \n\n \n\nOnce that is done you have to setup on the registrar where to find you server. you do this by adding in Named Servers\n\n \n\nOnce you have the registrar pointing in the right direction you have to setup your server to listen for traffic trying to get to it.\n\n\n\n\n\nURL: http://content.websitegear.com/article/domain_setup.htm\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI never knew that you had to point godaddy to your own server, but then again I don’t know how that is supposed to work anyway. It makes sense that you need to let the registrar know where the traffic needs to be diverted to.\n\nVocabulary registrar : someone who manages domain names for ICANN\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. Like IMAP, POP3 is supported by most webmail services such as Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail.\n\n\n\nPOP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes (termed maildrop in the POP RFC's). Although most POP clients have an option to leave mail on server after download, e-mail clients using POP generally connect, retrieve all messages, store them on the user's PC as new messages, delete them from the server, and then disconnect.\n\nImpact\n\nit makes a lot of sense as far as storage space to use pop. so many people only look at their emails but never delete them. i alone have 1868 emails in my mailbox. if you had a university the size of BYU and no one ever deleted emails, you could be storing a lot of crap for people. so by using POP you eliminate the need to have a bunch of network resources tied up in keeping old emails they will never read again.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop3\n\n\n\nVocabulary pop : post office protocol\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nFacebook chat provides an example of an interesting problem with AJAX: pushing data from server to client. Since HTTP is a request-response protocol, the chat server cannot push new messages to the client. Instead, the client has to poll the server every few seconds to see if any new messages arrived.\n\nLong polling is an interesting technique to decrease the load on the server in these types of scenarios. If the server does not have any new messages when polled, it simply does not send a response back. And, if a message for this client is received within the timeout period, the server will find the outstanding request and return the message with the response.\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPasted from <http://igoro.com/archive/what-really-happens-when-you-navigate-to-a-url/> \n\nImpact\n\nI liked this because it makes sense because if you have all the million users trying to chat the server would get overloaded with requests for chatting. Since it doesn’t even respond if there is no new message it eliminates. It is awesome to see how the servers that have chatting can handle it and still be fast and efficent.\n\nVocabulary ajax : Asynchronous JavaScript And XML\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe first step in setting up a Windows Server 2008 print server is to install the Print Server role. This is achieved by launching the Server Manager, selecting Roles item from the tree in the left pane and clicking on Add Roles. In the Add Roles Wizard click next on the Welcome screen if one appears and then select the Print Services option. Click Next and read the information displayed before clicking Next once again to proceed to the Select Role Services screen. \n\n \n\nPasted from <http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Setting_Up_a_Windows_Server_2008_Print_Server> \n\n \n\n \n\nWith the required options selected, click Next. Note that if Internet Printing was selected and the IIS role is not currently installed in the server, the wizard will prompt to add additional roles. If prompted, click on the Add Required Role Services button to proceed. Click Next on any information pages that may be displayed until the Confirmation screen appears. After reviewing the summary information provided, clickInstall to initiate the installation process. \n\n \n\nPasted from <http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Setting_Up_a_Windows_Server_2008_Print_Server> \n\n \n\nObviously, a print server without any printers isn't going to be of much use. Not surprisingly, therefore, the next step after installing Print Services is to add printers. Printers may either be network based, or locally connected to the server. In the case of network printers, these may be added either manually or using auto-detection. Under auto-detection, Print Management scans the subnet on which the server resides and searches for any devices it can identify as being printers. As printers are detected on the network they are displayed in a list where they may be selected and added to the print server. \n\n \n\nPasted from <http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Setting_Up_a_Windows_Server_2008_Print_Server> \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLINK http://www.techotopia.com/index.php/Setting_Up_a_Windows_Server_2008_Print_Server\n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nI have been attempting to setup a printer server at my house. I thought that it would be eaiser for me to us Ubuntu to accomplish that, but now it seems that windows server2008 is the way to go to achieve that. I think by installing windows server 2008 I will be able to accomplish a lot of the simple tasks I am looking to have. Microsoft has really stepped up with windows server 2008, and now I know that and I know how to use it. \n\nVocabulary Print Server : Installs the print server and Print Management console. This is a prerequisite for configuring print services on Windows Server 2008.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1291,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read an article from lightreading.com that said AT&T announced at the CES in Las Vegas that they making a push to expand its LTE deployment so they can better compete with Verizon. In addition to growing the LTE network, they are releasing 20 devices that will use LTE, including 3 new smart phones: the Motorola Atrix 4G, the HTC Inspire 4G, and the Samsung Infuse 4G. These three smart phones will run on HSPA+.\n\n\n\n\n\nReading this article helped me understand a little more about the networks that mobiles devices run on. The different companies all have to work very hard in R&D to keep up with the rapidly improving technologies.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis makes AT&T the only mobile phone carrier to have plans for both HSPA+ and LTE. Because of that, they will be in a much better place to compete with Verizon, who has a large market share of customers. As one company moves forward and provides a new service, they up the standard for other providers. They are forcing other companies to step it up, and this will keep companies working hard in R & D to improve their services. I think what AT&T is doing is a good thing.\n\n\n\nVocabulary LTE (Long Term Evolution) : Long Term Evolution is a mobile network technology that sits somewhere between 3G and 4G network capabilities. It provides speeds from 50 to 100 Mbps. LTE has been available to the public since 2009.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/special-reports/crossing-great-divide-migrating-ipv6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nI read an article from fiercetelcom.com called “Crossing the great divide: Migrating to IPv6” to learn more about the subject. This article discussed the process and necessity of moving from IPv4 to IPv6.  IPv4 provides 2^32 possible address, and they are quickly running out. The article stated that might happen by the end of the month. There are two reasons companies want to switch: enterprise businesses want to simplify IT operations and cut costs and service providers want to increase revenue.\n\n \n\nThe federal government is beginning to mandate companies to make the change, but it isn’t so simple. There are high costs involved and many people will need to be educated on why this is necessary and the process of switching over. However, the benefits for doing so will be plenty. The greatest is increased security over the web.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis issue is going to impact people for good or bad, depending on whether they take the initiative to switch to IPv6. The greatest and best impact will be increased security for Internet users. On IPv4, since addresses are limited. Because of this, providers have to manipulate how they use their addresses, and this causes problems and cuts down on the services they can offer. IPv6 will give people more addresses, so they won’t have to manipulate the system. This will improve the security and will thus increase the number of services they can offer.  \n\n \n\nThe overall impact of changing over from IPv4 to IPv6 will eventually bring great benefits, but it might be a long, hard, complicated and expensive road to get there.\n\nVocabulary Network Address Translation (NAT) : Network Address Translation, or NAT, modifies network access information across a routing device so it can be mapped from one IP address into another. It hides or covers up an entire private network behind a single public network and allows the use of private IP addresses within that private network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-20028622-266.html?tag=mncol;title\n\n \n\nI read an article on news.cnet.com about how the term 4G has no meaning anymore because it is being used in different ways by different customers.  There is an organization called the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that determines the standards for technology as it improves and advances.  Everything was fine with 2G and 3G, but apparently companies began using the term “4G” before the ITU had clearly defined what constituted 4G.  4G is supposed to offer download speeds of 100Mbps for mobile devices and 1 Gbps for fixed wireless connections. However, most carriers right now offer 4G speeds between 3 and 12 Mbps – much less than they should offer. They are not holding up to the standards, and companies are exploiting the use of the term 4G.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis confusion causes problems for consumers, who will have no way to know what kind of service they are receiving from their providers. There is a reason that there are standards – it is ensure that products offer what they claim to offer, and so that there is common ground to compare different products. The ITU needs to correct the problem and enforce these standards and get everyone back on track. For me, as a consumer, I could think I was getting certain features with my product, but not get them. It’s deceptive, and could cause buyer to lose confidence in the providers.\n\nVocabulary International Telecommunication Union (ITU) : The ITU is an agency associated with the United Nations that develops telecommunication infrastructure worldwide. They set standards for wireless technologies, Internet access, and data and voice transmission, radio, satellite communication and much more. (I was surprised to see how long they have been around – 145 years!) \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_multicast#cite_note-0\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html\n\nhttp://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3170.html\n\n \n\nI read a couple information articles and watched a video clip about IP Multicasting. This is a cool idea. I learned that IP Multicasting is an “innovative bandwidth conservation technology” that allows a user to send the same IP packets to multiple users through a single transmission. So, if I wanted to send a 2 GB movie file to 100 users, instead of sending 200 GB with of information, I’d only have to send 2. The sender does not need to know who the recipients are, or even how many there are. It simply sends the packets and routers and switches take care of the rest. A multicast will be send the data to a group address, and every receiver who wants the data can join that group to access it.\n\n\n\nThe end-user computers involved in multicasting use IGMP, or Internet Group Management Protocol. Routers who are sending multicasted data use PIM, or Protocol Independent Multicast. IP multicasting will play a large role in the growth of the Internet and the transfer to IPv6. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIP multicasting has positive impacts. Technical benefits include enhanced efficiency of data transmission, increased scalability of workload, elimination of network redundancy by only sending 1 file instead of 1000s, reduced server and CPU loads, and optimized performance of hardware and transmissions. Businesses can benefit by using multicasting by increasing performance and reducing costs. However, sources say that IP multicasting is in many ways not very reliable, and so it is not being used as much as it could, or should. Protocols are continually being developed and refined to help IP multicasing be more reliable so that it can be used more.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) : Protocol Independent Multicast is an protocol used by routers to provide multicast data over the Internet. PIM works with IGMP (which is used by computers) to send the data. It is “independent” because it uses protocols other than its own to figure out how data will be routed. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networksecurityjournal.com/interviews/the-state-of-the-art-in-IPS-032907/\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_prevention_system\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/2003/1013wan2.html\n\nhttp://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/secursw/ps2113/index.html\n\n \n\n \n\nIntrusion Prevention and Intrusion Detection Systems (IPS and IDS) are used on networks to monitor traffic. Their names are self-explanatory – IPSs try and prevent bad packets from entering the network, and IDSs detect bad packets and inform a user to do something about it. IDSs used to be used much more, but over time, better IPSs are being developed, and people are using these more (many also use a combination of both). \n\n \n\nIPS goes deeper than a firewall in protecting a network because they can filter packets based on content rather than on just he IP address or the Port. There are a few different types of IPSs:  Network-based IPS, Wireless IPS, Network Behavior Analaysis, and Host-based IPS.  There are also different types of ways that preventions systems detect malicious data: Signature-based detection, statistical anomaly-based detection, and stateful protocol analysis detection.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIntrusion Prevention and Intrusion Detection Systems, used with firewalls and other network monitors, can bring a great deal of security to a network.  Since many businesses are expanding and use multiple offices across the world, it is difficult and expensive to protect the network. Yet, the benefits to IT can make up for the cost. IPS help prevent phishing, botnets, spyware, rootkits, and many other forms of malware. They definitely impact a business for good. \n\nVocabulary Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) : A network security device that monitors traffic across a network. An IPS has the ability to throw out malicious or unwanted data trying to access the network, while letting good data through. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n \n\n            The article outlined why it is necessary to transfer from IPv4 to IPv6. I have read a few different articles on this, and I think this on described it the best. Basically, there are 2^32 IPv4 addresses and all of them have been given out. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit numbers. A system with a larger scope was created over 10 years ago, IPv6, that are made from 128-bit numbers. The transfer from IPv4 to IPv6 will drastically increase the number of IP addresses available. \n\n            The article also summarized why different alternatives, such as using NAT or redistributing addresses that aren’t being used, don’t work. They might help extend the use if IPv4 for a while, but the costs outweigh the benefits, and the benefits are still temporary.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe need to move to IPv6 will affect everyone who wants to access the Internet. IPv4 and IPv6 are not compatible: for example, a person on a home network with IPv4 can’t access a web server that is running IPv6.  So, ISPs will have to begin hosting web servers that can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 until the switch is complete. This entails them having “a new IPv6-facing front end to run alongside the older IPv4 servers. “ It sounds like end users won’t be affected too much, but they may need to upgrade some equipment, like replacing an IPv4 network cable with one that supports IPv6. \n\nWhen the switch to IPv6 is made, the routers we have at home will actually route! There won’t be a need for NAT or PAT, or anything similar. There will be plenty of IPv6 addresses to go around, and I don’t see them running out for quite a while.\n\nVocabulary Internet Assigned Numbering Authority : The group that holds the central repository for all the IPv4 addresses. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#cite_note-0\n\nhttp://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/\n\n            \n\nI wanted to read more about the top-level domains that were part of the DNS lecture. I did a few searches and read a few articles. \n\n            There are many different groups of top-level domains, or domains that fall right before the final dot in the website address.  Some of the groups include generic top-level domains (gTLD), country-code top-level domains (ccTLD), and internationalized top-level domains (IDN). There are currently 20 generic top-level domains, but these are also split into categories. Of the gTLDs, there are unrestricted, sponsored, and geographic gTLDs. The unrestricted ones, such as com, net, and info, can be used by anyone.  The sponsored domains, including edu, gov, mil, jobs, and travel, are restricted for use only be people who qualify as being part of one of these categories. The geographic domains are used by people that have an association with a certain geographical, ethnic, or cultural community, such as asia or cat (Catalan language)\n\n            The geographic domains differ from country-code top-level domains is that the geographic domains don’t have to be associated with a specific country, whereas country-code TDLs do. \n\n            There is much more on this topic, but this is a brief summary.\n\nImpact\n\n          The top-level domains are handled and approved by ICANN, or the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. It used to be the job of the IANA. ICANN is continually revising the TLDs, and approving more and more each year.                  \n\n             There isn’t much in the news about this, but I think the proper assigning and tracking of TLDs can provide a lot of much needed organization to the Internet. It is, growing and will continue to grow at a very fast pace. Many of the short, easy to remember names for the .com and .net domains are taken. By using different TLDs, the same names can be used for websites that have different domain names. It helps a website address have more meaning if its domain applies to what its contents are. \n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. In general, they perform tasks that help preserve the operational stability of the Internet, such as assign IP addresses/address blocks and manage domain name space.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/1474891/The-OSI-Model---Part-One.htm\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model\n\n \n\n            This week I chose to study a little about the OSI model. The OSI, or Open Systems Interconnection model, is a layered network architecture that is divided into 7 layers, each of which is dedicated to performing a specific type of work. However, the model itself performs no functions, it is simply a method for organizing the different protocols and interactions of a network. \n\n             The protocols in each layer in the OSI model work together: each layer will receive information it needs from the layer below it, perform its functions, and then pass along the information to the layer above it. The seven layers are: 1. Physical, 2. Data Link, 3. Network, 4. Transport, 5. Session, 6. Presentation, and 7. Application. \n\n            Here are a few of the common protocols that are in each layer.\n\nApplication: DCHP, HTTP, FTP\n\nPresentation: SSL\n\nSession: NetBIOS\n\nTransport: TCP, UDP\n\nNetwork: IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, IGMP\n\nData Link: ARP\n\nPhysical: DSL, USB, Bluetooth\n\n \n\n \n\n There are many more protocols in the OSI model than in the Internet Protocol Suite. \n\nThere are also functions of the OSI model that are not layer-specific, including security service and some basic management functions. Also, the OSI model is not language-specific – it does not require that certain programming interfaces be used. \n\n            \n\n \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIn class we have been studying the Internet Protocol Suite. Dr. Lindstrom said that the OSI model is the standard for networking. I also learned that a person is required to know it well to become CISCO certified. So, while there is no impact from the article, I believe that knowing the OSI model could have a good impact on my education and future career in Information Systems. I think it would be important to continue to study and familiarize myself with the OSI model so that I can discuss networking (troubleshooting, implementation) with the people I work with.\n\nVocabulary Layer : One of 7 parts of the OSI model. Each layer performs similar functions, receiving necessary information from the layer below it and passing information to the layer above it. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-20038240-251.html?tag=mncol;txt\n\nReports: Google yanks infected Android Apps\n\n \n\nThis article on CNETnews.com said that multiple Android apps were recently taken off the market because they contained malware. The malware contained a Trojan called DroidDream that allowed the hacker to capture user information and product information from the device. It also allowed them to download code on the device that causes more damage to the device.\n\n \n\nThe infected apps had been downloaded more than 50,000 times. Luckily, Google was able to remove the apps from their market and from the infected devices because of user agreements for developers. Also, the infection only took effect on Android devices running 2.2.1 or lower, because a patch had been created to prevent this type of malware.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nIt makes me nervous to consider that people are building viruses and malware for mobile devices. Mobile devices are very personalized, and store and save important information so that users don’t have to log in to accounts more than once. So, with malware, hackers could more easily gain access to usernames and passwords and other confidential information. There are people out there working to protect against hacks, but without anti-virus on mobile devices (which I am sure will be required in the not-so-distant future), users are much more prone to attacks. It makes me a little hesitant to use my Android for accessing important information. Users will have to be more aware and alert of what they are downloading and doing on their mobile devices.\n\nVocabulary Malware : Malicious, hostile, intrusive and/or annoying software designed to secretly access a computer system without the knowledge or consent of the owner. (Wikipedia.org)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20040861-245.html?tag=mncol;txt\n\n \n\nI read an article that discussed the different threats posed to a company’s data. The most common threat was negligence, which made up 41% of all breaches. 31% of all breaches were malicious or criminal attacks, and these types of breaches are the most expensive. \n\n\n\n\n\nOther types of breaches include lost or stolen devices, lack of security effectiveness, system failures, and third party mistakes. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhen a company’s data is breached, they have to pay to resolve the problem, and this costs on average $7.2 million. They have to pay for things including “detecting the incident, investigation, forensics, customer notification, paying for identity-protection services for victims, business disruption, and productivity losses.”\n\n\n\nThe company is also affected by the negative exposure they get from the breach. Customers lose trust in the company, and it can take years to build that trust back. The cost of breaches, both monetarily and otherwise, show how important it is for a company to not only have proper security, but also proper training in line for employees so that they don’t cause breaches because of negligence.  \n\nVocabulary Data breach : When data is released to an untrusted environment. It can happen intentionally or unintentionally. Wikipedia also adds, \"A data breach is a security incident in which sensitive, protected or confidential data is copied, transmitted, viewed, stolen or used by an individual unauthorized to do so.\" (Wikipedia)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn connection with this week’s topic, I searched around the Internet to find things about SPAM. I read an article from The New Yorker. \n\n \n\nhttp://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/08/06/070806fa_fact_specter\n\n \n\nThis article tells about the history of spam. The first spam message was sent across the Arpanet in 1978. It wasn’t until the year 2000 that spam really became a problem. In 2001, 5% of all Internet traffic was spam. It 2004, it was 70% of all traffic, and in 2007 the number grew to nearly 90%. The article mentioned that spam messages are seasonal, the majority happening in the fall when students go back to school “with new computers and access to fast Internet connections.” \n\n \n\nSince spam began, people have been trying to fight it and end it. Yet, it’s just like a virus that can affect a human. Once the body fights a way to fight it, the virus changes form and attacks again. So it is for spam. People develop algorithms and software to combat spam, but the spammers just figure out their methods and find a way around them. For example, the article pointed out that with different combinations of letters and characters, there are 600,426,974,379,824,381,952 ways to spell Viagra. It would be impossible to find all of them.\n\n \n\nThe article also discusses how spammers are starting to use pictures to hide their messages, because computers can’t recognize the encoding in the image files. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of spam can be seen in a few ways. First, it is a time sucker. Everyone with an email account has to spend time filtering through emails that didn’t make it through the spam filters from our provider. This can take employees time away from work. If they happen to click one of those emails, they might infect their computer or network with malware, or a virus, and end up costing the company a lot more money.\n\n\n\nWe are also impacted in a round about way. The major email providers – Google, Windows Live, Hotmail, Yahoo and others, all have staffs of people that try to fight spam. Since they have to employ people to do so, they have to find ways to make money to pay them. This comes by them charging more for their products or advertising space, and those companies who are advertising charge more for their products to cover increased ad costs. So, we end up paying for it.\n\n \n\nWe are all impacted by spam. It is a war that will probably never end. \n\nVocabulary Spam : Unsolicited, commercial email. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.tgdaily.com/business-and-law-brief/54938-fcc-takes-stand-on-t-mobile-att-merger\n\nhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704438104576219100500239550.html?mod=googlenews_wsj\n\n \n\nI read a couple articles about the potential merger between AT&T and T-Mobile. Currently, AT&T is the second largest wireless carrier in the U.S. and T-Mobile is the fourth largest. If AT&T were to acquire T-Mobile, they would easily be the largest, and would have more than 129 million subscribers. \n\n \n\nThis merger will have to pass through the FCC, which will be doing a thorough investigation on whether this will violate anti trust laws and allow AT&T to dominate the market. They want to ensure that this merger will be in the best interest of the public – the basic question is whether this will help or hinder competition in the wireless carrier market. A big factor is that AT&T and T-Mobile are both on the GSM network, and their main competitors are on CDMA. If the merger happened, there would be no other major competitors using GSM technology, which complicates the situation. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nDr. Lindstrom talked a little about this in class.  He said the decision could either make cell phone prices go up or go down. AT&T is fighting hard to say that this will help the wireless carrier market, but others disagree. It may put AT&T in a better position to be able lower their prices and gain more customers, which would in turn cause Verizon and Sprint and others to do the same, or they could collude with this companies to keep the prices high, since there are now less of them. \n\n\n\n\n\nI don’t think that the merger is a good idea. I think AT&T would raise their prices. I would rather have more, smaller companies to compete with each other so that they have to keep their prices down. I think the FCC will deny the merger.\n\nVocabulary GSM : GSM, or Global System for Mobile Communications, is the most popular standard for mobile telephone systems. GSM is used by over 70% of the market share. The technology has digital encoding, uses a SIM card, can be unlocked, and has very good roaming capabilities. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/03/massive-sql-injection-attack-making-the-rounds694k-urls-so-far.ars\n\nhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/01/us-hackers-idUSTRE7307CC20110401\n\nhttp://money.cnn.com/2011/04/01/technology/lizamoon/\n\n \n\nThere are articles about the recent SQL injection attack that has compromised information on over 1 million sites. This SQL injection attack, called ‘LizaMoon’ loaded JavaScript from a remote server into the database, but the server isn’t functional so nothing too terrible occurred. None of the three articles discussed in detail the effects of the injection, so I assume nothing else too terrible occurred.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe JavaScript used to direct users to a fake anti-virus site. WebSense Security Labs were the first to discover the SQL injection. Most of the sites were more low-key sites, but the attack was found on Apple’s iTunes store. \n\n \n\nOn a side note, MySQL.com was recently hit with an SQL Injection. That’s sort of ironic, and quite embarrassing for Oracle. \n\nImpact\n\nLuckily, the impact of this string of attacks seems to be small. SQL injections can be detrimental to a company – the injected code often will install files that infect the computer with malware or viruses, or data could be stolen. Many anti-virus programs will, however, detect the injection and get rid of the files you are being asked to install. Since a company’s database can be compromised through an SQL injection, it is crucial to prevent these in any way possible. Dr. Albrecht always talks about this being something that you could easily lose your job over. Companies need to be very, very careful.\n\nVocabulary SQL Injection : An exploit of poorly written web applications to directly perform malicious actions against databases. (http://arstechnica.com/security/news/2011/03/massive-sql-injection-attack-making-the-rounds694k-urls-so-far.ars)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-31021_3-20050462-260.html?tag=mncol;txt\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Field_Communication\n\n \n\n            This brief article from cnet tells of companies who are planning to incorporate NFC (near-field communication) chips into their cell phones that would allow users to pay for things using their phones. Sprint said they are planning to have phones that carry the technology in the near future. T-Mobile, AT&T and Verizon have created a joint-venture payment system for customers. Amazon and Google are creating payment systems for NCF chips, and Microsoft and Apple are also working on phones that will have NFC capabilities. \n\n \n\n            NFC, according to Wikipedia, is a technology similar to Bluetooth. However, it is a short-range technology that only works from a range of 0 – 4 centimeters.  It requires an “initiator” to create a radio frequency field, and a “target” to receive it.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\n            The main use for the technology, currently, is for use in mobile phones. They can currently read RFID tags and act as P2P communication. Many other uses, including mobile payment, are being built. Others include Bluetooth pairing, electronic ticketing, electronic keys (car, apartment, hotel, etc.) and electronic money. This could do a lot to change the way commerce happens. It could potentially be alternate forms of many physical items, such as cash/credit cards, keys, identification documents, electronic documents and more. \n\n            \n\nWhile it seems to have many benefits, it also seems risky for one device to do so many things. If it were lost the resulting damage for the person could be very high. Also, there would need to be securities to protect against eavesdropping and stealing data in transmission. I think this technology will have a positive impact on business, as long as necessary precautions are first taken.\n\nVocabulary Near-field Communication : A set of short-range technologies that requires a distance of 4 cm or less to work properly. It operates at just under 14 MHz at rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s.\n\n "]
["---",1344,"Article Summary\n\nArticle URI: http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/telegeography-skype-rises-while-traditional-long-distance-revenues-continue/2011-01-06\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSynopsis: The Internet is destroying the old world. For years companies made millions off of providing telecommunications services to customers around the world. With the advent and advancement of the internet, coupled with the recent recession, those methods are increasingly becoming obsolete. Companies that were once willing to pay high rates for international voice minutes are now cutting back and turning to more economic options, namely Skype.\n\n\n\n\n\nSkype was projected to grow by an astonishing 45 billion minutes this past year, while traditional long distance telecommunications providers declined from about 5% in 2009 to 4% in 2004. It is amazing to note that in just a short period of time, markets and industries that seemed once unbreakable. are falling before the onslaught of internet driven innovation.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIt is increasingly astonishing to note how the internet continues to improve and destroy the world as we know it.\n\nVocabulary Time-division multiplexing  : (TDM) is a type of digital or (rarely) analog multiplexing in which two or more signals or bit streams are transferred apparently simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIn an attempt to make the internet \"better\", the FCC has taken steps toward net neutrality. To counter that motion, Verizon wireless, among others, has sued the FCC stating that they don't have the authority to enforce such policies. The FCC has recently come back declaring that Verizon and co. don't have the right to sue them because they technically hadn't even officially submitted the new regulation before they were being sued.\n\nImpact\n\nIt appears that the cat and mouse game of net neutrality isn't going to end soon. There are big platers on both sides of the battle, and the end doesn't seem anywhere in sight. Thanks to this latest move by the FCC, a resolution is now even further away.\n\nVocabulary public notice : the date of publication in the Federal Register\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe link: http://www.tidbits.com/article/11993\n\n\n\n\n\nOK guys...I just wrote up this big huge thing, and then I had to put my daughter to bed, and then when I came back I finished it up and submitted and it blew up and made me login again and I lost everything. Can I just get points for saying that I really did this assignment this time? I mean come on, this is a big step for me!\n\n\n\n\n\nThe thunderbolt is an awesome new technology that increases the data transfer speeds beyond anything that is currently available. Made by Intel, the technology has been implemented for Apple's new line of MacBook Pro's.\n\nImpact\n\nThe thunderbolt will undoubtedly be widely embraced as a great way to transfer data really fast. And even though I had a lot more before everything blew up, I need to work on Sprint 2 stuff now...........\n\nVocabulary ad-hoc : formed, arranged, or done for a particular purpose only\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215077/Mozilla_regrets_keeping_quiet_on_SSL_certificate_theft\n\n\n\n\n\nOn March 15, attackers used a valid username and password to obtain nine SSL certificates -- which essentially prove that a site is what it says it is -- from an Comodo certificate reseller. The certificates were for six Web sites, including the log-on sites for Microsoft's Hotmail, Google's Gmail, the Internet phone and chat service Skype, and Yahoo Mail. A certificate for Mozilla's Firefox add-on site was also acquired.\n\n\n\n\n\nBeing that we have talked quite a bit about security this semester as well as different web technologies used to implement this security, I thought this was a pretty big deal!\n\nImpact\n\nWell if Firefox has issues with hackers and security, and they have like 30% browser share, this is a major issue for web users! Obviously nobody is immune to the threat of being hacked, but if you are hacked, and other peoples private information is on the line, it is the obligation of the hackee to inform everyone! The example that comes to mind is when Google was hacked, the first thing they did was tell the world! \n\nVocabulary SSL : Secure Sockets Layer, a computing protocol that ensures the security of data sent via the Internet by using encryption.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://gcn.com/articles/2011/04/01/lizamoon-mass-injection-attack.aspx?admgarea=TC_SECCYBERSSEC\n\n\n\n\n\nThis is a moderately interesting piece about how recently there was a mondo SQL injection attack on a bunch of different websites.\n\n\n\n\n\nSQL injection is a common type of attack. The attack was broadcast to as many URLs as possible, and when a vulnerable site is hit the code is injected into the Web page. Although the number of URLs affected is large, that can include many separate pages within the same Web site and the number of actual sites affected probably is much smaller.\n\nImpact\n\nWell we are taught to guard against SQL injections. Preventing them is quite simple, it just takes a little extra thought. If we want to protect ourselves, and our jobs, all we need to do it code our stuff right from the ground up with no shortcuts, and we'll be good.\n\nVocabulary rogue antivirus scheme : When a visitor lands on the infected page the code directs the browser to the malicious site, which loads a phony dialog box alerting the user to the presence of a supposed virus that can only be removed by buying the product.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1278,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.enterprisenetworkingplanet.com/news/article.php/3919636\n\n\n\n\n\nIDC Predicts $1.6B Cloud Market in 2011\n\n\n\n\n\nIDC Research notes that \"cloud infrastructure provides a reduced cost of ownership and enables IT to have a more dynamic response to the business.\"\n\nThere is a much better allocation of resources with cloud deployments.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe \"Cloud\" is being adopeted at different rates by different industries, but it is all positive.\n\n\n\n\n\nOn top of this, many vendors are offering new virtual WAN optimization and application delivery options.\n\n\n\n\n\nIDC is forecasting more unifies communications applications to take advantage of virtual form factors.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nIn this article we see that more and more companies are turning to cloud solutions and cloud infrastructure within their businesses.  Obviously, data communication is the CORE of these systems.  Vendors are making big advancements in the quality, effectiveness, and reliability of these types of systems so that they can take advantage of a rapidly-growing market.\n\nVocabulary form factor : size of a device as measured by outside dimensions\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nBarret Xplore partners with Tellabs for Canada's rural 4G network.\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.telecomengine.com/newsglobe/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_6767\n\n\n\n\n\nBarret Xplore is setting a goal to make sure that every canadian, including in rural areas, has access to \"4G\" Broadband wireless.\n\nThe terrestrial network will be based on WiMAX and can be upgraded to LTE.\n\n\n\n\n\nTellabs will provide the technology to control user access to the network based on user authentication and their package.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article brought to mind what I think is the future of consumer internet access.  Rather than paying a cable or satellite company such as comcast to route brodband directly to our homes, I see the entire market moving to a wireless medium in which consumer will buy an access package from a wireless provider such as verizon for access to the network anywhere, without being tied to a location.  The speeds of these networks are increasing dramatically (LTE) and this technolog that was mentioned in the article would allocate resources for each customer based on the access package that they have purchased. \n\nVocabulary WiMAX : WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile Internet access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the IEEE 802.16m update expected to offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nVerizon Buying Terremark in $1.4 Billion Cloud Play\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/netsys/article.php/3922666/Verizon-Buying-Terremark-in-14-Billion-Cloud-Play.htm\n\nVerizon is offering 1.4 billion for a services vendor, Terremark.\n\nThey plan to operate the company as a fully owned subsidiary, making use of the company’s 13 data centers across the world.  \n\nVerizon said that “This transaction will accelerate Verizon's everything-as-a-service cloud strategy by delivering a powerful portfolio of highly secure, scalable, on-demand solutions to business and government customers across the globe.\"\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is another clear indicator that large telecommunications companies are moving very quickly to cloud-based services as a form of revenue as their client base demand the versatility.\n\nIt mentioned in the article that they selected Terramark because their “strategic vision in this area has always been to provide a complete stack of next-generation services with security throughout all the layers … By acquiring Terremark, we accelerate our capabilities to do just that.\"\n\nHe also noted that the Terremark team is always on the hunt for enhanced security, more applications and more efficient ways to run the data centers.\n\nSecurity is a huge factor in this move to the cloud for corporations.\n\nVocabulary data center : A data center (or data centre or datacentre) is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe last unoccupied IP V4 addresses were allocated recently, marking a milestone in the shift from IPV4 to IPV6 in the future.  While many IPV4 addresses are currently unused, they are controlled by individual companies and can no longer be allocated.\n\nThe transition will be difficult, because existing network connections and hardware all function on IPV4, which is not  compatible.\n\nIPV6 is a much larger range.\n\nImpact\n\nIt doesn't mean much for us, except to plan ahead for the future.  When we buy hardware, make sure that it is IPV6 compatible.\n\nAlso, learn from the past.  even if 6 billion seems like a lot, it's probably not.\n\nWe may see IPV4 addresses sold at premium prices to isp's in search of more addresses to allocate.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI will be interesting to see how the transition takes place.\n\nVocabulary regional Internet registries : Regional authorities who control regional addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nInterop Technologies enhances CDMA2000 OTA provisioning\n\nhttp://www.telecomengine.com/article/interop-technologies-enhances-cdma2000-ota-provisioning-enables-network-operators-manage-r-u\n\n\n\n\n\nInterop Technologies yesterday announced it has broadened its powerful CDMA OTA provisioning solution to manage Removable User Identity Module (R-UIM) cards for CDMA2000 handsets.\n\nImpact\n\nWith Over-the-Air Parameter Administration (OTAPA), operators can send mass updates to subscriber R-UIM cards or reprogram individual cards, supporting the introduction of new services. The technology enables customer service representatives to perform \"one-off\" updates, giving engineers time to focus on higher level technical tasks. Interop's CDMA OTA solution provides full business visibility with real-time, Web-based customer care and reporting from the OTA campaign to the individual customer level. Additionally, Interop's CDMA OTA solution enables an operator's network to update and modify A-Key provisioning data, adding an extra measure of security for subscribers.\n\nVocabulary CDMA : Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1308,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article talks about the new net neutrality rules that the FCC passed in December. Apparently it is a pretty watered-down and loop-holed ridden option according to those who support net neutrality. Although I didn't understand everything that new rules entailed, There are three main points that are important. \n\n \n\nTransparency: ISP’s will now be required to provide information on how they manage their networks, network performance, and details about pricing.\n\n \n\nNo Blocking: ISP’s will not be able to block specific legal services or sites. This means that companies like Comcast won’t be able to block Netflix, but bit torrent sites might be in trouble.\n\n \n\nNO unreasonable discrimination: ISP’s can’t discriminate their services. They won’t be able to block any sites that they view as competition or that eat up their bandwidth. Paid Prioritization, which is giving network priority to companies that pay you big bucks, is also deemed unreasonable in the new rules. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\n \n\nThis will impact me and everyone else who uses the Internet in a big way. On one hand, the new rules will help keep the Internet open. This is great because your ISP won’t be able to block you from doing things like using Netflix during peak hours. On the other hand, ISP’s won’t be able to prioritize certain crucial services like VOIP calls over someone playing duke nukem. Overall, I think that certain regulations will benefit the public, but others could potentially screw up the internet. \n\n \n\nVocabulary Paid Prioritization : ISP's giving network priority to companies or people that pay them the big bucks\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_stack\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article explains the idea of layers within data communication. Basically we divide the different protocols into layers to make it easier to understand the roles each protocol plays in data communication. \n\nThe lowest level in a protocol stack is normally what deals with the physical interaction of data comm. \n\nthe highest level is usually the application layer that deals with how the applications utilize the transport layer to communicate. \n\nIf there are two distinct communication mediums, someone could design a protocol that would work on top of both of them and allow the two to communicate with each other. \n\n \n\nImpact\n\nThe impact that protocol stacks have on the general public is actually quite large, even if 99.9% of the population wil never know they exist. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact for me is large because I will have to understand and be able to work with these protocol stacks in this class and probably my career. \n\nVocabulary protocol suite : A protocol suite is a collection of communications procedures, broken down into small data packets. They have their own rules.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIP Address Spoofing\n\nsource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing\n\n\n\n\n\nIP Spoofing is the creation of IP Packets with a forged source IP Address.\n\n\n\n\n\nIt is most commonly used:\n\nfor denial of service attacks so that it is harder to detect the DOS attack\n\nby hackers to defeat network security measures like IP Address authentication\n\nAny service that uses IP Address authentification is vulnerable to IP Spoofing.\n\n\n\n\n\nYou can defend against IP Spoofing by:\n\nimplementing packet filtering\n\nNot using IP Address authentification\n\nTCP uses sequence numbers negotiated with the remote machine to know that packets are part of an established connection\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of IP Address Spoofing is not very great for the general public. Most people would have no clue what an IP address is anyways, but it could affect them if someone is trying to hack their computer or network. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact for me is not that high either, but it is really cool to know that it can be done....\n\nVocabulary Backscatter : A technique used to observe denial-of-service attack activity on the Internet. It relies on attackers' use of IP spoofing for its effectiveness.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nArticle Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server\n\n\n\n\n\nArticle is about the hardware and software specifications of a web server. \n\nprimary function is to deliver web pages that clients request \n\nApache and PHP support server-side scripting:\n\ndifference between dynamic and static content \n\nTim Berners-Lee created the first web server, he also created the first browser called the worldwideweb\n\nServers can be overloaded many dfferent ways:\n\nDDos Attacks\n\nToo much legitimate traffic\n\nworms/viruses/bots\n\nApache is the most used web server in the world\n\nmicrosoft IIS is second\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI already learned a ton about this in class, but it was cool to read about the history and see some of the statistics. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact for me is very high because I'll be working with web servers all my life. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact for the general public is high as well, and will increase as the world moves online more and more.  \n\nVocabulary Server-side Scripting : Server-side scripting is a web server technology in which a user's request is fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic web pages.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\narticle source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\nDeveloped by Microsoft \n\nClients exist for most versions of Windows (including Windows Phone 7), Linux, Unix,Mac OS X, Android and other os's\n\nUses port 3389\n\nTerminal Services server is not supported on Windows 7 student or home, only professional and above\n\nnot many competitors, but there is a command-line client called rdesktop that is most widely used..\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact for me is huge!! I didn't have any clue about setting up a remote desktop server or using rdp. Now that I do, it can solve so many of my problems, especially being a mac user and needing to use windows only apps. I love RDP.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact for the general public isn't very high because the average person would never setup or use rdp. Some may use it in the workplace, but the impact is low.\n\nVocabulary rdesktop : The open-source command-line client rdesktop is the most commonly-used backend for the Remote Desktop Protocol on Linux/Unix operating systems\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nsource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol\n\n\n\n\n\noverview\n\nPost Office Protocol is an application layer protocol used by local local email clients \n\nRetrieves email from a remote server over a tcp connection\n\nPOP and IMAP the two most popular protocols for email retrieval  \n\nSupports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes\n\nlistens on port 110\n\nImpact\n\nThe article impact should be high for the general public because everyone uses email, but no one really cares to know about the under workings of their email client. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe impact for me is high. I actually was denied a job at bluehost two years ago because i didn't know the difference between pop3 and imap. \n\nVocabulary pop3s : secure pop3, connects to the server using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) on well-known TCP port 995 (e.g. Google Gmail).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1288,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"How Home Networking Works\" (http://computer.howstuffworks.com/home-network3.htm). It described that a network allows computers to communicate with each other. The three essential components of a network include computers, hardware and software, and a path for the information to flow on . The router does all the work by directing traffic. Everyone who builds a network needs a firewall to protect the network from malicious users and offensive web-sites. Most routers include a firewall. \n\nThere are two types of networks: wired, and wireless. Wired networks are more expensive, but faster. Wireless networks are cheaper, but a little slower. Wireless networks use radio waves to transmit information, while wired networks use copper cables. There are three basic wired systems: ethernet, phone line, and broadband. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacting me by showing me that it is not very hard to create a home network, and it can be very useful when you have multiple computers or other devices. I was also surprised to read how networks are now being experimented with home appliances including washers and dryers. The future of networks is continuing to boom. \n\nVocabulary network interface card (NIC) : A network interface card is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to the computer network. New computers have the network interface card built into their motherboard. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"Introduction to TCP/IP\" written by H. Gilbert (http://www.yale.edu/pclt/COMM/TCPIP.HTM). He described that TCP/IP has three layers including TCP, IP, and sockets. It was originally developed by the department of defense and is a network of networks. Several computers can use TCP/IP on a a single LAN and it is standarized on the LAN. Messages are sent by a MAC address.\n\nThe IP number is a unique identifier for every comuter and is four bytes long. People can request for IP number assignments that they can use for all the computers in their company or university, etc. The regional carrier maintains tables of IP addresses and does the appropriate routing. IP numbers are robust and can automatically reconfigure themselves. \n\nThere is no specific way for the router to determine the path of the information, but more complicated technology can determine the least busy link. Packets have headers that help determine if the packet is missing something. TCP/IP can be on any personal computer if you know the IP address, the subnet mask, and the IP address of the router. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts people by explaining TCP/IP so that common people can understand and use it. The article also explains some of the history of TCP/IP that shows some of the primitive problems and why you need standardization.\n\nVocabulary SNA : SNA stands for system network architecture and it is IBM's high-level networking protocol standard.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read the CNN article \"We're Running Out of IP Addresses\" (http://articles.cnn.com/2010-07-23/tech/internet.addresses_1_internet-numbers-ip-addresses-ipv6?_s=PM:TECH). It talked about how IP addresses are assigned to all devices that use the internet. We're running out of these numbers because there are so many devices that use the internet now. This is a concern and some of the new devices that use the internet are most mobile devices and even RFID tags.\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrently, IP addresses can handle 32 bits in a series of four numbers, but with the transfer to IPv6 addresses would hold 128 bits. Something similar to this problem happened a couple decades ago with lack of phone numbers. This isn't something to be too concerned about though because the internet won't break.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is impacting because it explains to consumers why they might have a larger IP address in the future, and that the purpose is to connect more and more devices. \n\nVocabulary IPv6 : IPv6 is internet protocol version 6 and it will replace IPv4. It is meant to solve the problem of the shortage of IP addresses in the world. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article Network Address Translation FAQ (http://www.vicomsoft.com/knowledge/reference/nat.html). NAT stands for network address translation and it is a method for connecting multiple computers to the internet using one IP address. When NAT lets multiple computers share one address, the outside world is unaware of this division and things only one computer is connected. NAT can provide fire-wall style protection because it only allows connections that are originated on the inside network.\n\nSome of the pros of NAT is it divides a large network into several smaller ones, some NATs contain a dynamic host configuration protocol server, provides a way to restrict access to the internet, traffic logging, and built in internetwork routing capability. NAT transforms multiplex traffic from the internal network and presents it to the internet as if it was coming from a single computer.\n\nNAT works by renumbering source ports to be unique so that packets can be tracked to a specific client. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is impacting because it describes how everyone needs to connect to the internet and NAT is a cheaper and more efficient way of doing this.\n\nVocabulary DHCP : DHCP stands for dynamic host configuration protocol server and it is an auto configuration protocol used in IP networks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"How Firewalls Work\" (http://www.howstuffworks.com/firewall/htm). A firewall is  abarrier to keep destructive forces away frm your property. Firewalls filter information coming into network or computer system. A firewall should be placed at every connection to the internet. A company can control how employees connect to websites through the firewall. Three method firewalls can use to control traffic are packet filtering, proxy service, and stateful inspection. \n\nSome conditions that you can add or remove filters based off of are IP addresses, domain names, protocols, ports, and word phrases. Some operating systems come with a firewall built in and \"routers\" also have firewalls. Firewalls can protect against remote login, application backdoors, SMTP session hijacking, operating system bugs, denial of service, email bombs, macros, viruses, spam, redirect bombs, and source routing. Proxy servers are sometimes combined with firewalls and are used to access web pages by other computers.\n\nImpact\n\nFirewalls are very important because there are a lot of dangers on the internet, and they protect yourself and your family from them.\n\nVocabulary proxy server : A proxy server is a server that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article \"Moving to IPv6: Now for the Hard Part\" talks about how running out of IPv4 isn't a urgent problem right now, but it is a problem of large magnitude since everything that touches the internet is affected. IPv4 only had 4.3 billion addresses and IPv6 will have 340 undecillion. IPv6 hasn't been standardized yet, a large part because people don't want to buy new software. Addresses were originally given to people who showed interest. IANA holds the central supply of addresses. Then ISPs offer addresses to customers.\n\nWe won't really run out of IP addresses for months, but people need to prepare. Some companies have given back extra IP addresses. NAT alone cannot solve the shortage. The average person doesn't have to do anything because most devices are IPv6 compatible. The problems are with networking products people use. The internet is not going to break. We can't use the reserved addresses for multicasting. It will take companies a couple months to years to transition.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article can impact the entire world because anyone who uses the internet will be affected by this change, whether they know it or not.\n\nVocabulary IANA : IANA stands for the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority and they oversee the global IP address allocation.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"Understanding Host Name Resolution\" (http://www.tech-faq.com/understanding-hot-name-resolution.html). Host name resolution is used to resolve a host name to an IP address for IP communication to occur. Each network needs a way to resolve host names to an IP address. Some name resolution mechanisms are LMHOSTS file, network broadcasts, NetBIOs, WINS, and active directory service. Some common methods to resolve hosts names are NetBIOS name resolution, HOSTS file, and DNS servers.\n\nA HOSTS file is a text based file, stored locally,  that contains host names to IP address mappings. Host names are resolved to HOSTS file by first checking if the host name is the same as the local host name. If they match its resolved, if not the file is parsed. If the name is found its resolved to an IP address and then hardware address. \n\nHost names are resolved to a DNS server by transmiting the request to look it up in a database and the server resolves it. After its resolved the hardware address is obtained from the ARP cache or viabroadcasting of the IP address. The order in which a computer uses the methods is HOSTS file, DNS server, NetBIOS, broadcasting, LMHOSTS file.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts everyone that uses the internet because without host name resolution everyone would have to memorize IP addresses.\n\nVocabulary DNS : DNS stands for domain name system. Its a hierarchical naming system built on a distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the internet or private network that associates information with domain names.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article Network Security Basics (http://dnmcommunications.com/examples/docs/Network_Security.pdf). It said that the TCP/IP framework is too insecure for confidential traffic. some attacks that could happen are interceptions, sniffing, and spoofing. A VPN (virtual private network) is a good way to secure traffic. A VPN is a group of network sites that sit on top of the internet. It can protect desktp computers and mobile devices. Data travels over an encrypted IP tunnel.\n\nFirewalls also enhance protection. VPN encrypts and decrpyts packets. IPSec is an IP security protocol and it sues AH (authentication headers) and ESP (encapsulating security payloads). An SA is also an important part of IPSec which is a combination of IP destination address and an AH or ESP. An IKE (internet key exchange) authenticates endpoints and negotiates encryption keys.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important because it describes a way to make the internet more secure. Private information sent over the internet can easily be intercepted without proper security mechanisms.\n\nVocabulary IPSec : IPSec is a protocol suite for securing IP communciations by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article Configuring the Active Directory Lighteweight Directory Service (http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/Configuring-Active-Directory-Lightweigh-Directory-Service-Part1.html). Lightweight directory service is useful when applications need directory service, but you don't want them to compromise security. Nowadays not as many applications store data within active directory. Microsoft designs many server applications with active directory. Exchange servers store all their configuration information on active directory. This makes you able to regenerate failed servers without using full back-up. \n\nActive directory can have a stigma because of schema extensions. Publishers also don't store data on active directory because of replication, all data must be replicated to domain controllers impacting speed. Lightweight directory solves these problems because it stands alone. Lightweight directory is also used for things that need directory service, but may be risky like an edge transport server.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is useful because all computers have a directory service that helps authenticate, authorize, and audit.\n\nVocabulary Microsoft Exchange Server : Microsoft Exchange Severs major features consist of electronic mail, calendering, contacts, tasks, support for mobile and web-based access to information, and data storage.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"How Email Works\" (http://communication.howstuffworks.com/email.htm). Email messages have never been anything more than a simple text message and the first one was sent in 1971. To look at email you use some sort of client which will show you a list of messages, let you select messages to read them, let you create new messages, and let you add or read attachments. The simplest possible mail server would have a list of email accounts with a text file for each account on the list. When someone sends a message the client would connect to the server and pass it the information. The server would format the pieces and put it at the bottom of the recipient account's text file. When you want to look at email you login and the client connects to the server. Then the server sends the client a copy of their text file.\n\nThere are two types of email servers: SMTP and POP3/IMAP. SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and is used for outgoing mail. When you send email the client interacts with the SMTP server and the SMTP server interacts with the recipients SMTP server. SMTP servers understand simple text commands like QUIT, VRFY, and RSET.\n\nPOP3 stands for Post Office Protocol and is used for incoming mail. The POP3 server is the one that appends the bottom of the recipients text file. It issues commands that bring copies of your email message to your local machine. POP3 also understands simple text commands like USER, PASS, and QUIT. IMAP is more advanced than POP3 and with it your email stays on the email server. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is impacting because everyone uses email these days and it is really simple and when you understand it you will be able to troubleshoot your own problems.\n\nVocabulary SMTP : SMTP, simple mail transfer protocol, is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article, \"How Web Servers Work\" (http://oatv.com/pub/a/onjava/2003/04/23/java_webserver.html). Web servers are also called HTTP servers because HTTP is the protocol used to communicate with clients. HTTP allows web servers and browers to send and receive data over the internet and is a response and request protocol. HTTP request has three components which are the method/URI/protocol/version, request headers, and entity body. HTTP response also has three components which are protocol/status code/description, response headers, and entity body.\n\nA socket enables an application to read from and write to the network. Server sockets wait for a connection request from the client. You can tell the server socket to wait for incoming traffic by calling the accept method. The request class represents an HTTP request and an instance of the class is constructed by passing an input stream object. The response class represents an HTTP response and the constructor accepts an output stream object. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is impacting because everyone who used the internet is also using a web server. Not everyone knows they are using a web server, but they are and HTTP requests and responses are constantly being sent. \n\nVocabulary HTTP : HTTP is short for hypertext transfer protocol and is the foundation of data communicaitons for the world wide web. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"An Introduction to Database Servers\" (http://www.brighthub.com/computing/hardware/articles/63693.aspx). Computers are designed to take raw data and turn it into useful information. A database server and database engine together are needed to process data. A server is just a computer with extra hardware attached that has more CPU, more RAM, and a RAID system. Database servers have hardware for redundancy and control. A server can also perform multiple roles. Data is what makes a database server since its just a repository of information. \n\nThere are different kinds of database servers depending on how the data is organized. Some of the database models are flat file, relational model, object model, and hierarchical model. A flat file is a two dimensional array of data. A relational model relates the data to each other. A object model is what brings the database world and programming world together. The hierarchical model has a tree like structure. A database engine is needed to process data and some database engines are Oracle and Oasis. \n\nImpact\n\nThis article is impacting because most people are unaware of how much data there is in this world and that it all has to be stored somewhere. \n\nVocabulary database engine : A database engine is an underlying software component that a database system uses to create, read, update, and delete data from a database.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read the article \"The Basics: What is Encryption?\" (http://technology.inc.com/security/articles/200609/encryption.html#). It talked about how the internet has made it so many transactions can be done online, but also so that private information can be stolen. Encrpting sensitive data is essential these days. 46% of fraud complaints were internet related. Encrytion can help with data transmissions and data storage. Encryption uses algorithms to scramble data and make it unreadable. Only those who know how to unscramble the data can read it. \n\nBusinesses should offer secure order forms which means that the customer information gets encrpyted. This is important because many businesses don't see their customers face to face anymore. With computers, encryption and decryption can be done extremely fast. Nowadays encryption on most websites is far more advanced than what the government used decades ago. In some forms of encryption users must share the same software and have a common key. Another form of encryption uses a different key for the user and the receiver. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article is important because without encryption a lot more people would experience and have to deal with identity theft and loss of private information. \n\nVocabulary Asymmetric key : An asymmetric key is also known as public key cryptography and is a cryptography in which a pair of keys is used encrypt and decrypt a message so it arrives securely. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1373,"Article Summary\n\nNet Neutrality\n\n\n\n\n\nSince its inception, the internet has grown without any federal regulation whatsoever. The U.S Federal Communications Commission voted during the month of December to approve new network neutrality rules that will provide the first stepping stone for internet regulation. Many firms such as Verizon Wireless are fighting against the vote in order to keep the internet free from government control.\n\nImpact\n\nIf regulations are put into place over the use of the internet, its users will be introduced to a new level of discrimination. Net Neutrality fights to protect users against this discrimination. With net neutrality, users are guaranteed equal access to the same content. If a user pays for internet access at the same rate as another user, then they should both be able to connect at the same level of subscribed internet access.\n\n\n\nVocabulary net neutrality : Users that pay the same rate for internet access should be able to connect to each other with the same level of access.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nUnsecured Maryland computer network\n\nA Maryland computer network, used by employees to store tax records and other sensitive data, was recently audited and found to be extremely vulnerable. According to the audit team, there was a lack of password protection and other safeguards used to secure data. They found that many employees had unnecessary access to critical programs and that employee passwords had no expiration dates. The auditing committee concluded that the network was vulnerable to attacks from 3rd parties.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWithout the proper use of an access control matrix, sensitive data (such as tax records) can and will fall into the hands of people who shouldn't have access to that data. This not only impacts those employees on the Maryland network but all the individuals whose tax records are stored there. This problem could later lead to a huge leak in sensitive data which could be used to commit identity theft, etc. Also, major lawsuits could come out of this.\n\nVocabulary Network Safeguards : A network safeguard is software (or hardware) that ensures protection against possible network attacks. Ex. Firewalls, Proxy Servers, etc...\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNFC (Near Field Communication)\n\n\n\n\n\nGoogle announced that its new android phone would come embedded with NFC. Through what the industry is calling Tap and Pay, consumers can quickly make payments by simply tapping there phone. When the person taps the phone, the phone finds out the location of the person, and the payment information is transferred to the company that the consumer is purchasing from.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis technology in mobile devices would change the way in which we pay for everything. This has the possibility of entirely replacing credit cards! This technology is said to be more secure than other payment methods. The credit card industry thinks the loss rate is going to be much better because of this added level of security.\n\n\n\n\n\nAlso, because of the introduction of this technology into mobile devices, hundreds of new startups will enter the mobile payment space. This will change has a great change of having a huge impact on the economy.\n\nVocabulary Near Field Communication (NFC) : Near Field Communication is a short-range, high-frequency wireless device that is used to transport data between two devices at small distances (4 inches). \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nICMP and IP\n\n\n\n\n\nICMP is a protocol used for diagnosing network connections. The application ping, for example, uses ICMP as an underlying protoco. IP, on the other hands, is the principal communications protocol used for sending packets across an inter-network. It is responsible for routing these packets across network boundaries.\n\nImpact\n\nIP has been around for a very long time (since 1974) and has had a huge impact on our society. IP is, after all, the primary protocol that establishes the internet. This protocol has changed our daily life by making it possible for us to shop online, share information across the globe, etc. Because the founders of IP did not anticipate that IP addresses would run out, they are now having to implement IPv6 which will provide more addresses for the future.\n\nVocabulary Ping : Ping is a computer network administration utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Last IPv4 Addresses are gone.\n\n\n\n\n\nLast thursday, the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), gave out the last block of IPv4 \n\naddresses. According to many internet agencies, there is no reason to worry at this point because of the lack of IP addresses. For example, if license plates numbers ran out, there would be no reason to fear that we would not be able to driver any more.\n\nImpact\n\nNot even the geniuses behind the IP suite ever imagined that there would come a day that we would run out of unique addresses. For years now, we have known this incredible fate would come and have done little about it. It seems that human nature hasn't changed much, the switch to IPv6 addresses has been happening for a while. It seems that this situation is what will finally push us over the edge to make the switch as a country.\n\nVocabulary Internet Protocol version 6 : IPv6 is the protocol designed to succeed the IPv4 protocol. This version of the internet protocol allows for a vast new array of addresses written in hexadecimal.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nAs the web rolls forth, there is an ever increasing emphasis placed on personalized website content. The means, that each visitor to a website would receive completely different data than another person visiting website. This has been and continues to be an interesting challenge for developers across the world. TimesTen Performance Software is planning on launching a caching software that improves the performance of web sites that use extensive personalization features. The challenge of bringing personalized content to users is that it requires different data to be pulled from the \"behind-the-scenes\" databases. TimesTen's plan is to cache dynamic data in real time, which will allow companies to present very targeted info to each visitor of the website, while also making sure that their interactions are synchronized with the database.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nAs more and more companies implement software that cache's dynamic content in realtime, the personalized content being displayed when be generated faster and more efficiently. Websites like facebook, amazon, etc, thrive off of making personalized content for users. This is because they understand that if the understand their customers, they will understand how to better sell to them. Dynamic website caching will have a major impact on the way personalized web content is presented.\n\nVocabulary Reverse Proxy : A reverse proxy is a kind of proxy server that grabs web resources for a computer requesting information from one or more servers. These resources are then given back to the requester as though they originated from the reverse proxy itself.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nFTP\n\n\n\n\n\nThe file transfer protocol is a standard protocol used to transfer (copy) a file from one host to another. FTP's underlying protocol is TCP and it is build on a client-server architecture. FTP is very popular and is often user when a file is download or uploaded from/to the internet. The first FTP client's were command-line tools. Later on, developers have created FTP clients with a graphical user interfaces to make it easier to transfer files over TCP.\n\nImpact\n\nThe file transfer protocol has impacted the internet in many ways. Of course, we use the internet to view/browse the web, but we also use it to transfer documents and other important info in the form of files. These files include .jpg, .pdf, .zip, .tar, etc. Without the file transfer protocol, the web would lack the ability to provide users with the necessary files they are in search for.\n\nVocabulary ASCII : stands for the American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a character-encoding scheme based on the English alphabet. ASCII codes represent text in computers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Federal Agency believes that moving their financial management system to a cloud computing vendor will save them up to as much as 40% savings. This movement is sign of enormous savings to come by the federal government's shift to cloud computing.\n\nImpact\n\nCloud computing seems to be where everything is heading. From google's chrome notebook to this particular example of the federal government. Cloud computing may also save many people in the future lots of money because end-users are not required to know or own the configuration software. For example, users that only use their laptops for web surfing and entertainment will buy a cheeper notebook with no hard drive, etc and all their information, applications, etc will be stored at another physical location. Cloud computing is the future.\n\nVocabulary Cloud Computing : is a type of computing that doesn’t require end-user knowledge about the actual location and configuration of the system administering the service. i.e. software, data access, and storage devices.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe security division at EMC (RSA) was hacked by a sophisticated intruder. Although the company is briefing its customers individually about the loss, they are not speaking publicly about the breach. RSA is known for their SecurID tokens which are carried on the key chains of millions of corporate and government users. This system of security is intended to provide a user with additional security other than a user name and password.\n\nImpact\n\nSecurity is a huge issue we are facing all around the world. It seems almost commonplace now to hear on the news that a security company has been hacked. With so many breaches within companies that are supposed to be providing the security, many Americans are beginning to lose their trust that their information is really secure. As a result, their is a higher need and demand for truly secure systems.\n\nVocabulary RSA : is an algorithm for a public key cryptography. It is believed to be secure because of its long keys and up-to-date implementations.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nUsers who hate paying so much for their mobile phone have the option of using voice over IP. Voice over IP has many tradeoffs. First, it comes in handy when you need to make international calls; companies such as Skype and Truphone charge much less for international calls. However, because VoIP uses the UDP protocol, it is not entirely reliable, especially when networks are super busy.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nCompanies like Google, Skype, JAJAH Inc., and Truphone see the potential of VoIP. These companies offer a great service for calling nationally and internationally. Skype users can not only call phones but also can call other computers (chat). In my opinion, VoIP is truly the future of communications. Eventually, this technology will become more reliable because of greater advancements in technology, unleashing its true potential. Because of its already amazing cost benefits, it will become quickly adopted.\n\nVocabulary Voice over IP : is a protocol used for delivering voice communications over the internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1272,"Article Summary\n\nArticle from Informationweek.com\n\nArticle titled Wall Street Journal 'Confirms' Verizon iPhone\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read was regarding the glorious iPhone and it's possible change of course in the coming future. The iPhone has been carried exclusively by AT&T since 2007 and Verizon is now looking like it can finally take a piece of that goldmine for themselves. Consumers love phones. The iPhone is what everyone wants. Every single person. They might not know why, how to use a phone, or even need it in the first place but they want it. It is stylish, shiny, and they heard that it can play videos and games. The iPhone is great but I don't think it deserves the buzz it gets as many other phones available on all networks are very similar and can even out-perform it. The article just talked about the iPhone coming to Verizon and how this topic has been covered 1,000 times but it looks like it might actually be true this time around.\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of the iPhone going to the Verizon network. \n\n\n\n\n\nAT&T is not in a good position. The last couple years, AT&T have been going back and forth poking at each other in commercials and trying to get the edge on the other. With the iPhone going to Verizon, market power could drastically shift towards Verizon. Verizon already carries more customers and with the iPhone, their customer base will do nothing but increase. Existing AT&T customers may switch over and Verizon could take leaps and bounds as the biggest service provider. \n\nVocabulary CDMA : Code division multiple access. A digital method for simultaneously transmitting signals over a shared portion of the spectrum by coding each distinct signal with a code ship.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI chose an article from eweek.com. The article was titled \n\n\"Spam Declined, Trust-Based Malware Increased in 2010: Cisco Survey\"\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article it talked about how spam actually decreased globally despite internet traffic growth. Computer malware increased however. This was a result from facebook applications that claim to offer services if installed, or hacked email accounts sending malicious links to their inboxes. In doing these things, users have trust in where the content is coming from but in reality, it is from a user that did not intend to send it to you. Spam may be declining but a whole new wave of cyber criminal schemes is definitely making itself known\n\nImpact\n\nThe article is very relevant as it talks about what to look for in email, or in application requests to make sure you stay away from malicious software. Everything sent to you must be inspected carefully. Links to unrecognizable web sites should not be trusted. In the US today, computing is a daily activity for almost everyone. With technology continuing to be an integral part of our lives, defenses need to be taught to combat the cyber criminals scamming poor, unsuspecting internet users. \n\nVocabulary botnet : A collection of software agents that run automatically and can be given malicious minded instructions\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nArticle URL: \n\nhttp://news.thomasnet.com/fullstory/Fiber-Optic-Cable-exhibits-stability-over-temperature-range-590556\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Fiber Optic Cable exhibits stability over temperature range\"\n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article, it talked about several tests that were performed on standard size fiber optic cabling. The temperature and stability of the cabling and canceling of outside noise was impressive and looks very promising for continued improvement for fiber optics. This new kind of cabling can be used for a lot more projects with hostile exterior conditions.\n\nImpact\n\nWith fiber optic cables having the potential to transfer data much faster than those in place, it is important to continue to test and produce quality cabling as it will most likely be the way data is transfered in the near future. It is widely used currently but will probably go to the general public and take over coaxial cable and other data transfer cabling currently in place. \n\nVocabulary PSOF : Phase Stabilized Optical Fiber - This is the new name for the enhanced fiber optic cabling the article was talking about. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL - http://www.tuaw.com/2011/02/05/in-arlington-tx-try-the-official-super-bowl-app/\n\n\n\n\n\nThere is a new app for those who are attending the super bowl come tomorrow or just want to know a lot about cowboy's stadium in Arlington Texas. The app downloads a full 3d map of cowboy's stadium and buttons to display points of interest.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe app allows you to navigate through the stadium and see what sights, restaurants, or other attractions you might want to visit while in the stadium. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe app also showcases a very useful search feature to find exactly what you may be looking for while visiting.\n\nImpact\n\nWith app sales continuing growth and popularity, it is important for all companies and organizations to get on board and make a user-friendly app for customers or for their employees. \n\n\n\n\n\nHaving this super bowl app will allows thousands of fans to navigate through the stadium and see different advertisements and shops that they may not have seen had they not used the app. It is a great way to market food, apparel, and all other merchandise items that fan consumers would be interested in. \n\n\n\n\n\nCreating and using apps is definitely the way of the future and with the resources available and widespread distribution, most ideas can be realities through communicating on the right platform and to the right people\n\nVocabulary wifi : Stands for wireless fidelity - I had no idea all these years what it stood for- it is loyal to wireless\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2379332,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I read told of Windows unleashing new 2011 small business servers. There are two different models - the essentials model is for those businesses with little to no IT support whereas the standard model is for those set up with IT and Microsoft partners and can be used on a greater scale. Both models can also link to Windows phone 7 operating systems and can remotely access and control that os. Both servers appear to work quite well and should be a good upgrade from server 2008.\n\nImpact\n\nWith the implementation of new software, a lot previous problems or bugs are fixed and data transfer is enhanced. Upgrading to Server 2011 will continue in that direction and will be able to serve and support more devices than before. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe essentials model is aimed to make small business serving reasonably simple and help those with the needs of a server but not the IT know all. This helps provide a way for more businesses to implement newer technology and for them to grow.\n\nVocabulary CAL : Client Access Licenses - Proprietary software license distributed by software companies such as Microsoft to allow clients to connect to its server software\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.swtimes.com/week-in-review/news/article_6c8ada02-4168-11e0-a50f-001cc4c002e0.html\n\n\n\n\n\nPolice Get Mobile Data Federal Grant\n\n\n\n\n\nThe federal government awarded the fort smith police department a 750,000 grant providing funding to connect police officers in the area on a broader level. Being able to connect departments and instantly communicate with them regarding ongoing events is huge and will provide a much more efficient way of getting data to the correct place. Data can be transfered to all police officers immediately rather than going down the command chain that is currently in place. It will make the area a more secure location given that events can be reported and taken care of much faster.\n\nImpact\n\nWith the rise of technology always present, it is important for all parts of the world to embrace and take advantage. If a particular sector fails to do so, it will be left behind and will potentially be lost without means of getting back. Funding a system to relay data much faster will have an immediate impact for this particular area and will probably spark a series of police force communication updates. When it comes to domestic security, I think it is very important to use the best available and implementing this new system will provide much a much better way to protect and serve in all of our countries communities. \n\nVocabulary mobile data terminal : computerized device commonly used in public transit vehicles\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9213498/Top_student_charged_with_fixing_grades_for_cash?taxonomyId=82\n\n\n\n\n\nTop Student charged with fixing grades \n\n\n\n\n\nIn this article it talks about a student that obtained password access to grade information at his school. With that information, he offered to change several people's grades for cash payments and also significantly improved his own grades. He even gave a speech at graduation as the salutatorian for his school. The article did not explain exactly how he was caught but it can be assumed a fellow student tipped off the authorities. There were 13 individuals in total that were involved in the scam and all involved believe to be in police custody. \n\nImpact\n\nThis is just another article displaying the importance of security. So often security can very easily be compromised and little is done to prevent it. This particular individual simply obtained a password and used it at a couple opportune times. He may have used social engineering in obtaining it or another means but either way, security was easily compromised. \n\nVocabulary salutatorian : an academic title given, in the United States and Canada to the second highest graduate of the entire graduating class of a specific discipline\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110311005122/en/CloudTalk-Social-Communications-Platform-Launches-Partner-Program\n\n\n\n\n\nA company named cloudtalk announced that it is launching a new platform to increase communication experiences with all of its users. With this new platform, texting, video chatting, voip use and several other features will be improved to create a truly great user experience. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe cloudtalk program is a moblie application and it competing with the best of other apps of its kind. Also, recently, cloudtalk partnered up with atzip. atzip is a mobile application creating a local network with those in and around you zip code. It provides easy communication with those in your local surroundings. \n\nImpact\n\nMobile media is becoming huge. Everyone wants to be able to talk to anyone in the world any time they want. With new technology providing video and voice over ip. Technologies like these will do nothing but increase as the demand for it is so high. I don't think the demand will go down but will just continue to grow. \n\n\n\n\n\nWith cloudtalk continuing on in this direction, it will lead other competing platforms to grow and develop further as well contributing to newer and greater technologies. \n\nVocabulary zip-ins : short messages that describe what you're in the mood for whether it's coffee, a movie, or dinner, for example.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: \n\nhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703328404576207173861008758.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I chose this week was about Microsoft and federal authorities breaking down on a huge botnet. Microsoft was able to go into several large cities in the US where these botnets had been established and confiscate the computer hardware located in those locations. It was estimated that the Rustock botnet ( The name of the botnet organization) had around one million infected computer hosts that Rustuck was using to spam email addresses.\n\nImpact\n\nWith spam being a HUGE problem, it is great to see strides being made towards its demise. Technology is improving and will hopefully get to a point where spam becomes extremely difficult to organize and make money from. Talking about different methods of reducing spam, the most practical one seemed to be to take away the profitability of spam. - Some sort of an email tax for high quantity emailers. This would make it impossible to turn a profit as billions of emails are sent with little return. Right now with emails being sent and received freely it is very profitable for them.\n\nVocabulary botnet  : a collection of software agents, or robots, that run autonomously and automatically.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/223368/fcc_may_require_mobile_data_roaming.html\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I chose this week was entitled \"FCC may require mobile data roaming\". The article talked about how the FCC is negotiating with communications companies the possibility of allowing more roaming services and make a more convenient environment for end users of mobile communication devices. A number of competitors in the communications market are making delays and trying to prevent such changes but the FCC has gone to congress and has all the legal power they need to begin something big. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe overall objective is to evolve from where roaming communication is now to a nationwide coverage ensuring consumers a much more broad area to connect and communicate regardless of their locatioin \n\nImpact\n\nI believe that this is a big step in the right direction. The world is evolving to unlimited wireless communications. People want to be able to drive across the country and have fast internet speeds the entire trip. Converging roaming into a more singular pattern is, in my opinion, a good thing. \n\n\n\n\n\nConsumers are currently paying for a lot of technological devices that enable a lot of potential but without the internet, these devices are almost lifeless. Everything is evolving and it is important to evolve early and not get left behind. \n\nVocabulary LTE : Long Term Evolution - Regarding the proposed roaming solution - a long term fix \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/mobile/03/31/google.face/\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article I did this week was regarding google and using pictures to identify people. Google is currently working on an application that would take a picture of a person as an input and as an output, display personal information for the person in the picture. This technology has been available for some time but security and privacy issues have prevented it from really coming out.\n\n\n\n\n\nGoogle did not say how long it would be before launching the application and also didn't say how the security issues would be dealt with. Apparently all users will have to specifically say whether or not they want to allow others to access their personal information.\n\nImpact\n\nInformation is getting more and more available. Image recognition technology has been around for a while but has not been used publicly as consumer's privacy did not want to be compromised. Coming out with people-recognition software, a lot of people will be excited and use it for what it is intended for. At the same time, this technology could substantially violate consumer's privacy rights. Advertisers could use the technology to design specific advertisements for people walking by. There are a lot of possibilities for both commercial and consumer users but we'll see where google takes and where others will take it as well. \n\n\n\n\n\nPotentially a lot of people could get on board with this project and take it pretty far in little time.\n\nVocabulary crawled : a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1255,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe TCP/IP protocol was designed by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974 and is the backbone protocol most widely used on the internet.  TCP will be the focus of my article this week. \n\n\n\n\n\nTCP is the Transmission Control Protocol which correlates with the transport layer in the 7-level OSI model.  This layer links the application layer to the network layer and is responsible for breaking the data into smaller units called 'segments'.  The units are then numbered which ensures that the segments are delivered and ordered correctly. \n\n\n\n\n\nA TCP segment has a header (generally 192 bits) with various fields like source and destination ports.  The destination port enables the TCP software on the receiving end to send the data to the correct program on the Application Layer.\n\n\n\n\n\nSection 5.2 and 5.2.1 from:\n\nhttps://www.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/?uiCode=&xmlId=9780470055755\n\nImpact\n\nI have known about TCP/IP for years now but never really looked into the background mechanics of it.  This article helped me recognize the importance of this protocol.  Without TCP/IP or something similar, applications would never receive the data they request.  The vast impact computers have on our day to day life would be minimal without this protocol. \n\nVocabulary UDP (User Datagram Protocol) : Typically just a single packet of data - does not need to be split by the transport layer. Unlike TCP, this unit does not have delivery confirmation.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nA reoccurring issue in data transmission is data error/corruptions.  The most common method to compensate for this is retransmission of data packets.  Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) is the method for dealing with this and there are two types of ARQ.  \n\nIn Stop-and-Wait ARQ, the sender stops and waits for a response from the receiver after each data packet is transmitted. After receiving a packet, the receiver sends either an acknowledgment (ACK) that the packet was received without errors, or a negative acknowledgment (NAK), if the message contained an error. If it is an NAK, the sender resends the previous message. If it is an ACK, the sender continues with the next message. Stop-and-wait ARQ is by definition a half-duplex transmission technique.\n\nWith Continuous ARQ the sender does not wait for an acknowledgment after sending a message; it immediately sends the next one. While transmitting new packets, the sender examines the stream of returning acknowledgments. If it receives an NAK, the sender retransmits the needed messages. If the system is using a LAP-M protocol, only the error packets are resent.  In the Go-Back-N ARQ, all packets occurring since the error packet are resent.\n\n\n\n\n\nI read Section 4.3.3 (Error correction via retransmission) of Business Data communications and networking.\n\nImpact\n\nAccurate data transmission is critical to the infrastructure of all networked companies.  Without a way to compensate for data errors, the computing network would be rather useless to mankind.  ACK and NAK are a simple and clean way to take care of this issue.  The article I read was quite useful in my understanding of this topic.\n\nVocabulary ARQ : Automatic Repeat reQuest - method for detecting errors in packet transmission.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nNetworks require management hardware and software to detect, collect and transmit traffic reports and problem alerts.  In order for software and hardware to be compatible, the common network management standard is Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).SNMP devices such as routers, switches, printers, servers, and gateways use an agent that collects info about itself and then stores that info in a Management information base (MIB) database.  On another network location, network management software is run that accesses the MIB and can ask individual devices to report their info to the MIB.  \n\nNetwork info is broken down into the data link layer, network layer, and application layer protocols so it's easier for network statistics to be created.  This enables the network manager to see what types of network traffic any computer is sending/receiving.  Alerts can be sent to the adminstrator if any device is exceeding certain limitations (for example, if one computer were suddenly consuming 50 percent of the network traffic).\n\nSNMP has a very limited number of functions.  This is a problem because many vendors add their own 'extensions' to SNMP which aren't compatible with each other. They may produce data the network management software can't process.\n\n(I read the about 'Managed Networks' from section 12.5.1 from: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/book/networking/9780470055755/network-design/designing_for_network_performance?reader=html)\n\nImpact\n\nVersions 1 and 2 of SNMP had no encryption so everything was sent in plaintext. Understanding the importance of network management has helped me to better recognize the value of enabling SNMP v3 while disabling v1 and v2.  This article source helped me understand the issues associated with SNMP will recognizing the use of SNMP in my future career.      \n\nVocabulary RMON : remote monitoring - reduces network traffic by enabling devices to store MIB data until the network management software requests the data.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nNetwork Address Translation (NAT) is the conversion process done on routers and firewalls between a set of public IP addresses that are visible from the internet and a second set of private ip addresses.  This is generally done for security so that an organization can hide the majority of their computers from external intrusion.  \n\n\n\n\n\nA NAT firewall takes the internal/private IP addresses of the organization and proxies them onto the internet.  When an internal packet passes through the firewall, the firewall modifies the packet's source ip address to the firewall ip address.  It will also set the source port (TCP) to a unique number that is maintained in an index.  When a packet is received, the firewall then modifies the destination ip to the corresponding internal IP address and port.\n\n\n\n\n\nSection 11.11 of Business Data Communications and Networking  (http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/networking/9780470055755/)\n\nImpact\n\nReading this article helped me gain a better understanding of why NAT/PAT is so important for organizations.  NAT is incredibly useful when seeking to increase the security of private computer networks.  In addition to security, NAT helped alleviate the demand on ipv4 addresses by enabling the majority of computers to have private ip addresses instead of the limited public ip address pool.  \n\nVocabulary NAT : Network Address Translation - the method used to convert between private and public ip addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn traditional/shared ethernet, a hub is used to connect all devices and each computer receives all network traffic.  A computer has to listen to make sure another device isn't transmitting at the same time.  In contract, switched networks use switches as the connecting device.  A switch manages a point-to-point connection with each computer which means that the circuit is not shared with other devices.  \n\nThe switch receives a frame and looks at the ethernet address in order to determine its destination.  This frame is sent to only the intended device instead of every computer connected to the switch - the circuit to take is determined by a forwarding table. This table associates each port with the ethernet address of the device connected to that port.  This is known as a layer-2 switch since ethernet is part of the data link layer (layer 2 in the OSI model).  Switches are continually building forwarding tables - when a switch gets a frame from an address not currently in the table, the switch adds it as well as the associated port the frame was received from.  \n\nIf the switch receives a frame for an ethernet address is doesn't have in its table, it acts like a hub and sends the frame to every port (except to the frame source).  This will be ignored by computers the frame isn't addressed to while the destination computer will send an ack/nak back to the sender.  The switch will add the computer's address/port after receiving and ACK or NAK  \n\n\n\n\n\nI read Section 6.4 of http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/book/networking/9780470055755/ regarding Switched Ethernet\n\nImpact\n\nWhile I already understood why a switch network was significantly better than a hub network, I didn't understand how the forwarding table worked - this article was very helpful in explaining this to me.  The main advantage of a switched ethernet network over a more traditional/hub network is improved network performance.  Since a hub sends all frames to every port and each computer shares the same circuit, bandwidth is rapidly consumes.  In contrast, each computer has a dedicated connection with a switch, which reduces probability of packet collision. Where a network may have shared 100 Mbps of bandwidth between all computers on a hub, a switch could have 100 Mbps connections for each device. \n\nVocabulary forwarding table : 2-column table used by switch to keep track of ports and corresponding ethernet addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThis article gave an excellent overview of various topics.  (Despite the section this article is posted in, I'd hardly consider it \"Deep Tech\" though).  The author explains what an ip address is and compares the size of the v4 and v6 address space.  Instead of just showing that it's 2^32 vs 2^128, the 128-bit address size was shown in standard number form, which better showed the immensity of the new address range.  \n\nNow that we're out of IPv4 addresses on the top level, depletion will continue to cascade over the coming months through the RIR and local ISPs.  As consumers don't have IPv6 capable devices, ISPs have had no reason to push ipv6 compatibility on their network.  Consumer-grade network gear manufacturers have had no reason to support ipv6 because home users ISPs' don't support the technology.  \n\nWhile carrier-grade NAT and other work-arounds could give us a little more time, Curran states that this is an example of diminishing returns - the switch to IPv6 would be more effective as it is the long-term  plan that should suit us for as long as we use tcp/ip networking.\n\n\n\n\n\nI read the assigned reading on IPv6 this week: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\nImpact\n\nBefore reading this article, I hadn't considered the impact mobile networks were having on the existing network space.  The demand they have caused depleted the ipv4 address space much more quickly than it would have but also has increased the need for IPv6 networking equipment/functionality.\n\nThis article gave me better perspective on the ipv6 issue and was well worth a read-through. I particularly appreciated the paragraphs on selling back the extra millions of ip addresses some companies were assigned as well as the paragraph on why we can't use the 'reserved' address space.\n\nVocabulary Classless Inter-Domain Routing : CIDR - more flexible method for dividing up ip ranges.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read about the impact of wireless communication this week - focusing primarily on Wi-fi.  As Dr Lindstrom has pointed out multiple times, so called \"Wireless Routers\" are rarely routers at all.  This article suggests that we make a point to call these \"Wireless Access Points\" as it is a more appropriate/correct name.  \n\n\n\n\n\nThe article also discusses the importance of appropriate planning when setting up a wireless network, both for optimal connection speed and for security.  Having a directional antenna keeps the signal from going in directions you do not wish it to go.  Selecting access point channels to avoid overlap of signals (on channels 1, 6, and 11) enables the signal to be stronger and faster for end-users.\n\n\n\n\n\nI read from Business Data Communications (http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/book/networking/9780470055755/wireless-local-area-networks/)\n\nImpact\n\nBefore reading this article, I hadn't really considered the importance of atuning antenna range to keep wireless signals inside the breadth of the intended building, thereby limiting outside interference.  While I had considered the importance of channel selection, the diagrams in this article enabled me to better visual how I would set up my own multi-access point network.\n\nVocabulary CSMA/CA : Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance: computers listen before they transmit and if no one else is transmitting, they proceed with transmission This helps in avoiding collissions.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThunderbolt (codename: Light Peak) is an I/O used for inter-device data communication. Thunderbolt has three main advantages over other I/O interconnects.  \n\nPerformance:  Thunderbolt makes use of the existing bus system for Display Port and PCI-express.  The Intel controllers swap between protocols as necessary which allows for simultaneous transmission on both protocols over the same cable. As both of these protoclols are bi-directional/dual channel, the Thunderbolt 10Gbps speed has an incredible theoretical max of 40 Gbps.  Combined with extremely low-latency, the Thunderbolt theoretical maxes are much more plausible than the theoretical max of other I/Os such as USB and Firewire.  \n\nSimplicity:  Since Thunderbolt technology uses existing pci-express and display port channels, no additional drivers need to be installed. A compatible device can be connected and used instantaneously.   \n\nFlexibility: Multiple devices can use the same controller on a computer, allowing for fewer connectors.  According to Intel, adapters can be made using the Thunderbolt controller to enable usage over existing firewire, usb, esata, and ethernet ports.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI read three articles on this topic: (all were used in this summary)  http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9211179/Update_Intel_s_Thunderbolt_gets_off_the_ground\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2011/02/thunderbolt-smokes-usb-firewire-with-10gbps-throughput.ars\n\nand http://it.tmcnet.com/topics/it/articles/148597-intels-thunderbolt-brings-fastest-data-connection-apples-notebooks.htm\n\nImpact\n\nReading these articles helped me understand the Thunderbolt technology and also increased by excitement for its future universal availability.  The performance gains are huge when compared to the next fastest comparable I/O (USB 3.0).  With fewer necessary connectors, laptops will become thinner and lighter as well.  While Thunderbolt is significantly superior to USB 3.0, I suspect that both connectors will prevail on future laptops.  Thunderbolt due to performance, USB due to compatibility with all previously released USB devices.\n\nVocabulary Power over cable : The ability to power devices through cables such as firewire or thunderbolt. PoE for Ethernet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI chose to read on detecting packet injection this week, as it relates to network security (topic of discussion from this past week).  The article focused on detecting packet injection by your ISP in order to disrupt applications/services such as file sharing, but is applicable in other scenarios.  \n\nThere are various reasons packet traffic may not be identical at source and destination (excluding packet injection).  Issues such as fragmentation, packet loss, and reordering result in differences which generally result from normal network configuration but could be due to packet injection.  The article then walks the user through testing ping while running wireshark on both ends to verify the appropriate number of icmp echo and echo reply packets are logged.  \n\nIndications that packet spoofing may be occurring include errors from applications such as \"Connection closed by foreign host\", \"\"connection reset by peer\", etc.  Noting the time that these error messages occur and then comparing that time with the packet traces in wireshark corresponding with that time can indicate issues.  If spoofed packets are used to interrupt user connections, they will often be TCP packets with a FIN or RST flag set - this indicates that the user doesn't want the 'conversation' to continue and thus ends the connection.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI read the white paper on packet injection at the Electronic Frontier Foundation: http://www.eff.org/wp/detecting-packet-injection\n\nImpact\n\nThis white paper increased my appreciation regarding the usefulness of packet captures in various situations.  I had already considered the importance of a tool such as wireshark in verifying communication between 2 computers.  This article caused me to think more about its security implications (such as detecting packets sent out by nefarious users on the network) or validating that a sender and receiver are showing the same results.  Two thumbs up.  \n\nVocabulary fragmentation : When a packet's route doesn't permit for the packet's current size and the packet needs to be split up to make it to its destination. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nVirtual Private Networks (VPNs) are used to provide a seemingly private network over the internet.  There are three main types of VPNs - intranets, extranets, and Access.  An intranet vpn is used to connect various organizational locations so that it seems like they're all located in the same physical location.  Extranets are used to connect different organizations - such as having a manufacturer and their main suppliers connected for purchasing/inventory.  An access vpn is the most common from an end-user perspective where travelling users connect from their laptops or desktops into their work network.  \n\n\n\n\n\nA layer 3 Access VPN runs on IPSec.  The IP packet along with its tcp segment and http packet are encapsulated in an ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload).  The destination VPN gateway will then decrypt this packet back to a normal ip packet.  The source interface will treat the packet as an application layer packet that needs to be sent to the office/destination gateway.  (If the customer has a DSL modem, a PPP frame will be added, which is promptly removed at the destination router).  After many additional steps, a roundtrip has occurred between the source and destination, with encryption/decryption taking place as needed.  \n\n\n\n\n\nI read from Business Data Communications and Networking, section 9.5.3 http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/9780470055755/\n\nImpact\n\nBefore reading this article, I was not aware that VPNs can reside on either layer 2 or layer 3.  This article helped me better understand the difference between the two types of VPNs and how these differences are important from a technical/management perspective.  This article also clearly explained how vpn traffic can be encrypted, which is important knowledge as VPNs don't HAVE to be encrypted.  \n\nVocabulary ESP : Encapsulating Security Payload - IPSec encryption packet used to encapsulate ip packet and its contents.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read about SSL/TLS from the Network Security section of Business Data Communications and Networking (http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.erl.lib.byu.edu/book/networking/9780470055755/)\n\nSSL functions between the Application layer and Transport layer in the OSI model.  It works by encrypting packets as they leave the application layer and before they reach the transport layer.  Incoming packets are decrypted as they leave the transport layer but before reaching the application layer.  In an SSL connection, client and server perform a handshake to authenticate and for the server to give the client its public key as well as which form of encryption to use (AES, DES, etc)\n\nThe client responds by generating its own key for whichever encryption form will be used, encrypts this key with the servers key, and sends the encrypted key to the server. This enables both client and server to encrypt/decrypt the communication seamlessly.  \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article helped me learn more about the workings of SSL/TLS, an extremely valuable tool in web communications.  I didn't know very much about public and private keys before reading about SSL and have a better grasp of the concepts now.  \n\nThe work that goes into creating these algorithms is immense - the mathematics behind each algorithm goes way above my head so fortunately other people love to create new encryption schemes.  \n\nVocabulary PKI : Public Key Infrastructure: set of hardware, software, organizations and policies needed to enable public key encryption work.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I choose to read this week was the Port Address Translation article on Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_address_translation). Before data communications 404, I wasn't sure what would happen if two internal computers tried to establish connections from the same port. For example, if two computers had IE open and both computers were trying to reach an external host from the same port. How would the PAT device know which computer to route the returning packet to if the host sent a packet to the PAT device with the same destination port? This article reviewed how PAT keeps a table with a bunch of rules, and when a packet goes out from a certain host and port, it will make a rule and assign that connection an arbitrary external port number. That way, only one computer will be interfacing with the external network on one of the PAT device’s ports at a time. And that is how the magic works.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article was a simple review of a concept I already knew - but as it wasn't material I'd reviewed recently it was helpful in keeping this clear in my mind.  Understanding the importance of PAT, especially on an IPv4 network, is critical to future success in the industry.\n\nVocabulary PAT : Port Address Translation - the method multiple computers on an internal network can share fewer external addresses\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read a whitepaper from Sans.org on packet sniffing over switched networks.  Most data losses/threats are from internal sources in companies - likewise, packet sniffing is largely an internal threat to a companies data.  The advent of easy-to-use packet sniffing software with built-in support for a variety of protocols significantly increased the risk of users on a corporate network detecting packets/credentials of other users.  \n\nAs switches generally only send traffic to the specific port that requested the information, which obscures information from other users.  Standard man-in-the middle attacked enable a device to pretend to be the gateway through various means.  ARP Spoofing, mac flooding, port stealing, and other means enable users to intercept traffic intended for other users.  \n\nWhile switched traffic greatly increases the efficiency of a network, this article has shown how it does not increase network security at all. \n\nImpact\n\nI've known for years that man in the middle attacks were very effective on switched networks, but I had never stopped to wonder how it worked or why it was possible.  This article opened my mind to various techniques I hadn't heard of and was useful to my understanding.  It also pointed out the importance of encrypting data.\n\nVocabulary Arp spoofign : intercepting traffic for anotehr mac address\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1312,"Article Summary\n\nJeter, Charles,\"The time axis of evil: phishing's golden hour\", SC Magazine\n\nhttp://www.scmagazineus.com/the-time-axis-of-evil-phishings-golden-hour/article/193202/\n\n\n\nThis article is about phishing, the time it takes, and what is currently being done to prevent it.  According to a recent study 50% of phishing victims credentials are harvested within the first 60 minutes of phishing emails being received.  Within five hours that increases to 80%, and by ten hours that is at 90%.\n\n\n\nThe article talks about how the bad guys are getting the jump on people trying to protect their clients and employee's.  After ten hours it is irrelevant because by then the majority of people who are going to take the bait will have done so.  \n\n\n\nSome of the suggested solutions:\n\n\n\nAnti-spam = anti-phishing\n\nDenial of spam threat = caught in the OODA loop\n\nTop five phish crushing tactics\n\nPlan, Do,Check,Act, Today - training\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAny one who doesn't live in a box, has gotten phishing emails.  Many people are so clueless that they will click on anything.  A good example happened just yesterday, a person in my ward had some problems with her laptop.  She brought it over and after looking at it I noticed that she had around 100 open office programs running, which was slowing it down and making it just plain not work.  I asked her when the last time she shut the computer down and she said that afternoon.  here's the kicker, she thought that shutting down the computer was closing the lid putting it into sleep mode.  I restarted it and it started working like a charm.\n\n\n\nSo there are a lot of people who are taken advantage of.  As a network administrator and dealing with data communications we need to be able to not only protect the clients, teach the clients, but also try to be one step ahead of the bad guys.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary OODA : Acronym for Observe, orient, decide, and act - it is about analyzing any situation and dealing with it as it comes. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011311-parental-control-programs-perform-poorly.html\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nParental control programs perform poorly with Web 2.0 sites \n\n\n\nThis article was about how many of the parental control programs that have been produced do not perform as well.  Many of the have not be designed to work with Web 2.0. But also because there are so many different ways to get on the internet.  Now days not only are there computers, but phones and game counsels. Parental controls up to this point just have not really been built to cover all of the needed areas.  \n\n\n\nMost of these parental controls only apply to computers when they are working well.  Blocking the phone content, and game counsels.  Another main point that they make in this article is that most of these controls are mainly in English which make just about the rest of the world unable to use them efficiently.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThere are all sorts of internet communications going on in and out of all the houses.  Parents need to be able to control what their children are watching and doing.  I think that for many cases the parents are not tech savvy enough to really control what their kids are doing.\n\n\n\nBetter parental controls need to be made for computers, tv, game counsels and phones. \n\n\n\nVocabulary web 2.0 : web applications that facilitate interactive systemic biases, interoperability, user-centered design,[1] and developing the World Wide Web.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nCloud-Based Crypto-Cracking Tool To Be Unleashed At Black Hat DC\n\nhttp://www.darkreading.com/authentication/167901072/security/encryption/229000423/cloud-based-crypto-cracking-tool-to-be-unleashed-at-black-hat-dc.html\n\n\n\nThis article is about a European researcher, Thomas Roth, who is using Amazon's Ec2's cloud computing service-for-hire to crack passwords.  He found that with the power of this cloud computing power and his basic brute force cracking software, many passwords that are not well designed or implemented are at risk for this type of attack.\n\n\n\nNormally the average person doesn't have the computing capacity to do any serious brute force attacks like this.  But because of Amazon's for hire computing power a little guy can do so much more damage and harm. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhile this is not a new idea, and the programming isn't new, the fact that you can now hire some big guns to do the number crunching is new.  Amazon has made brute force hacking something that any person can do.  The price for their services is reasonable and at this point open for people to take advantage of.\n\n\n\nThe impact is really on the private users end.  Many people use the same password for everything which make their information insecure.  Because if one site is hacked or if their password is found then everything else is at risk.\n\n\n\nThe other impact that people don't think about is that many of their passwords are very basic either just letters, numbers, only lower case.  A good password should have letters and numbers.  there should not be any real words in a password.\n\n\n\nVocabulary AES Encryption : the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric-key encryption standard adopted by the U.S. government. The standard comprises three block ciphers, AES-128, AES-192 and AES-256, adopted from a larger collection originally published as Rijndael.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/netwitness-adds-automated-malware-analysis-to-network-monitoring-platform.php\n\n\n\n\n\nNetWitness Adds Automated Mal ware Analysis To Network Monitoring Platform\n\n\n\nThis article is about how many companies are not capable of detecting residual problems when malware has infected their system.  Often times the main problem is taken care of but they don't know what that malware has done.  It could have stolen passwords, information, and or changed information and passwords.\n\n\n\nPart of this problem is based on what they call a broken system. That system is based on the flawed assumption of \"trust, but verify\".  That means that most networks allow data into the system assuming that it is good information and only when there are issues does it verify that it is good.   The article says that \"the better approach is to assume that no one is to be trusted and proceed accordingly.  \n\n\n\nThis software that was recently added to NetWitness captures/ records detailed information on suspect files \"in order to examine the nature of the malware and its impact on the enterprise.\"\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nAs cited in the article, Wiki-leaks is a great example of what can happen to data that has been captured.  Many companies are not prepared to protect their data.  Many employees may intentionally steal data or may just be ignorant and let malware in.  Heaven knows there are still many clueless people.\n\n\n\nBy having this type of software protecting a computer system will allow the administrators to better clean the computer and do more or less damage control.  \n\n\n\nWhile you can never have a completly secure system, you can be proactive in preventing disaster.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary advanced persistent threats (APT) : refers to advanced and normally clandestine means to gain continual, persistent intelligence on an individual, or group of individuals such as a foreign nation state government.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/blog/main/archives/2011/01/how_careful_do.html;jsessionid=NFK0UTU0CFSMZQE1GHPCKH4ATMY32JVN?catid=cloud-computing\n\n\n\n\n\nHow Careful Do You Need To Be With Cloud Storage? - Security\n\n\n\nThis article is about security in the cloud.  With Cloud storage becoming more popular now, the concern for security is a very important one.  In many cases the cloud is a public cloud with all sorts of users who may not have access to your data but they could gain access through their account and some illegal activity.  Not to mention the fact that your data needs to get to the cloud to begin with.  There is also the possibility that at some point in time the hard drive that your information is on may be disposed of incorrectly resulting in your data going to the highest bidder.\n\n\n\nFor all companies that know anything many of these problems are solved with encryption.  When the information is transferred to the could it is by way of a encrypted line. When the data is saved on the cloud it is still encrypted making that secure for the most part.  As long as the key doesn't get out the data should be secure.\n\n\n\nAs for incorrect disposal of a hard drive, most cloud companies have the data spread over multiple drives.  Depending on how many one drive may only have a small portion of an encrypted file.  This would make it much more difficult to recover the data if stolen or not disposed of properly.\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article impacts just about any person who uses a form of cloud computing.  From the big businesses to the little guy who is storing his homework in Drop box.  All of these are types of clouds, some have better security than others.  I for example don't know how secure dropbox is or if the automatic transfer of files is a secure link to drop box.  If all my data was encrypted then I would be better off.\n\n\n\nAs for big companies, they have even more to loose if their data gets out.  On the other hand many companies that have that much too loose should probably have their own network storage options and keep it in house.\n\n  \n\n\n\nVocabulary clustered storage system : a file system which is simultaneously mounted on multiple servers\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=nl.e703\n\n\n\nThis article is about how IPv4 address have all been handed out and that companies will need to start migrating to IPv6.  If they don't then before too long they will be forced to do so.  Many companies have been slow to start implementing IPv6 because IPv4 is well established and is a mature setup.  Plus the cost of converting their systems to IPv6 would be very high.  \n\n\n\nUnfortunately IPv6 and IPv4 do not play well together.  We can keep using IPv4.  Again because of the cost, most companies haven't been actively upgrading even though IPv6 has been around since 1999. \n\n\n\nAll the addresses for IPv4 are not in use according to the article only about 14 percent are actively used.  however the companies and groups that have them don't have to give them back so they are still taken even if they are not used.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEvery computer that is really connected to the internet needs a unique IP address that all other devices can communicate with.  With the current system IPv4 there are only 2^32 address available.  If all the these IP address are assigned then any new companies, groups, or devices will not be able to be connected to the internet.  There are minor ways around this but it is a band-aid on the problem and it cannot be a permanent fix.  \n\n\n\nWith IPv6 there are 2^128 address or a really big number that we shouldn't ever hit.  All companies, groups and devices  will eventually need to switch over to IPv6.  They have had over 10 years to do it and have not taken action, so it might be a bit of a bump for them when they are forced too. \n\n\n\nVocabulary ICANN : Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers, a non-profit group set up in the 1990s by the U.S. Department of Commerce, governs the Internet's inner workings. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/ap_on_hi_te/us_tec_internet_rules_house_vote\n\n\n\nThis article is about how the House Republicans are trying to block the new FCC internet rules that were recently put into place last year.    Those rules deal with prohibiting broadband providers from interfering with internet traffic on their networks.  \n\n\n\nTo block these new rules, it was voted and an amendment was added to the bill.  This amendment made it to where the FCC could not use any government money to implement the new \"network neutrality\" regulations.\n\n\n\nWhile there are many people wanting to get these rules removed completely with the government the way it is at the moment, chances are slim to none that total removal will happen.\n\n\n\n  \n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEveryone uses the internet and everyone wants to do what they want to do on the internet.  If there is not true net neutrality then some one paying for fast internet may not be able to say watch net flix because the ISP is blocking it or down grading it so that their systems are not over burdened.\n\n\n\nBecause they could control what is passed over their network certain people or groups could get better service by paying extra or giving extras to the ISP.  \n\n\n\nWhile I'm not sure where I stand on the issue, I do believe that the government messing around with this isn't a good thing.\n\n\n\nVocabulary FCC : works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing the FCC\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.zdnet.com/blog/networking/how-to-crash-the-internet/680?tag=must-read\n\n\n\n\n\nHow to crash the Internet\n\n\n\nThis article is written by an graduate student named Max Schuchard.  He claims that he and some fellow students have found a way to launch DDoS attacks on Border Gateway Protocol network routers that could crash the internet.\n\n\n\nThe main idea of this type of attack would only need a bot net of around 250,000 PC's to work.  They would use traceroute to find and analyze the current state of BGP connections and then start to just pick them off one at a time.   Because BGP routers have several self-defense mechanisms(BGP Graceful Restart) when it is under attack it restarts, once it has began restarting the botnet moves onto the next BGP causing it to crash and restart.\n\n\n\nBy the time the first one has restarted the other ones are cashing and in the end it brings down the internet because none of them can route because they are all at some point of restarting.\n\n\n\nIf they had an even larger bot-net, even more could be done at a faster pace.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe world really does run by the internet.  If it goes down then there will be all sorts of problems from telecommunications to personal internet use.  No remote access to the power grids, work locations, universities.  Everyone would be cut off.\n\n\n\nWould hackers really want to do this?  No really, they would loose their ability to continue as well.  They make money off of the internet working, instead of not working.  On the other hand, if there was ever a huge cyber war, one country could try to knock out an others by targeting their BGP network routers.  \n\n\n\nJen: If anything were to happen to this box, the world as we know it would fall into chaos. Planes would drop from the sky, like tables. Society would tear itself apart like an angry child with a napkin. Man's primeval instinct to survive at any cost, would lead to terrible violence... \n\nVocabulary BGP : Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the protocol backing the core routing decisions on the Internet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/web-security-services-put-to-the-test.php\n\n\n\nWeb Security Services Put to the Test\n\n\n\nThis article is about security offered through Cloud computing.  The idea behind this test that they have done is to basically leave security services on the cloud and route everything through the cloud.  By doing this businesses could focus more on their business and less on dealing with security because they would have out sourced it.  \n\n\n\nIn the articles language \"Proxy your outbound Internet traffic through the closest point of presence that your Web security vendor provides, and the provider skims out the malware mixed in with legitimate Web traffic.\"\n\n\n\nThey compared the following companies Barracuda, McAfee, Symantec, Webroot and Zscaler.\n\n\n\nThe outcome looked like Zscaler was the best service.  \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nMany companies want security some can't afford the best and this could be a viable option.  If the viruses and malware don't event make it to your company net work then there is a lesser chance that your computers will become infected and have major problems.  \n\n\n\nWith a cost of around 1-5$ a month per user this really is an affordable option for small companies.  \n\n\n\nI would say, ultimately that the safest way would be be using both a local security software and using a cloud security system.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary SAAS : Software as a service\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-protection/us-data-breach-costs-still-increasing-ponemon-survey-reports.php\n\n\n\n\n\nU.S. Data Breach Costs Still Increasing, Ponemon Survey Reports\n\nThis article is about the cost of data breaches in companies.  Because of the money that can be made, more companies are being targeted.  The problem t hat they are seeing is that about half the companies that have data breach(43%) are contacting their clients/customers within 30 days costing the company even more money because they haven't has time yet to really analyze the data to find out for sure what information has been breached.  The other half are waiting longer to find out for sure who has been put at risk, lowering the cost of protecting their clients/customers(fewer may need protection) at the potential cost of having their customers information out in the world unprotected.  This could result in lawsuits because they the companies did not warn of the data breach in an reasonable amount of time.\n\n\n\nIt was found that companies that acted quickly spent on average 268$ verse companies that waited spent on average 174$.  The cost doesn't seem hugely different but 94$ multiplied by thousands/millions of customers adds up quickly.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nData breaches are happening frequently.  One of the major parts of networking is making sure that the data is secure at all times.  As more companies rely on computers/networking for business this becomes more and more of an issue.  \n\n\n\nThe companies could take it either way, put me or the public at risk for a longer amount of time to save a buck or two, or spend the money and protect me/public.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Data Breach : intentional or unintentional release of secure information to an untrusted environment.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-optimization-and-application-acceleration/new-virtela-technology-uses-predictive-analytics-to-head-off-network-outages.php\n\n\n\n\n\nNew Virtela Technology Uses 'Predictive Analytics' To Head Off Network Outages\n\nA new tool that is being used to help control and protect networks is Predictive Analytics.  The idea behind predictive analytics is that a network can have a software package that continuously monitors the various logs on a network.  As it analyzes the logs and other metrics, a complex algorithm is used to identify warning signs that something is happening that could lead to outages.\n\n\n\nNetwork problems and issues will continue to grow as Cloud computing continues to be come more popular.  This predictive analytics market is expected to grow by 90 percent by the year 2014, making this a huge new field that is opening up.  \n\n\n\nVirtela is claiming that by using predictive analytics, that it can deliver a five-fold reduction in network downtime and 30 percent reduction in support and operating costs for customers.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEvery network administrator is concerned about the status of his network.  If there is a problem, it could cost thousands to millions if it is not corrected quickly.  If that said administrator had a predictive analytics package that could warn him when there was something odd happening on his net work he would be able to preemptively start fixing that problem.\n\n\n\nNetworks are expensive to upkeep and fix when they come down.  If the majority of network crashes could be prevented or minimized a company could save a significant amount of money.\n\nThat tends to make everyone happy.  \n\n\n\nSounds like a great idea, I would like to see how it works.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Predictive analytics : encompasses a variety of techniques from statistics, data mining and game theory that analyze current and historical facts to make predictions about future events.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://itmanagement.earthweb.com/secu/article.php/11076_3926361_1/5-Overlooked-Threats-to-Cloud-Computing.htm\n\n\n\n\n\n5 Overlooked Threats to Cloud Computing\n\n1. DIY Security\n\n  security through obscurity are over.  Being a small site no longer protects you, if you are on the cloud and \"share\" that cloud with a more prestigious target, you may be collateral damage because they were targeted.   \n\n2. Private clouds that aren't\n\n private clouds that are hosted by third parties - privileged insider access - ultimately it is the network admin that will get the blame not the third party host\n\n3. Multi-tenancy risks in private and hybrid clouds\n\n many companies have about 30% of their infrastructure virtualized, they would like to get 60-70%.   Getting this up could cause security issues with sister companies that don't have as high security.  Do non-mission critical-apps often share the same resources as mission-critcal ones?\n\n4. Poorly secured hypervisors and overstressed IPS\n\n  many people are doing nothing to secure virtualized infrastructures. Many people don't even know that they have them(including Xbox 360's).  When it comes right down to it, security is becoming too big of a problem to tackle for most organizations on their own.\n\n5. Insider threats\n\nvirtualization and the cloud ramp up the risk of insider threats.  smaller number of administrators are now likely to have access to a greater amount of hosted data.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nCloud computing seems to be the next greatest thing.  There is a lot of computing power out there that you can use, when your in house computing cant handle it.  But who exactly are you giving your information to when it goes out on the could, how secure is it.  If you are a big business are you putting information that is critical in someone else hands, do they do business with your competitors?  \n\n\n\nThere is a lot of security issues that really haven't been addressed because it is so new. \n\n\n\nTo the Cloud.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Virtualization : in computing, is the creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a hardware platform, operating system, a storage device or network resources.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/223483/mcafee_corporate_espionage_is_the_currency_of_cybercrime.html\n\n\n\nMcAfee: Corporate Espionage is the Currency of Cybercrime\n\n\n\nThis article is about how many cyber criminals are now focusing on getting corporate secrets as a means to make money.  Intellectual property, trade secrets are becoming primary targets for hackers.  \n\n\n\nAn example was the recent attack against RSA.  The hackers were able to steal their SecurID two-factor authentication.  This would make it possible for the to create SecurID tokens that could be used to get into corporate accounts and systems.  \n\n\n\nStatistics are showing that there are more sophisticated attacks that are targeting this type of information.  From there they can go and get more valuable stuff.  \n\n\n\nFinancial and health care organizations are major targets because they keep so much information that can be used and stolen.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nEvery business has things that they want to protect.  From business plans that they could sell to a competitor to coca cola's secret recipe.\n\n\n\nWhat if your bank was hacked or your doctors office that has all of your personal information?  \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary SecurID tokens  : The RSA SecurID authentication mechanism consists of a \"token\"—a piece of hardware (e.g. a token or USB) or software (e.g. a \"soft token\" for a computer, PDA or cell phone\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1105,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_model\n\n\n\n\n\nI just read the wikipedia TCP/IP article as I wanted to get a better grasp on what we went through in class. One thing I really enjoyed was a diagram of the application data going through the TCP/IP layers- the diagram showed how as you get to the upper layers of the model, the data is more readily accessible to the end user while the bottom layers (internet/link) are more about the physical moving of the data. \n\n\n\n\n\nI was also interested in SCTP that the wiki article mentioned, or Stream Control Transmission Protocol, a transport mechanism similar to TCP/UDP but more advanced. I'm interested to see when SCTP implementation will catch up. What's stopping it from being used more widely? \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI enjoyed the wiki article, it was a good supplement to what we learned in class and provided more background history of the model which i always enjoy!!\n\nVocabulary robustness principle : must be able to transmit information conservatively but receive liberally\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI was doing the readings of the week and came across an article about Reliability (computer networking). It helped me to understand what the difference between a reliable and unreliable protocol is, and it was interesting that TCP was reliable vs UDP (unreliable). I want to read up more on what makes the difference. \n\nImpact\n\nArticle helped me strengthen my understanding of reliability in computer networking which is so important! There isn't much point sending data if it's not going to get to its destination.\n\nVocabulary reliable protocol : a reliable protocol lets its recipient know about the delivery of its data, as opposed to an unreliable protocol which doesnt say anything if the data doesnt get there. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer_firewall\n\nI was reading up on Wikipedia's firewall article and one of the layers described was the application layer firewall. I was interested to find out what this form of firewall is. The article describes how it works, the difference between network and host based firewalls, and gave specific examples of application firewalls for further understanding. \n\nImpact\n\nI enjoyed the history of the application firewall and also specialized application firewalls. I understood that an application firewall is more secure because it works on all layers of the OSI model and also filters information that \"does not meet the configured policy of the firewall\". It also helped me to understand the difference between network based & host based application firewalls. \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary application firewall  : form of firewall that controls input, output and/or access between an application or service. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.brynosaurus.com/pub/net/p2pnat/\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article talks about peer to peer communication across NAT. It explains that NAT causes difficulties for p2p communication, and explains a NAT traversal technique named Hole Punching. Hole Punching was explained for both UDP and TCP. Hole punching assumes that 2 clients, A and B that want to talk to each other, already have active UDP sessions with a server. When A wishes to contact B but doesn't know how, it asks the server (referenced as S). Server S responds to A with B's contact info, and contacts B with A's info. \n\nTCP's hole punching is a little more complex, (this due to TCP's connection oriented delivery). After the steps explained in UDP's process, A & B connect to each other and wait for authentication to be made before communication can happen. \n\nImpact\n\nI really enjoyed the article. It was a very interesting read. The article also evaluates the properties that NAT needs to be reliable in P2P communication and real life internet application of hole punching. From what I read, hole punching seems to be an easy, general way for establishing peer-to-peer connections across NAT. The article mentions that hole punching \"fully preserves the transparency that is one of the most important hallmarks and attractions of NAT\". It helped me to understand the procedures of NAT a little better, especially in an area that it is weak in, p2p connections.\n\nVocabulary UDP hole punching : UDP hole punching allows 2 clients to set up a P2P session with the help of a server \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nwell i typed this long reply and had to re-login, so here goes. again. \n\n\n\n\n\nit was a great article about IPv4, how the addresses are running out, how there are a good number of IPv4 addresses being hoarded (social responsibility?! these companies need to give them up), what the steps to transitioning into v6 might be, and how most companies just need to take the plunge and do the transition. \n\nImpact\n\nit was a very easy to read article about both ipv4/v6. it helped me to understand some of the fundamental differences between v4 and v6. It will be interesting to see when/how this actual transition will begin and what problems will be encountered. I wonder how much World IPv6 day will contribute to it, too. As the article concludes, those companies simply need to begin transitioning because that's the only way that this process will happen. \n\nVocabulary IP address : \" a big number that identifies a computer on the internet\" aka a unique address that identifies how data packets find their destinations in the internet\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20031291-264.html\n\n\n\n\n\nI really enjoyed this article. First of all I really enjoy cnet articles because the author breaks them down for the average reader. Shankland reported on a recent whitepaper done by McAfee, which states that companies in the oil and energy industry have been attacked by Chinese companies attempting to steal data. Operation Night Dragon (dubbed by McAfee) was a ring of attacks, described as \"relatively unsophisticated\" but nonetheless effective. From web servers, the hackers gained access to internal servers and desktops, accessed sensitive information, disabled IE proxy settings and extracted data out. \n\nImpact\n\nI felt that the article's best features were its diagrams. They helped me to understand, for example, SQL injection attacks - commands were injected into the SQL server to gain system level access, malware was placed on the servers and used to harvest confidential data. I've been very interested in data security and how easy it is for someone to extract confidential data from the average user. It seems to me that huge oil companies with sensitive information like this would have better security systems, but McAfee or Shankland didn't mention any existing security practices in place. The article mentioned that \"McAfee and other security companies now have identified the method and can provide a defense.\" - this doesn't make sense, because data is already gone. If attacks were \"relatively unsophisticated\", why weren't they detected earlier?\n\n\n\nVocabulary RAT malware : remote access trojan malware: a program that listens for and accepts connections from a remote 3rd party and carries out the commands given it\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.infoworld.com/d/security-central/10-building-blocks-securing-the-internet-today-165\n\n\n\n\n\nThis was a very interesting article on how the author felt that 10 ingredients could make the internet safer. I thought his introduction was interesting - the fact that the tools (open standard protocols) we needed for a safe internet were already present, and what was missing was \"the leadership and involvement from the politicians, organizations and tech experts necessary to turn the vision into a reality.\" \n\nHe gave brief summaries of all 10 protocols. I felt like I could really understand them because of the protocols we've been learning in class. \n\nImpact\n\nIt was an interesting read. I was able to understand a broad range of \"building blocks\" required. It made me very interested in reading in depth about the building blocks he mentioned. One building block was something we've been talking about- IPv6. Others, like Domain Name System Security Extensions, was good to learn about because we've already learned about DNS and this just built on top of what we've learned. \n\nVocabulary Domain Name System Security Extensions  : DNSSEC offers \"answer integrity upon which participating clients can rely.\" basically, a suite of specifications that will more fully secure DNS \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.informationweek.com/cloud-computing/blog/archives/2010/12/what_is_a_cloud.html?catid=cloud-computing\n\n\n\n\n\nI wanted to read up on cloud computing and decided to search info week. The article explained what cloud computer and cloud storage are, and combined both to explain how they apply to a cloud data center: I really liked how the author put it: \"the goal is to bring the flexibility of the 'as you need it' resource allocation to your own data center. the vision is to move any resource - compute, network, storage, etc - to where it is needed most at the moment when it is needed, with a minimal amount of effort.\" That really helped me to get a basic understanding of cloud computing. \n\nImpact\n\nThe article was an easy read, definitely not as technical and a little shorter than I would have liked. I  understand that using virtual machines is technically the very beginning of cloud and we have a lot further to go from here. In fact it makes me wonder how this resource movement is going to work- is the internet a necessity from this standpoint? (I've had to supplement this article with wiki-ing cloud computing.) I was right, the internet seems to be the main idea for which cloud computing and storage is based. \n\n\n\n\n\nI'm excited to see where cloud computing will take us. When will data clouds exist and be stable enough to use? How will security work? (read another related article on encryption and having encryption keys seems to be the main idea.) I'm excited to see how long it will take.\n\nVocabulary Cloud compute : When you borrow someone else’s processing capabilities most often over an internet connection.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ldap\n\n\n\n\n\nWanted to read up on LDAP, so I decided to wiki it. The wiki as always gives a great history lesson on how LDAP came about. It gives a very thorough overview of how the protocol works, its different operations (bind, search, compare, add an entry, delete an entry, modify, etc) , and what they can do in a server. \n\nThe wiki also talks about the schema of a directory server- namely, a set of rules that govern the kinds of information that the server can hold. \n\nImpact\n\nIt was a very technical read. It definitely increased my understanding of the protocol and how it works, but it got a little hard for me to follow near the end. What i enjoyed most was the explanations of the different operations the protocol could carry out. I'd be interested in seeing these operations at work in real life. \n\nVocabulary LDAP : lightweight directory access protocol, an application protocol for reading and editing directories over an IP network. also, the protocol that helps locate an entity in a network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nWell apparently i took longer than 20 minutes and everything I wrote is gone. So in a summary, i read about SMTP from the wikipedia article to get a better handle on what we were doing (and also because it was our reading assignment.) Great article, it went through the history of SMTP, a model of how mail is processed, the protocol overview, went into some nitty gritty examples of SMTP and briefly dealt with how SMTP changed because of spam. The article makes me wonder why they didn't just combine SMTP and POP/IMAP, but I suppose that's due to the constantly evolving nature of the internet. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol#SMTP_vs_mail_retrieval\n\nImpact\n\nGood article, helped me to really understand what SMTP does. The most helpful part to me was the model that explains mail processing. Email is submitted from a mail client that transfers it to a mail server agent then a mail transfer agent. The agent has to use DNS (it was fun to see it connect together) to look up the mail exchange record, and see what the target IP address is. The MX target accepts the incoming message, hands it to a mail delivery agent. The mail is retrieved by IMAP and POP. The high level overview of the model was good for me to see the bigger picture. \n\nVocabulary SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, the internet standard for email transmission. It is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article was touching on something completely new to me, Internet 2. Internet 2 is going through the process of building \"a nationwide 100 gbps-capable network, which will be leveraged by the United States Unified Community Anchor Network (U.S. UCAN)\". Internet 2 seems to be the next thing in connecting the nation. The article talks about increasing the nation's bandwidth from 100 gbps to 8.8 tbps. The article explained how the project looks to help the country run the next generation Internet applications which can't be delivered with the technology available right now. There is existing Internet 2 technology all over the country and service providers that makes the move of existing technology to 100 gbps much easier. With this new technology, Internet 2 looks to be not only a bandwidth provider but also a \"driver of community research\". \n\nImpact\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIt was definitely a very informative article. It was very detailed and pretty complex about the technology needed to continue Internet 2 into the future. The author's intended audience seems to already be familiar with the concepts of Internet 2. I had to wikipedia the basics of Internet 2 to really figure out what was going on. Wikipedia states that Internet 2 provides the \"US Research and education community with a network that satisfies their bandwidth-intensive requirements\". If the author had been better at introducing Internet 2 and its objectives the article would have been more effective for me, but that doesn't seem to be his intention.\n\nVocabulary Internet 2 : an advanced not-for-profit US networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry and government. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function\n\n\n\n\n\nCryptographic hash function\n\n\n\n\n\nI wanted to look up 'hashing', and figured that cryptographic hash functions was the one I really needed to look up because it's related to information security. The article covered 3 properties that cryptographic hash functions needs to have:\n\n1) preimage resistance - \n\n2) second preimage resistance\n\n3) collision resistance\n\n\n\n\n\nThese three properties imply that the input data cant be changed without the end user knowing.\n\nIt was interesting to read the history of cryptographic hash algorithms. 2 very popular functions are MD5 and SHA-1, and it says that in 2008 MD5 was broken.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nt was a good, very interesting read on hash functions. It went into great detail on the mechanics of hash functions which makes me wonder who writes these wikis anyway. I would probably have appreciated a more concise article with similarities/comparisons between hash functions & cryptographic hash functions. However it was interesting to learn the mechanics of the history of hash algorithms and how they work. \n\nVocabulary hash function : any well defined procedure or mathemtical function that converts a large, possibly variable-sized amount of data into a small datum, usually a single data (called a hash value)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1261,"Article Summary\n\nThe article basically is trying to highlight the benefits of using DirectAccess over a VPN.  The title of the article, \"Death to VPN\", clearly shows that the intent of the article is to persuade one to begin using DirectAccess.  Many points are given on why one would want to switch to DirectAccess, but I will only highlight a few in this synopsis.\n\n\n\nDirectAccess is more user friendly, meaning it can create the same connection as a VPN through a much easier process.  The user does not have to complete the same steps over and over again when connecting.  The article said DirectAccess is an \"always on\" connection.  Also, while maintaining the same high level of security, the speed of DirectAccess is much better than a VPN.  A VPN can take from several seconds to several minutes to establish, and can often slow down Internet performance.\n\n\n\nThe article gave insight on how the technology actually works (uses IPv6 and IPsec).  It also highlighted the main components one may need when installing DirectAccess.  I read this article from this site: http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/Death-VPN.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important for those people who need to install a secure and private connection over the Internet.  Using a VPN has been the main way people have accomplished this, but the article gives insight into how DirectAccess improves upon using a VPN.  \n\n\n\nFor those who are struggling with or annoyed by any particular weaknesses of a VPN, this article gives them a possible solution to their problems.  I personally am not really affected by this technology (with either the VPN or DirectAccess), but someday I think I will need this technology in my business.\n\n\n\nVocabulary IPsec : This is used to authenticate both the user and the computer in a secure connection. It also encrypts and authenticates each IP packet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article discusses the possible future of combining satellite and 4G technology.  Most of the discussion in the article focuses on the mobile market expanding into underdeveloped parts of the world.  Mobile companies within these parts of the world need economical ways to expand the mobile network to rural areas.\n\n\n\nCellular base stations are located throughout the world, however, because they use microwave technology, they are limited in their ability to provide a worldwide network.  Stations that are too far away from each other are unable to communicate directly with one another, thus causing mobile network coverage problems for that area.  The article then discusses combining microwave and satellite technology to solve the problem.  Article was read on this website: http://www.telecomengine.com/search/article.asp?HH_ID=AR_6723&SearchWord=\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article discusses technology that has impacted the world and will continue to do so.  Using satellite technology, a mobile network can expand more efficiently, offering services to many more people.  Along with more efficient communication, the installation of this technology can greatly reduce operational costs that would normally come from building an infrastructure to produce the same results.\n\n\n\nFor me, I do not plan on living in a remote part of the world, and I'm perfectly happy with my mobile network here in Utah.  For others throughout the world, this technology provides for them the ability to stay connected and experience the benefits of access to a mobile network.  Companies installing this will be able to reduce operational costs while increasing customers by the thousands.\n\n\n\nVocabulary CBH (Cellular Back haul) : CBH networks feature the optimal combination of satellite and microwave technology to help mobile operators provide cellular services to their subscribers in suburban, rural and remote regions – overcoming distance, terrain, power and population-density hurdles.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article from Information Week which dealt with internet security issues.  Often in an organization and even in a country, certain websites are blocked on the network you may be connected to.  The article discusses the top 3 tools to get around this firewall in order to connect to the desired site.\n\n\n\nThe three tools mentioned in the article are Tor, Circumventor, and Glype.  I had never heard of any of these software tools, but all can aid in getting around a firewall if needed.  Tor is able to work because there are many Tor servers set up all over the internet world.  You connect as a proxy to one of these servers, and your internet requests will be randomly routed throughout the network.\n\n\n\nCircumventor and Glype work in a similar fashion, but this happens as you install the software on a computer outside the network.  You then connect to that computer as a proxy and you are able to get around the firewall.\n\n\n\nHere is the link to the site: http://www.informationweek.com/news/storage/security/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229000012&pgno=2&queryText=&isPrev=\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is significant because it describes some of the best ways to bypass a firewall that has been put in place.  Many companies block certain websites for many reasons, but if their employees can get around this firewall, the problems they were trying to eliminate are present again.\n\n\n\nThis article is important to me because we are learning the very basics of internet requests and firewalls right now.  I learned on a basic level what the firewall can do, and reading this article has helped me to realize it can be avoided if needed.  I'm also very interested in internet security and how to avoid problems that may come from hackers.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Glype : software package that can be installed to bypass a firewall in place. User installs Glype on personal computer, then can connect to this computer (from the computer in the blocked network) through proxy to bypass the firewall.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article basically highlights the differences between four different e-mail spam filters.  Each filter has different features and performs differently against the same attacks.  The author created some tests to see how each filter would perform.  The tests included some malware and \"in-the-wild viruses.\"  \n\n\n\nThe main results they were looking for were the percentage of spam e-mails blocked and how many false positives each software had.  A false positive is basically a real e-mail that is blocked by the spam filter.  They compared each software and concluded that the best filter was one with a high percentage of spam e-mails blocked and the lowest possible of false positives (or something in-between).  Another aspect of a good e-mail filter is constant updates from the software company to protect against current threats.\n\n\n\nArticle Source: http://www.nojitter.com/feature/228500240?pgno=1\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI don't plan on installing an e-mail filter anytime soon on my current computer, but this is a real threat for companies around the world.  E-mail messages infected with viruses and malware are sent daily and companies must be able to avoid the problems that can come from these threats.  These software tools will allow companies to block spam e-mails.  However, a spam filter can block legitimate e-mails from coming in as well, so the company must be aware of that.\n\n\n\nThis article applies to our current study of firewalls.  Certain packets are allowed into the system, just as spam filters do in an e-mail system.  \n\n\n\nVocabulary False Positive : A legitimate e-mail that is blocked by a spam filter.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article about the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.  There seems to be a number of articles all over the web and throughout business newspapers as well (I read an article on this subject in the Wall Street Journal as well).  I will only highlight this article, although I may mention a few points written in other articles.\n\n\n\nEarlier this week, the IANA distributed the final unreserved IPv4 blocks to APNIC.  The networking community has known this day was coming soon, but this final distribution makes it much more real.  \n\n\n\nCompanies and people worldwide must now transition to IPv6, which will dramatically increase the number of IP addresses.  Part of the article includes an interview with a professional who feels that companies must make the transition as soon as possible.  They must make this transition to avoid costly problems in the future, which may include purchasing overpriced hardware and software to accommodate IPv6.\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2011/02/02/ipv4-really-tired-but-not-totally-exhausted/\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article is important for all in internet community to understand that we will be switching to IPv6 soon enough.  IPv4 has been used for years, but since we are running out of addresses, we must switch to IPv6.  \n\n\n\nIPv6 will allow for more than enough IP addresses in the future (we will not run out).  The article brought up an interesting point as well.  Because IPv4 addresses are running out (all reserved addresses have been given out), the companies who have obtained IP addresses and are not using them may be able to \"sell\" these IP addresses to those who need them.  There may be limitations to this idea, but companies may be able to make it happen.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary APNIC : one of five regional internet registeries, response for distributing IPv4 addresses.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nNote to TA: I read about this subject last week, but Dr. Lindstrom said to read this article anyways.\n\n\n\nThis article basically highlighted the depletion of IPv4 addresses in the world right now.  The IANA handed out the last IPv4 addresses to some of the other organizations across the world.  The other organizations will then provide these addresses to ISPs and various smaller organizations.  The problem: the IANA has no more addresses to give out.\n\n\n\nThe solution is that everyone needs to switch to IPv6 addresses, which will provide a huge number of addresses (we won't run out anytime soon, and probably never).  Some people across the world have started to make the transition over to IPv6, however, most have stuck with IPv4 because of the expenses associated with providing services for both IPv4 and IPv6.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThe article basically highlights the exact impact for your everyday consumer (I would consider myself to fall into that category).  He said that not much really has to occur in order to make the transition (most software, including WindowsOS and MacOS provide support for IPv6).  The problem occurs with the hardware that we have purchased.  Most of the hardware that consumers have doesn't support IPv6, and, ISPs don't provide support for IPv6 either.\n\n\n\nFor me, when I obtain my own equipment (in my own house, or if I own a business someday), I will need to keep this in mind.  I will need to make sure all of the hardware I buy provides IPv6 support.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Regional Internet Registries (RIR) : Handles a different geographic region in the world, response for receiving IPv4 addresses from the IANA and distributing them out.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI decided to read an article on registering a domain name.  This article discussed the basic steps one must take in order to register a domain name of their choice.  Different options for buying a domain name are given and considered in detail.  Each domain name registrar has similar features but also some have better features than others.\n\n\n\nSome of these features include (once you buy the domain name) a free web starter page, web forwarding, DNS information, or a free e-mail account.  Also, prices are generally considered in this article.  The author pointed out, however, that prices are changing on a regular basis, and that it will just depend on sales that a given registrar may be having at the time.\n\n\n\nThe article also considers the reasons why someone would want to buy a domain name.  A few of the reasons include the fact that if you change your web host, you can still use the same domain name, a domain name gives your business credibility, and also advertisers want to place their advertisements on sites with good, regular visited domain names.\n\n\n\nHere is the article: http://www.thesitewizard.com/archive/registerdomain.shtml\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI chose to read this article because I am thinking of buying a domain name for myself.  I want to get my own site up and running by the end of the summer.  This is just one of the first steps in getting this process going.  The article helped me to understand basic instructions in obtaining a domain name, and also allowed me to see the different features offered by registrars.\n\n\n\nIn class, Dr. Lindstrom recommended GoDaddy.com.  This article basically pointed out that GoDaddy offers the cheapest price for the most features.  When I decide to buy my domain name, I will most likely go through GoDaddy.com after reading this article.\n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Domain Name : A name that identifies a website.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI read an article this week about active directory.  The article talked about the basics of active directory, how it's organized, and some of the benefits of using active directory in your network.  The article mentioned that there are three levels in active directory, forests, trees, or domains.  The highest structure is the forest because you can see all of the objects associated with that forest.\n\n\n\nThe article also discussed the main uses for active directory: to provide information on objects (computers, printers, or users on the network), organization of these objects for easy retrieval and access, and the allowance of access to end users or administrators.\n\n\n\nArticle source: http://www.tech-faq.com/active-directory.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis article was helpful for me to better understand active directory and how it could be used.  I don't think I'll be a network administrator someday and be involved in setting this up, but understanding the concepts will be helpful.\n\n\n\nThere are many ways that an active directory can be beneficial for an organization.  When a large organization has many computers on their network, it can be difficult to maintain/update every single computer.  Using an active directory can greatly reduce the amount of time that could be spent on each individual computer.  That is probably the biggest benefit that I can see from using active directory in a large organization.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Active Directory : a directory structure used on Microsoft Windows based computers and servers to store information and data about networks and domains.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article summarizes the basics of Windows 7 security features.  This article came out about the time that Windows 7 was released to the public, however, because most users have now switched to Windows 7, it is still applicable.  There are many new security features that make Windows 7 even better than the previous versions.\n\n\n\nA few of the features discussed include encrypting data with bit locker, biometrics capabilities, and user account control.  Windows has already had a reputation for being the best at security, but with these new features, it makes Windows operating systems even better.  The features have basically provided the user with an easier experience when trying to configure their security settings.\n\n\n\nOne example covered in the article is that of biometrics capabilities.  In addition to a username and password, the user has the capability of scanning their fingerprints to authenticate.  Windows 7 has a built in feature (in the software) that will allow the user a much easier experience in setting up fingerprint authentication.\n\n\n\nArticle source: http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/171979-2/a_guide_to_windows_7_security.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWe are right in the middle of discussing security in class right now.  Our discussion has centered on active directory and rights/permissions for various users, but these topics are also important to know and understand.  I don't really have very sensitive information on my computer, but sometime down the road I could have access to very important information.\n\n\n\nIf my computer had access to important information, I would consider installing this fingerprint authentication feature.  Of course, I would need to get the hardware, but Windows 7 has provided an easy way to integrate this into your computer security.  \n\n\n\nThe user account control security option is now a lot easier to configure as well.  I can decide how often I want the computer to notify me that the computer has been changed.  If a user has the permission to execute/install a program, I can be notified of this occurrence.\n\n\n\nVocabulary User Account Control (UAC) : the feature is meant to help enforce least-privileged access and to improve the total cost of ownership by allowing organizations to deploy the operating system without granting administrator access to users\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nI decided to read an article about spam this week.  The article basically focused on the need to find the people sending the spam, not quite just blocking it.  This article I read is fairly old, but still has some valid points.  Some laws were passed that would give criminal charges to spammers if they were caught.  The problem faced by the world, who is going to catch these spammers?  Most law enforcement personnel are overtaxed just fighting crime in their local area.  To add the additional responsibility of finding a person who is already hard to find would be too much.\n\n\n\nAlso, the article discussed advances in security companies in their research to track exactly where the spam comes from.  The problem with this is that many spammers use bots to send all of their e-mail.  For example, they can infiltrate a legitimate computer and send spam e-mail from that person's account.  The person found sending the e-mail would not be the real person who initiated this spam attack in the first place.\n\n\n\nSource: http://www.mailshell.com/corporate/news/aboutcompany_newssjbj.html\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nI don't really deal with too much spam in my life.  I get some spam in my personal e-mail accounts, probably an average of one e-mail per day comes through Windows Live's filters.  On the account I have at work, we probably get 5 per day.  It doesn't take me too much time each day to deal with it, but over time the amount I take to identify and get rid of the spam adds up.  \n\n\n\nI don't personally feel like I'll be helping in the fight to get rid of spam.  However, I feel that I could add my opinion on an idea that would work.  We discussed in class the idea that each e-mail address could be given a certain number of tokens per day.  That account could then only send as many e-mails as they have tokens.  When they receive an e-mail, their token number goes up by one.  I agree with this idea and think it could greatly diminish the amount of spam that is sent each day.\n\n\n\nVocabulary CAUCE : Coalition Against Unwanted Commercial E-mail\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article basically highlights the simple history and features of IIS (Internet Information Services).  The history part of the article shows the original release of IIS and the updates that have occurred through the years.  Each update brought with it new features and more capabilities.\n\n\n\nThe main part of IIS is that it is modularized.  Only basic features are installed with the original installation, but features can be added by user choice.  This enhances IIS security because there are less features that a potential hacker can exploit.  This also makes IIS easier to manage for the beginner.\n\n\n\nSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWe are using IIS for Intex II and so it was helpful for me to see a little history on what IIS is and some of the features that it has.  For us, we are only going to be enabling a few of the features for our Intex II site.  We won't really need the advanced features that a web server running IIS can have.\n\n\n\nHowever, I am interested in this topic and want to look into it further/experiment with it.  It would be fun to get my own website and pick and choose some of the features that are available in IIS and see what they do.  I like the fact that IIS is modularized.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Internet Information Services (IIS) : a web server application and set of feature extension modules\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nAs we discussed SQL Server in class this week, I decided to read an article about database security.  The article's main purpose was to emphasize the importance of database security in an organization.  I will highlight a few of the points discussed.\n\n\n\nThe article mentioned the importance of the Database Administrator's role in database security.  The organization must give the DBA complete control and responsibility over the database.  Without giving responsibility, a person may not choose to go all the necessary lengths in protecting a database if they are not fully responsible for it.\n\n\n\nThe article also mentioned briefly SQL injections.  The developer and database administrator must be aware of these and program so that these are avoided.  They can be very costly to an organization.  They also seemed to emphasize the importance of passwords when logging in to access the database.  Also, the DBA must keep the access list up to date.\n\n\n\nLink: http://www.sqlservercentral.com/blogs/hugo/archive/2010/10/31/database-security-best-practices-for-the-vigilant-database-administrator-and-developer-unabridged-edit.aspx\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is a very important subject for an organization, especially if their database contains confidential information.  Database security must be running in full force in order to protect against theft of information or fraud.\n\n\n\nThroughout the core, we have actually discussed a lot of these topics (I SYS 404, 414, 403, 413).  I find database management and security fascinating, and may decide to look into this as a potential career.  These principles must be implemented in an organization in order to protect their information.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Segregration of Duties : Sufficiently splitting up duties among different departments and employees to protect against fraud.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1374,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nCES: Net neutrality ahead: Hill hearings, court challenges\n\n\n\n\n\nThis next year net-neutrality will become more of a central issue on capital hill. Internet service providers are expected to fight the new regulations that may be set in place. The regulations could possibly include service providers to quit the practice of restricting certain users to bandwidth and provide information on how they manage their networks. Most companies are taking a \"we'll see how it goes\" approach to the issue. While others such as Verizon have made statements that they will continue to encourage congress to act on problems facing the Internet ecosystem. Large companies, such as Google and Apple, may also come to face tougher scrutiny for their current practices. Early this year congress is expected to act on the issue of net neutrality, stay tuned. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/2011/01/the_federal_communications_com_7.html\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality\n\nImpact\n\nCongress imposing strict rules to comply with net neutrality will shape the way that the flow of information on the internet significantly. I do not agree with net neutrality because it affects my business. My family runs a electronic trading company and it is imperative that we are able to communicate efficiently and effectively with the market to execute trades accurately. We pay to have that access. I do not think that the imposition of a \"fair\" standard makes it fair. An arbitrary standard creates an arbitrary economy. The customer should absolutely pay for the value that they desire. \n\n\n\n\n\nVocabulary Net Neutrality : a proposal that there should be no restrictions to network access in order to provide equal usage to all users.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article I read was on web based security. They went through and tested several web based security service providers like Mcafree, Symantec, Barracuda, Zscaler, and Webroot. They concluded that if a small company does not have on-site security installed that these are all very viable and worthwhile options for them to seriously consider. However, they concluded that companies with on-site security would probably find cloud security to be below their standards.\n\n By using these SaaS providers you run all your data to the closest connection point that the providers has available, they run it through their system, then the good information is then passed back to the customer. One of the concerns of cloud based security was its scalability. The article concluded that cloud based services were robust and scalable enough to handle even large companies. \n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/wan-security/web-security-services-put-to-the-test.php\n\nImpact\n\nThis article furthered my understanding of SaaS security services significantly. I found the process of how they handled threats and how each system responded to different forms of threats particularly interesting. I know can take the information that I learned from this article as a basis of basic understanding about the sorts of things that I will need to look into over this summer during my summer internship. Our company has security in place however, I feel that it could possibly be improved. \n\nVocabulary EICAR : The european Institute for Computer Antivirus Research. Founded in 1991 with the aim of furthering research about computer viruses and developing software to combat it.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nGeek 101: Why Your IP Address May Soon Be an AntiqueThis article discussed the looming problem of running out of IPv4 addresses. According to the article, we could run out of IPv4 addresses within the next couple of weeks. The validity of that statement is yet to be proven. The move to IPv6 should be something very smooth and hopefully something that can be done seamlessly. There is no clearcut solution in place as of yet as to the implementation of IPv6 but it is on the forefront of Internet Society's mind. \n\n\n\n\n\nI feel that the author's estimation of running out of IP addresses within the next few weeks was a little rash. Especially after he explained how Class C IP addresses, what a lot of us use, are reusable. Class A IP addresses are the IP's that we are running out of and they are what will cause the switch to IPv6. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.cio.com/article/656864/Geek_101_Why_Your_IP_Address_May_Soon_Be_an_Antique?source=rss_news\n\nImpact\n\nThis article is important because it affects the all the users of the internet. The switch to IPv6 could be very costly if not executed efficiently and effectively. It points out that most of us are using Class C IP addresses and that those are reusable for the consumer but it also highlights the Class A IP addresses are running out. If the switch is not handled effectively the new networks using IPv6 may have a very difficult time communicating with the rest of the users on the internet. That is a big deal. \n\nVocabulary Class C address : Class C IP addresses are those that start with the block 192. and are meant to be private and used as an access point for multiple users on a network. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article provided a very good synopsis of the IPv4 situation. I was impressed by the author's ability to handle such a complex issue with ease and simplicity. The author's point that the transition to IPv6 will be a rough but slow transition was a very good point. Rough because IPv4 machines cannot communicate with something that is on a IPv6 network and slow because approximately only 14 percent of the IPv4 addresses are actually in use. The solution will come about in several different ways. New companies offering only IPv6 will have to go through the work of wrapping up their IPv4 address when they take it in and unwrapping it when they send it back. Perhaps the most difficult and time consuming transition will be the transition of hardware. Most of the hardware currently connected with the Internet is not capable of handling IPv6. Supply and demand over time will prove to be the biggest factor in deciding when and how fast those upgrades will have to happen.\n\nImpact\n\nThis article directly impacts everyone that uses the internet in any way, shape, or form. More specifically it directly affects my peers and I's career futures. We will be the e-business owners, system administrators, and programmers that will be directly dealing with the transition to IPv6. For that reason, it is important that we remain educated on the matter so we can effectively deal with the challenges that will face us.  \n\nVocabulary network switch : Its a networking device that connects network segments also known as a switching hub.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1349,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle and source of this article is:\n\n\"My 1st St@tus Scam Lures in Facebook Victims\"\n\nhttp://www.securitynewsdaily.com/status-scam-lures-facebook-victims-0402\n\n \n\nSummary:\n\nFor this assignment I read a news article that talked about the topic of, “scams through Facebook”. \n\nThis article discussed how users’ personal information such as: usernames, passwords, names, birthdates, and contacts lists were stolen through scams. \n\nThe article is titled “My 1st St@tus Scam Lures in Facebook Victims”. In this article, they talked about how the scammers used an image that would be added as a post on a user’s message. This image displayed a sampled first status of made-up users, and asked the user that if they wanted to see what their “own” first status had been in Facebook, they just needed to click on the link below. \n\nWhen the users would click on this link, they would be asked to grant access to their personal data on their Facebook account, and when they agreed a similar post would be automatically sent to all of their contacts on their friends list. The URL that was used as a link for the scam was a shortened URL, so it was hard to determine where it would redirect the user. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nImpact:\n\nSince the topic for class on Monday is a bout network, and their components I decided to read this article. As we know a network is a collection of computers and devices that are connected through channels, with the purpose of allowing users to share information. \n\nFacebook is one of the largest networks in the world. It has over 500 million users, which means that all of them can share information through Facebook’s network. Facebook allows anyone who is at least 13 years of age to open an account. This means that there are millions of people who are uneducated on good computer security habits; making Facebook a great place for scammers. \n\nI believe that the biggest impact of this news, or why this article is important, is because in our age we not only need to know how technology can help us to better communicate and exchange information, but also, we need to understand what threats we are welcoming when we join networks such as Facebook. My point is that this article makes us aware of how much we need to learn how to protect, and have power over the information that we share over these kinds of networks. \n\nVocabulary Shortened URLs : Is when a URL is shortened through a technique called “URL shortening”. This technique can be used to reduce the space used by an URL, or to ease the copying and pasting of very long URLs. Shortening URLs is also used by people who want to redirect users to a well-known bad site. Thus, this technique is also used for phishing, or affiliate hiding. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe title of the news article is: \n\n “Eyeing energy trends, GE goes shopping”\n\nURL: http://www.greenbang.com/eyeing-energy-trends-ge-goes-shopping_15994.html\n\nThis article describes the great dependency on energy of new technologies such as, wireless and cloud computing. GE, believes that the more these markets grow, the greater will be the demand for energy. According to the article GE has already bought a company that makes technologies to regulate the control aspects of gas and fuel distribution, and another company that makes high-proficiency power conversion products and services used in telecommunications and data centers. The article also, explains that GE’s CEO of energy services said that it is expected that by 2013, there will be 1.1 billion smart phones sold globally. He added that each of these new mobile devices plugs into a network that will require more cell towers, routers, servers and circuit board electronics. These new and future acquisitions will allow GE to move from the electronic grid to data centers and the categories mentioned above. \n\nFinally he added that “the growth of in high-bandwidth mobile internet applications and cloud computing is accelerating that demand.” \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe more technology evolves, the more we as consumers become addicted at acquiring new gadgets. All these new smart phones, tablets (such as the IPad), portable computers and many other technologies consume energy; not only do these technologies consume energy, but also they plug into networks that have to be powered. This need to power the networks that provide the means to share communication is becoming an ever increasing factor in our daily lives. I believe the impact of this article is that not many people think about the energy we consume when we use our electronic devices. We are not aware that there is more energy being consumed that what we see on the battery indicators of our devices; Therefore, the field of new sources of energy or new technologies to power our gadgets is and will keep on being one of the main areas of interest in the technology field. \n\nVocabulary Bandwidth : When talking about computer networks, bandwidth is described as the amount of data that can be carried from one point to another in a certain period of time. This is measured in seconds. In electronic communications, Bandwidth is the width of the range of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium. It is measured in hertz. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI read a news article on PCworld titled: “Why Your IP Address May Soon Be an Antique”\n\nhttp://www.pcworld.com/article/217355/geek_101_why_your_ip_address_may_soon_be_an_antique.html\n\nThis article talks about how we are running out of IP addresses. It describes the differences between public addresses and private. This article provides as an example of a public IP address Google, and for a private  IP address it gives the IP address that would be assign by a router in your home. Private IP addresses can be reused within a network, but public IP addresses can’t. that is why we are running of IP addresses. There are about a little over 4 billion of them and we are suppose to run out of them really soon. That is also one of the reasons why we now will have the IPv6 that will have hexadecimal IP addresses, so we will never run out of them again. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThe impact of this article is huge since we will now have to have devices that can handle both protocols the IPv4 and IPv6 for this transition to happen smoothly. It seems to me that to fully switch from one protocol to the other will take years so it will be necessary to have the two protocols coexist. \n\nVocabulary IPv4 : Is a version of the internet Protocol, and is the one most used. It defines IP addresses in a 32-bit format with 4 numbers of up to three digits separated by periods. The three digit numbers can only go from 0 to 255 which means that the maximum number of IP addresses in this protocol can be a little over 4 billion. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI went to Wikipedia and decided to read about ‘”Firewalls”. The URL is:\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing)\n\nThis article describes what a firewall is, all the way from the original construction term to the newly adapted computer term. A firewall, is described as a part of a computer system or network that in charge regulating the traffic coming into the system or network. The article says that a firewall operates on a series of rules and criteria that tell it who to allow or deny access. The article also mentions several types of firewall techniques. Those are the following:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Packet filter\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Application gateway\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Circuit-level gateway\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Proxy server\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEven though I had heard before the word firewall and I thought I knew what it meant, I felt like it would be a good idea to read about it. I discovered that I knew very little about firewalls, and that they are more complicated than just a blocking system. This article helped me understand that firewalls operate with a set of rules or configurations that are predetermined. Also, that there are various firewall techniques and each of them has their pros and cons. Overall, I feel this article helped me to get started on my understanding of what a firewall is.\n\nVocabulary Intranet : Is a private computer network that uses IP technology to securely share any part of an organization’s information or network operating systems. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle of the article: \n\nMoving to IPv6: Now for the hard part (FAQ)\n\nThis article goes over some questions about the IPv6 transition.  They begin by first explaining what has happened recently with the IPv4 which we are running out of. The article tells about the last batch of IPv4’s that was given. They also explain that this does not mean that we are running of them right away, but that we are expected to still have some of them by 2012. In this article they also explain what an IP address is and how they are used. They say that for a device to be connected to the internet it needs to have an address so that packages or information can be routed to it. \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Finally this article discusses the following questions:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->What is an IP address?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Isn’t 4.3 billion an awful lot of IPv4 addresses?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Who is running this show anyway?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->When will we really run out of IPv4 addresses?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->What about all those companies with millions of extra IPv4 addresses?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Can’t we use NAT to get out of this bind?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->What does the average person have to do?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Will the NET break because of this?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->What about all those “reserved for future use “IPv4 addresses?\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->How long will it take for companies to move to IPv6?\n\nIn general they talked about the differences between the IPv6 and IPv4. They also explain why the transition has been and will be slow. They explain that even though IPv6 has been around since more than a decade ago the transition to it has not been necessary until now. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis was a very interesting article and I believe that we will see many of the things they talked about in the near future. One of the things that caught my attention, was when they mentioned that they guy who decided how many IP addresses there were going to be, said that there was no way he would have known how many we would have really needed. I loved that comment because is just such a great lesson for us future professional, so as we go into the workforce and is our turn to make those kind of decision we can take into account that the growth of technology is exponential and very really can we calculate it. Another thing that is important to point out is that there are still a bunch of IPv4’s that have not been used and that are been hold by different corporations and institutions. This is important because as IPv4’s become less available, these companies will be able to profit by the high demand of IPv4’s.  Finally, the last thing that I believe is quite interesting is the fact that we know that not very many people are even aware that this thing is happening, and that very soon their devices will not be able to access certain sites that are not operating in the same version of IPvs that they are running in their system. \n\nVocabulary NAT (Network Address Translation) : Is the process of modifying network address information in datagram (IP) packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device for the purpose of remapping one IP address space into another. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe title of the article was: “New cyber threats emerging and IPv6 won’t make defense any easier”\n\nThe address is: http://gcn.com/articles/2011/02/17/rsa-13-threat-landscape.aspx\n\nThis article discussed the new emerging threats such as advanced persistent threats. The author explains how difficult it will be to not only handle the tunneling, translation, and other accommodations; but also strive to protect a more complex network. The chief executive officer of VeriSign said that “they are making the network more complex and more vulnerable to attack.”\n\n \n\nOne of the key points of this article was to make people aware that the security for IPv6 is not in parity with what we currently have for Ipv4. The author also discusses the need for a great investment on the part of the many corporations to be able to make the switch of protocols and still be able to provide a secure service to their clients. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article was very interesting because I thought that I had heard that one of the main features of the IPv6 protocol was that it made it easier to secure a network. This article explains how difficult it will be to bring the IPv6 protocol up to speed with what we have with the IPv4 protocol. I believe that one of the main things that I believe is important to take from this article is that it creates awareness of the threats that are out there for the types of technologies that we use every day. I know that to the average user the switch will not even be something that they will be aware of, but this makes me thing that for the age we live in all of us should be educated in basics of network security of at least informed of the changes that are happening and how they will affect us. \n\nVocabulary Advanced Persistent Threat (ATP) : Refers to advanced and normally clandestine means to gain continual, persistent intelligence on an individual, or group of individuals such as foreign nation state government. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle of article: \n\n“RSA: Securing the Network”\n\nURL: http://www.esecurityplanet.com/features/article.php/3926141/RSA-Securing-the-Network.htm\n\nThis article is a summary of the recent RSA conference of this year. The author points the main topics of some of the largest companies invested into network security such as the following;\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Cisco\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->McAfee\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Solera\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->AppRiver\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Fore Scout\n\nAbout Cisco, the author mentions that Technology VP tom Gillis used his key note at the conference to offer a glimpse into Cisco Systems’ vision of the uber-connected future, where TrustSec-tagged traffic will enable appropriate handling, independent of location.\n\nMacAfee CTO, George Kurtz suggested reshaping defenses to better deal with contemporary threats said the author.  Kurtz basically wants to move the defenses from the application layer of the OS, from the OS to the hypervisor, and eventually into silicon. He claimed that silicon embedded security will give us unprecedented visibility of packages contents. \n\nSolera is a smaller vendor compare to Cisco and McAfee, but they specialize in a very important field which is network forensics. Solera is coming up with their new OS 5.0 in May. The author was able to see this new OS in action and said that it let them drill much deeper into recorded traffic; it automatically classified nearly 500 applications and over 5000 metadata attributes, indexed for rapid search and extraction. \n\nAppRiver, which is a provider of secure email and web cloud service provider, announced an overhaul of their SecureSurf offering. \n\nFinally, ForeScout which specializes in Network Access Control came up with their new CounterACT 6.3.4. This new CounterACT ups the ante by finger-printing unknown mobile devices—iPads, Androids—and mapping them onto access policies. They said that they can watch a domain login to associate an iPhone with an authorized employee. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article was very interesting to me since it helped me to see that there are quite a few companies working on different layers of Network Security. Also, it was good to hear that they are all thinking of mobile security and where that may take us in the future. The fact that we ran out of IPv4’s also was mentioned and it still surprises me that even though IPv6 has been around for a while no one saw it as a good business strategy to invest in switching to that protocol. \n\nOn the other hand I did not fully understand what McAfee said about moving security form the OS to the silicon. It makes me think that they want to make sure that security is well embedded into the system and for some reason that will allow the software to better analyze the contents of the packages that are entering and leaving the network. \n\nVocabulary Malware : Is software designed to secretly access a computer system without the owner’s informed consent.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nSolving the Web Address Dilemma\n\nby Hayden Walles\n\n \n\nURL: http://www.stuff.co.nz/technology/digital-living/4552175/Solving-the-web- address-dilemma\n\n\n\n<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->\n\n<!--[endif]-->\n\nInternet use is growing at a remarkable speed worldwide. A lot of things have been said about this tremendous growth, especially with the use of IP addresses. Since the demand for IP addresses is big, we could be running out of them this year.\n\n \n\nSeveral solutions have been presented to solve the issue.  In the past, one of the fixes available for the problem has been the use of the Network Address Translation (NAT). The NAT allows private networks that are small to share the same internet address. This is a great idea and very clever, but it will not stop the fact that we are running out of IP address.\n\n \n\nThe NAT will help to keep the extra use of addresses in small networks, but at the end of the day what really is going to solve this great dilemma will be the switch to IPv6, which allows for 340 undecillion addresses. That will keep it safe for a while.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nNAT is a great way to help small networks with a more organize way to use addresses. I really enjoyed reading this article. It helped me to better understand how NAT works, and how it can mitigate the problem of that we ran into lately with the depletion of the IPv4s.\n\nEven though NAT will help us use private IP addresses to use a public IP addresses, this will not be a solution to the main problem. \n\nCorporations and companies in general will have to evolve and begin the implementation of IPV6 in their systems. \n\nVocabulary NAT : Network address translation is the process of modifying IP address information in IP packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle of the article: Access Control List\n\nURL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_control_list\n\nIn this article they explain the functions and uses of an access control list (ACL). The article explains that an ACL is a list that has permissions attached to an object. It basically, it specifies which users or system processes are granted access to an object, along with what operations are allowed on a given object. The article divided ACL into the following three groups:\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->ACL-based security models\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->File system ACLs\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->·         <!--[endif]-->Networking ACLs\n\nACL-based security models\n\nIn this article we learned that, these types of models work when a user or system requests an operation on an object. Then the OS checks on the ACL to determine if the requested operation is authorized.\n\nFile system ACLs\n\nThe article explains that, a file system ACL is a data structure containing entries that specify individual or group rights. They are known as access control entries. \n\nNetworking ACLs\n\nThe article defines this concept as what can be found in some proprietary computer hardware. In that case that ACL would refer to rules that are applied to port numbers or network daemon names.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis article made it easier to understand what an access control list is. It helped me to clarify the relationship between an access control list and an access control entries. I guess that for the average user the permissions and right available in their operating system may not be of extremely importance, but in the corporate world they are essential. \n\nVocabulary Daemon : Is a computer program that runs in the background, rather than under the direct control of a user; they are usually initiated as background processes. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle of Article: Google, Blekko Race to Stifle Spam\n\nurl: http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Search-Engines/Google-Blekko-Race-to-Stifle-Spam-496700/\n\nThis is an article that describes the efforts of the search engine “Blekko” to get rid of spam from its search results pages. The author of the article describes the many efforts of this small search engine company to battle the “spam farms”. This article also points out how Bing and Google had not being doing anything to combat spam from their results. Apparently, the bold strategy of their small competitor has motivated Google to take an active role in the elimination of spam. They recently developed a new algorithm that allows them to identify websites that are purely spam. They also provided a tool for their users to let them block websites that their own users do not want to see in their results as the use Google. \n\nFinally, this article describes the efforts of Blekko to battle spam with new algorithms such as “adSpam”, which recognizes pages that are spam and eliminates them before they ever appear in search results. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nSpam is becoming a growing cancer, and as we rely more in technology, more of us are exposed to it. It used to be that e-mails were the only source of spam, but now with text messages, UseNet newsgroup spam, web search engine spam, spam blogs, wiki spam, online classified ads spam, internet forum spam, etc. spam is becoming an everyday experience for the regular person. This article address some of the measures that the main search engine “Google”, and a small competitor “Blekko”, are doing to battle this growing issue. I am happy to see that more companies are joining the fight against spam. \n\nVocabulary crowd-source approach : Is the act of outsourcing tasks, traditionally performed by an employee, to an undefined large group of people, through an open call. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nTitle: Risks related to wireless WIFI networks (802.11 or Wi-Fi)\n\nURL: http://en.kioskea.net/contents/wifi/wifirisques.php3\n\nThis article evaluates the benefits and mostly the risks of using wireless networks. One of the main advantages of transmitting data through radio waves it’s the ability of these waves to propagate in a three-dimensionally wide range. This ability while giving an advantage to wireless networks, it also makes them vulnerable to attacks. Since the signal cannot be confined to a specific physical location, an intruder could join the network from a close location. The following are some of the security risks that users could face in a wireless network: \n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->a)      <!--[endif]-->Data interception is the practice of listening in on the transmissions of various wireless network users.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->b)      <!--[endif]-->Cracking is an attempt to access a local network or the internet.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->c)       <!--[endif]-->Transmission jamming means sending out radio signals so as to interfere with traffic.\n\n<!--[if !supportLists]-->d)      <!--[endif]-->Denial of service attacks make the network unusable by sending out false requests.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nEven though this was an older article it helped me to better understand the risks associated with wireless networks. Today many people set out free access wireless networks with malicious intentions. Many of these intentions are so that they can gain access to your information, and be able to have a financial gain from it. This article, I believe, has a great impact as far as education goes. In our day, we see that more and more we are relaying and become dependent on technology. For those of us who are unaware to the many threats and malicious intentions of technologically- educated people, we are like fighting with spears and arrows while the enemy is rolling down the hill with a full equipped tank. Understanding how to protect and identify anomalies should be part of the average user general education.\n\nVocabulary CSMA/CA : Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), is a wireless network multiple access method in which, a carrier sensing scheme is used. \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1381,"Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.tmcnet.com/channels/mobile-voip/articles/131117-lots-ways-over-simplify-mobile-business.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nIndependent analysts say that the majority of mobile carriers generate about 110 in revenues versus their investments; The demand for data is growing rapidly; however, the stability of those revenues can be questioned since ( as it has happened before) about 80 %  of current revenue will eventually need to be replaced by new resources.\n\nImpact\n\nAs users, we get to demand and to get better service, because providers will need to find a way to keep us using their services. Talking and texting are not the main things we pay for anymore.\n\nVocabulary broadband : The term broadband refers to a telecommunications signal of greater bandwidth, in some sense, than another standard or usual signal (and the broader the band, the greater the capacity for traffic).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nIphone for Verizon is going to hurt Android sales which will specifically affect Motorola -- the biggest suppler of those phones for verizon\n\n.http://www.lightreading.com/document.asp?doc_id=203177&\n\nImpact\n\nIphone is likely going to outsell Android which makes me think that Android is going to become  more affordable.\n\nVocabulary iOS : iOS (known as iPhone OS prior to June 2010) is Apple's mobile operating system. Originally developed for the iPhone, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch, iPad and Apple TV.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://news.cnet.com/8301-30684_3-20013546-265.html\n\n\n\n\n\nOracle who purchased the Sun Corp. is suing Google for using their code in Google's android OS. The copyrighted pieces of code were also disclosed to general public. \n\nImpact\n\nIf google is  using Sun's code without a proper license we might question google's integrity in other aspects of their business( I personally don't agree with the statement, but that's what I got out of the article)\n\nVocabulary stack : In computer science, a stack is a last in, first out (LIFO) abstract data type and data structure. A stack can have any abstract data type as an element, but is characterized by only two fundamental operations: push and pop. The push operation adds an item to the top of the stack, hiding any items already on the stack, or initializing the stack if it is empty. The pop operation removes an item from the top of the stack, and returns this value to the caller. A pop either reveals previously concealed items, or results in an empty stack.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nEthernet is a series of computer networking technologies for LANs. It is the most used LAN(local area network)technology\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet\n\nImpact\n\nethernet constantly improves and  offers high performance and distance ( in the case of fiber optic ethernet)\n\nVocabulary Autonegotiation : Autonegotiation is the procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, such as speed and duplex mode. Autonegotiation was first introduced as an optional feature for Fast Ethernet, but it is also backwards compatible with 10BASE-T. Autonegotiation is mandatory for Gigabit Ethernet.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nsince we are running out of IPV4 addresses many businesses need to switch to IPV6. This is not gonna affect all net users, but  the ones that are affected are going to have figure out a way to make the transition\n\nImpact\n\nthe problem with different IP data varieties is that sometimes devices with an IPV4 cannot easily reach devices with IPV6. When the switch takes place it is not gonna break the net but some hiccups and slowdowns are possible.\n\nVocabulary IPV6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is a version of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to succeed Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite\n\n\n\n\n\nThe Internet Protocol Suite consists of four abstraction layers. From the lowest to the highest layer, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer. The layers define the operational scope or reach of the protocols in each layer, reflected loosely in the layer names. Each layer has functionality that solves a set of problems relevant in its scope.\n\nImpact\n\nMost computer operating systems in use today, including all consumer-targeted systems, include a TCP/IP implementation.\n\nVocabulary IP/TCP : is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/cloud-computing/the-future-of-clouds-is-in-china.php?p=1\n\n\n\n\n\nthe future of cloud hosting is in China because the country has all the necessary resources accessible and ready for the building of the data warehouses and such. Also, Chinese government is really interested in  the IT development of the country which makes it easy for companies like IBM acquire space there. \n\nImpact\n\nCloud computing is a great concept, however the safety of users' data might be affected. We as users are not going to know if our data has to travel all the way to China and back and if it is going to be safe in the process ( some country regulations could prevent it from being safe for example).\n\nVocabulary cloud computing : describes computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid where end-users consume power resources without any necessary understanding of the component devices in the grid required to provide the service.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/migrating-to-ipv6-will-dominate-your-it-budget.php\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article talks about the difficulties and risks connected with migrating from IPV4 to IPV6.\n\nMany enterprises will try to wait as long as possible and will eventually come to the point when nothing works. The article emphasizes the fact that there is no price to be paid to get out of switching to IP6 and it also talks about the new opportunities and possibilities that IPV6 will introduce in relation to cloud computing and other virtualization  options. The author is convinced that the faster companies will switch to the new protocol version, the better.\n\nImpact\n\nThe author is trying to make us realize that IPV6 introduces new opportunities in cloud computing. Although the switch will be costly( since so many things will have to be changed especially in big corporations) it will be beneficial since IPV6 will offer solutions for the poor scalability and poor reliability of L2 Data Centre Interconnections.\n\nVocabulary scalability : In telecommunications and software engineering, scalability is the ability of a system, network, or process, to handle growing amounts of work in a graceful manner or its ability to be enlarged to accommodate that growth\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html#anchor419978\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article is talking about basics of data encryption and the way encryption is performed. The process of encryption os described in every detail; it also describes the data packets and talks bout the structure of them. It has a picture that portrays the switches and different ways of data transmission.\n\nImpact\n\nEncryption is not only used for privacy and protection of information but also for accurate data transmission. Depending on which kind of transmission was used we can guarantee better/worse data transmission accuracy.\n\nVocabulary bus : is a subsystem that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. Early computer buses were literally parallel electrical buses with multiple connections, but the term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides the same logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of USB.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html#anchor419442\n\n\n\n\n\nWhile transmitting data, in can be corrupted my electrical disturbances or noises. Data needs to be checked by the receiver to prevent it from thinking that it's correct. The two main approaches used to do that are parity bit and checksum. They are different from each other and are used depending on the situation.Parity bit is mostly comparing the beginning number of bits to the number of bits received by the receiver when as checksum uses a different approach by adding checksum number  to the end of the packet sequence.\n\nImpact\n\nError detection is very important when transmitting sensitive or valuable data. Sometimes inconsistencies can result in major disasters. Not only can data be error-checked but errors can also be fixed while transmitting data. Although this is not widely used, in some cases error fixing comes in handy.\n\nVocabulary checksum : is a fixed-size datum computed from an arbitrary block of digital data for the purpose of detecting accidental errors that may have been introduced during its transmission or storage. The integrity of the data can be checked at any later time by recomputing the checksum and comparing it with the stored one. If the checksums match, the data was almost certainly not altered (either intentionally or unintentionally).\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html#anchor420352\n\nBecause of high switching rate data can be error prone. Also, distortions of different kinds can cause errors in transmitting data( electrical signals and such).Special amplifier circuits are designed for transmitting direct digital signals through cables.\n\nImpact\n\nI learned that daata can be error prone due to different distortions. Transmission through the metallic constructions is especially error prone. To compensate for distortion, signal power must be increased or the transmission rate decreased so the message has less errors.\n\nVocabulary distortion : is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of an object, image, sound, waveform or other form of information or representation. Distortion is usually unwanted, and often many methods are employed to minimize it in practice. In some fields, however, distortion may be desirable; such is the case with electric guitar distortion.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/data_com_tutorial.html#anchor418474\n\n\n\n\n\nDigital messages are usually longer than just a few bits and therefore they need to be broken down into pieces that will be transmitted separately. It takes certain amount of time to transmit the piece itself and then there is a short pause in between transmissions, after which the next packet is transmitted. In order for the receiver to know when to start reading the message it needs the information about timing and number of bits transmitted. That is what synchronization is used for.\n\nImpact\n\nI learned about the process of synchronization of the receiver and transmitter. The separate channels are used to synchronize the data and timing information. The transmitter sends to the receiver the timing information so that the receiver can wait for a clock pulse to read each individual packet. Once the packet is read, the receiver waits for another clock pulse so it can start reading the next piece of information. I learned about how the synchronization works and how data is protected from error and loss.\n\nVocabulary synchronous circuit : A synchronous circuit is a digital circuit in which the parts are synchronized by a clock signal. In an ideal synchronous circuit, every change in the logical levels of its storage components is simultaneous. These transitions follow the level change of a special signal called the clock. Ideally, the input to each storage element has reached its final value before the next clock occurs, so the behaviour of the whole circuit can be predicted exactly. Practically, some delay is required for each logical operation, resulting in a maximum speed at which each synchronous system can run.\n\n "]
["---",1279,"Article Summary\n\nThis article is discussing the Republicans displeasure of the FCC getting involved with the internet with net neutrality. Rep Marsha Blackburn is introducing a bill that states the the Federal Communications Commission should not be allowed to regulate anything on the internet or IP enabled devices. She compares federal bureaucracies to vampires, for when they out live their usefulness they leap upon the next great sector of American life. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/01/net-neutrality-fight-gop-wields-garlic-against-fcc-vampires.ars\n\nImpact\n\nIf the bill passes it will stop government involvement with the internet. This will only change net neutrality in the government, while companies can still regulate the usage of internet among its customers.\n\nVocabulary folly : The trait of acting stupidly or rashly.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe CEO of AT&T, Stephenson, discusses why regulations are harmful to the business world and creating jobs. He complains that with regulations comes uncertainty and with uncertainty there is no investment which is the heart of job creation. The new bill which gives the FCC more power over regulating data communication is fine by Stephenson. While he would rather have no regulations whatsoever he is pleased with the wireless restrictions in this bill which prohibits any company from blocking legal websites. Other wireless providers still want more regulation. These providers want the power to regulate the traffic on their systems. They want to be able to take usage away from TV broadcasters so they can create larger data communication.\n\nImpact\n\nThis is one of the first bills in the way of net neutrality. The government and companies can survey how net neutrality works on a basic level and then decide even more net neutrality. Net neutrality is also given more life with the acceptance by a huge company such as AT&T. If large companies were against it, there would be many lobbies against it which would halt net neutrality's progression.\n\nVocabulary spectrum : A wide array of components. Not specified to one thing.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nCatholic Bishops and other religious leaders are urging the FCC to pass a net neutrality bill that would allow them to have the bandwidth to promote their message. They fear that without net neutrality the big corporations would not allow them to put out their message because Churches do not make a profit. The Bishops want complete net neutrality so that every person has the same amount of internet access no matter where they live or how economically starved their area is.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/01/catholic-bishops-protestant-leaders-agree-we-need-net-neutrality.ars\n\nImpact\n\nThe impact of this article is that the Catholic church, or at least the Bishops, are getting involved in the debate of net neutrality. This could garner more supporters for net neutrality and help change the debate. The Catholic Church is powerful and it could encourage a few lobbyist to go for their cause. I do not agree that giving equal access of internet to everyone is going to help small not for profit organizations get their word out because it costs money to advertise anyways. \n\nVocabulary commercial incentive : Encouraging people to act a certain way because they gain an advantage financially.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThe article discusses that the IPv4 addresses are running out and the growing need for the ISP, vendors, and network administrators to switch over to IPv6. Once all of the addresses have been handed out only the IPv6 addresses will be given out which is not backwards compatible with IPv4.\n\nImpact\n\nFor the internet to continue to grow at the pace it is, the world needs to make a smooth and easy transition over to IPv6. The IPv6 has advantages over the Ipv4, (this article does not specify them), and it needed IPv4 addresses to run out so people will use it. The IPv4 addresses can still be used for a few more years and handed out for a few more months, but people should make the switch over to IPv6. \n\nVocabulary predicament : a situation in which a person finds it tough to get out of\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nThis article is discussing how running out of IPv4 addresses will affect the internet. There are 32 billion IPv4 addresses and we currently only use 14 percent of them. Some companies have handed the ones they don't use back to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, but some companies are holding on to them because they can sell the addresses for a premium. We also can't use NAT for the addresses because with too many computers on one address will cause it to slow down. \n\n\n\n\n\nThe switch to IPv6 will be a painful one because hardly anything supports IPv6 right now and there is no communication between machines that use IPv6 and IPv4. So an Iphone that runs on IPv6 cannot access web sites that are IPv4. One of the things that companies can do is to release devices that have both IPv6 and IPv4 on them so there will be no problems accessing the internet.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nFor the most part home consumers do not have much to worry about. The ISPs and mobile phone companies will have to do most of the work making sure that their devices work for both Ipv4 and IPv6. Also most operating systems are capable of connecting with IPv6 addresses. Most ISP and mobile device companies should move over to IPv6 soon enough unless they want to spend extra to buy the additional Ipv4 addresses needed.  We should be making the switch over to IPv6 sooner than later to build up the support that IPv4 has for it now. Some companies such as Google and Yahoo are having a conference to talk about the many bugs and issues that could happen with IPv6. \n\nVocabulary multicast : A system that sends messages to multiple addresses in the most efficient manner only once.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nhttp://www.rncos.com/Press_Releases/Global-IPTV-Subscribers-to-Cross-100-Million-by-2014.htm\n\nThe trend in the future is going to be more towards IPTV as long as broadband is going into more areas. Copper wires are becoming cheaper and can be turned into broadband access for more areas and allow for better connections around the world. Currently the places for the highest IPTV usage are in Europe and Asia. The trend is saying that Asia is going to have a lot of internet access. \n\nImpact\n\nThere is a possible paradigm shift going in the way of IPTV as opposed to regular TV. This gives the telecommunication companies a new revenue streams while taking away money from the television companies. Also advertising has decreased on television, but increased on internet. In a few years people could be watching more television on their computers rather than their televisions.\n\n\n\n\n\nThe article discusses more about the European and Asian using IPTV which  means they are farther ahead in broadband access than the United States. The United States does not have broadband access available in all of its parts while some of the other countries do. \n\nVocabulary IPTV : Television service that can be provided through internet service providers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2380965,00.asp\n\n\n\n\n\nGoogle is changing it's algorithms for it searches again in hopes that the higher demand sites will receive better results while reducing spam. Many companies are going to change a few things about their website to improve their search results for Google. Most large companies and the ones that pay Google to be featured in searches won't have to do much. This is fine and legal for Google to do because it is their product and they can change things in hopes of meeting their customers demands. \n\nImpact\n\nThe main impact will be upon smaller companies, search engine optimization companies, potentially Dr. Albreicht's status of the smartest professor ever. Each company that tries to search for itself on Google and does not find itself high on the list will have to make major changes. They may need to pay for Google to feature them on certain term searches or pay another company to increase search. These companies will find ways to improve how they are searched to allow the company to reach its clients better. The article does not spend a lot of time on Search engine optimization, but rather complements Google for a good product and how the author can always find the things that he is looking for. Because Google is so reliable companies need to spend the effort to make sure they are featured on it. \n\nVocabulary spam results : Unwanted results from a search engine;\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/isps-should-take-graduated-response-piracy-problem/2011-02-24\n\n\n\n\n\nThis article is discussing the need for global ISPs and the creative community to cut down on the piracy on the internet. Currently the creative community is losing a lot of money because people can steal whatever product they choose. Chris Castle suggest doing a government legislation, like that of Europe, to cut down on the piracy that occurs on the internet. A few of the key legislative matters are that the ISPs should protect the rights of their customers, they should not separate the customers between high end customers and lower end customers, and not the internet is losing a ton of money and something needs to be done.\n\nImpact\n\nIt seems a bit naive for the ISPs to take care of the majority of piracy problems that are on the internet. To include the internet on this escapade would seem rather disastrous with the politicians not knowing how to properly take care of the problems. It is true that we need to find a way to limit the amount of piracy on the internet because companies are losing millions of dollars because of pirates, but how to take of the problem is going to be tough. The ISPs may not be willing to take care of this because it would cost them a ton of money without much benefit to them.  If the government could tract down the perpetrators it would do a better job than having the ISPs knock it down. \n\nVocabulary piracy : Using copyrighted material for personal use without permission of the creator.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/qwest-might-have-pay-30-million-refunds-colorado-phone-consumers/2011-03-11\n\n\n\n\n\nQwest has to pay back 30 million dollars to its consumers for rate hikes that it did not explain to its customers in Denver. This is coming a few weeks before it is planning a merger with a parent company Century Link. But Qwest might end up only giving up 10 million dollars after appeals and every other lawsuit it can think of.\n\nImpact\n\nThis is making an impact on a telemarketing company that is expanding communication to everyone. Qwest is merging with another company to become larger and have a better influence, but with the bad publicity it will receive for overcharging customers it may lose its influence on people. With this telecommuncation company losing ground it may open up doors for others to get in the game. With the prices going up it might lead up to higher prices for data communication in general as well.\n\nVocabulary remanded : A court order for someone to send something back.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214801/ICANN_approves_.xxx_top_level_domain\n\nICANN has finally approved the .xxx top level domain for all adult oriented websites. Each new adult website will have to register through a process that requires them to make sure they are not including viruses, images of abuse, and child pornography. This stature does not require existing websites to change their domain from .com to .xxx, and it is unlikely that many sites will change their domain from .com to .xxx. Since the announcement more than 200,000 applications have been issued. It has been over a decade that ICANN has be toying with this idea and it will finally be implemented in June.\n\nImpact\n\nWith the requirements for all of the new adult websites, this will protect those who want and those who do not want to participate. While it won't block all adult websites it will help parents and companies to block out a number of sites. As well it lessens the possibility of children accidentally loggin onto websites such as whitehouse.com because they will have to tyep in the domain .xxx. For those who want to participate in adult websites, these registered websites will not have any illegal pictures as well it should protect from viruses.  The only problems is that it does not stop websites from putting pornographic images on its websites and it will change pornographic websites from .com to .xxx. So people should still use the censorships that they currently use.\n\nVocabulary registrar : Software that keeps tract of all websites that are being registered.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nhttp://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215092/In_Iran_new_attack_escalates_ongoing_cyberconflict?taxonomyId=13&pageNumber=1 \n\n An Iranian group attacked a Digital Certificates company , Comodo Group, stealing some digital certificates. No one knows where the attacks originated from because the attackers jump from computer to computer. Iran has had many cyber attacks on its citizens for any anti Iran type websites. This is due to a cyberpolice that was founded in 2008 that began to flex its muscles from the time of inception. One man's website was destroyed for three weeks and it was immediately published on the governments newspaper. All of these attacks have been well planned and executed. \n\nImpact\n\nThe people of Iran will have a tough time expressing any opposing opinion of its government because it has a cyber police that will stop anything they do not like. The cyber police were able to get digital certificates from a company so now they can potentially trick people it's citizens to logging into faulty websites and stealing their information. This sort of control could lead to more unrest in Iran. When the citizens get tired of the government controlling their voice they may rebel. Also with Iranian government attacks on companies outside of Iran then the U.N. will intervene.\n\nVocabulary malware : Unwanted software that causes harm to ones computer.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]
["---",1271,"Article Summary\n\n\n\nIn Virtualization Technology Moves Forward As New Year Begins by Amy Newman, the future of virtualization and cloud computing is reconfirmed to be a bright one. VMware, one of the market’s leading virtualization software companies reports ever-increasing stock prices. In 2010, IT companies saw lots of action in acquisitions, product development and updates.\n\nCloud computing is thriving, as predicted, and keeps gaining more attention. Trends in companies (predominantly in small and midsize) are towards the cloud and virtualization. According to surveys, the greatest benefit adopters see is in cost savings (it goes without saying that virtual software and storage is cheaper that the real deal). \n\nIt’s not all win-win, however. Some argue that the benefits of these two developing technologies are effective for short-term benefits, and are not yet suited for long term, high-growth potential aspects.\n\nArticle citation:\n\nhttp://www.serverwatch.com/news/article.php/3919481/Virtualization-Technology-Moves-Forward-As-New-Year-Begins.htm\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is big news for us because the new “hot” technology today (like smart phones and tablets) includes the cloud and virtualization. And since this is the beginning of these technologies, they’ll be key in determining the direction of future technologies.\n\nVocabulary Virtualization : the creation of a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as an operating system, a server, a storage device or network resources\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nTwitter discovered a recent threat; its users are being conveniently exposed to malware attacks. Thanks to Google's web shortening service, fake antivirus companies are hiding links to their sites under the goo.gl URL mask. \n\n\n\nIt starts with a compromised Twitter account. A link will be placed from that person's account via a tweet; this link directs visitors to a series of jumps between redirected sites which ends at the site of a seemingly legitimate spyware/antivirus company. \"Visitors\" of the site are offered a free trial or diagnostics scan, and after the download the user's computer becomes infected. \n\n\n\nTwitter's techies are working to remedy the compromised accounts, and warn existing users of the dangers of unidentified links.\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nGoogle URL shortener is a great example of ingenuity. Its also a good example of the fact that people will always be looking for ways to phish, hijack, infect, or otherwise attack people online. \n\n\n\nAdditionally, this case shows a company's response taking on the responsibility of the safety of its customers. Just as a manufacturing company must worry about limiting harmful environmental exposures, online sites must be vigilant and responsive against customer's personal exposure. It's important to plan, code, and execute wisely, but its equally important to be ready to combat the ever-evolving dangers online.\n\n\n\nVocabulary Google URL Shortener : A neat service provided by Google targeting at socia media; it takes the user's input of any URL and converts it into \"goo.gl.xxxxx\" where x is a randomly generated character. Great for space-saving tweet links.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nI wrote a previous article that had lots of wit and entertainment while still being informative. Unfortunately, someone designed this submission program to self-terminate all data after 20 minutes. So now you get to read an obscenely boring summary. Mission accomplished, I suppose.\n\nWe’ve all heard the news, “IPv4 addresses are running out,” and if we hear it again we might have to slap the harbinger across the face for mocking our intelligence. But is the end of IPv4 really such a bad thing?  This article helped me to see the various advantages that IPv6, the replacement, will bring with it.  \n\nThe first major advantage that comes as no surprise is that IPv6 will give us more addresses, virtually a limitless supply of them. Two to the 128th power; I wanted to know just how many addresses that was…let’s just say I starting counting the zeroes up to a trillion and thought, “what’s after a trillion?”, realized I wasn’t even hallway through the zeroes , and called it good. \n\nSome more benefits include Internet Protocol Security, which is like https for the IP level, multicast packet transmission, and stateless auto configuration, which assigns automatic addresses. \n\n\n\nURL:  http://www.baselinemag.com/c/a/Mobile-and-Wireless/Enterprise-IPv6-Transition-266024/\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis is great news for us, since we’re preparing to enter the industry. Over the next few years, companies will be looking to make the transition to IPv6. So we’ll be coming in as everyone is laying the groundwork of a new foundation in this layer of networking. \n\nVocabulary Multicast packet transmission  : a type of transmission or communication in which there may be more than one senders and the information sent is meant for a set of receivers.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nIt’s official, the world is finally out of IP addresses. In Florida a few days ago, ICANN handed out the last set (84 million) of IP addresses. This means that anyone who doesn’t already have an IP (referring to service providers), can’t get one. Of course, once IPv6 takes over, IP addresses will be as plentiful as water on the planet. Just how many will there be? About 340 undecillion. Never heard of that word? Neither has my spellchecker. \n\nThere’s many reasons to be excited because of the great advancements IPv6 will bring to the net. But the change, unfortunately, isn’t quick and easy. One big problem is that the two networks aren’t exactly compatible. For example, a computer using IPv4 can’t reach a web server using IPv6.  Clearly, the transition on both consumer and business levels will be painful and expensive, looking at the internet as a whole. \n\nWhat about NAT (network address translation)? It works, sort of. It allows a group of computers to essentially share the same public IP. But NAT is not practical for peer-to-peer connections, can potentially distort data, and gets pretty expensive as the number of devices it must manage grows.\n\nURL: http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-20030482-264.html?tag=topTechContentWrap;mostRead \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhat does this all mean? Not much for any one individual or business. Collectively there will be growing pains. For example, servers will need to start dual-stacking to support both IPv’s, and IPv4’s will need to be temporarily converted to IPv6’s for transferring data. It’s simple, but the delays start to add up when you consider that each user connection deals with “multiple” packets needing this encapsulation, not just one.  Users will eventually need new broadband devices, and business will need to buy new hardware.  So it’s not so much pricey, as it is awkward. Like running into someone in the hall, and you both move away to one side, then the other, and do the little “after you” dance.  But once the web finally makes the transition, it’ll be smooth sailing from there.\n\nVocabulary Dual-stacking  : A dual stack device is “bilingual;” that is, it can originate and understand both IPv4 and IPv6 packets.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://dns.tmcnet.com/topics/internet-security/articles/142707-cell-phone-acting-as-portal-dns-internet-security.htm\n\n\n\n\n\nMcAfee recently released their threat predictions report for 2011. The greatest “market” for threats now is unsurprisingly mobile devices. With more and more people buying non-computer internet-enabled devices like the iPad, Android, iPhone, etc… comes a greater target temptation for malware companies and individuals.\n\n               One of the selling points of our mobile devices today is the low-maintenance and low-administration required by users. Understandably, users feel more safe since not even they seem to have access to much under the hood of their devices. But now, more than ever, users don’t need to know about security for their devices. It’s assumed that the developers are covering for them. A good example of a security threat is from pdf downloads. We want our devices adobe/pdf enabled, but malware is frequently (and easily) hidden in pdf files. And with the increasing popularity of iPads etc… at the office, there’s a much higher likelihood for mobile botnets. \n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nArticle Impact: Mobile devices are where the market is heading. Along with a need to learn how to use and program these devices, we should be aware of the security needs that will come with it. In addition, we have a responsibility of helping others know that their mobile devices need protection just like regular computers do.\n\nVocabulary botnet : Botnets (network of bots / zombie computers) are computers infected by worms or Trojans and taken over surreptitiously by hackers and brought into networks to send spam, more viruses, or launch denial of service attacks.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/news/2240032226/New-Cisco-network-security-architecture-has-next-generation-firewall\n\n\n\n\n\nThe next generation of firewalls is here. Traditionally, security has been for IP addresses, ports, and protocols. That was great back when most of everything was static. But with the increasing importance of virtualization, the cloud, and remote accessing, security needs to be taken to the application level.\n\nCisco has recently announced it’s new support for this kind of security. The first deliverable will be for the popular ASA (Adaptive Security Appliance) 500 series. They plan to roll out the changes one piece at a time over the next year, starting off as software/firmware upgrades. There are other security companies that have already issued new security technology, but Cicso’s new SecureX may hail the opening of a new firewall era. \n\nWhile everything looks promising, some do worry that it’s too much to bite off. Having technology work in a flexible and mobile work environment is becoming a necessity. And that presents a lot of security issues to tie up for firewalls/network managers.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nThis is interesting news for us, because as we study about network security and firewalls we can see the active changes going on in the world around us. The “rules” of network security are changing with the advances in technology. It goes to show that as technology advances rapidly, security has to evolve just as quickly. The concepts we’re learning now are likely fundamental, but there will be a HUGE need to keep pace with advancing technologies as we start careers.\n\nVocabulary LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) : application protocol for reading/editing directories over an IP network\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nURL: http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/browsers/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=229300438&cid=RSSfeed_IWK_All \n\nThis article is about how Microsoft will soon be releasing IE9, and although it’s positively heralded, Microsoft is still concerned that 12% of the world’s web browser users and running IE6. This is not unusual, as many products (especially Microsoft’s) are widely used despite being increasingly antiquated. Usually this is because business will build their technology at a certain level, and do not want to upgrade for whatever reason. If Microsoft were to just pull the rug out from under them, yes they could let the old products die, but they would also kill the loyalty of those customers. \n\nThey have plans to finally unplug IE6 when the usage statistic drops below the 1% mark, but Microsoft is looking hard for ways to speed that along. The problem arises for the web development market. With so many people using outdated technology, developers must still cater to these older versions. This creates a real burden on developers, because not only do they want to stay up-to-date with the latest technologies, but they have to program for all of their users. \n\nImpact\n\n\n\nThis affects us because we’re the future developers or management that must make the development IT decisions. Yes, we’ll want to make sure to support all of the users we can by adhering to multiple versions of technology. However, this is time consuming and unproductive if users can be convinced to upgrade. You have to draw the line somewhere, and you’re constantly needing to redraw that line. \n\nWith technology always advancing rapidly, there’s going to be that want to keep up pace and advance with it. But there will be those that are left behind. We’ll need to be knowledgable in the cutting-edge and modern technologies, but we can’t neglect learning outdated (or in-the-process-of-becoming-outdated) versions, because others won’t stay up with the tech times like we can.\n\nVocabulary Web 2.0 : web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user-centered design, and collaboration on the web\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: \n\nhttp://inventorspot.com/articles/google_launches_person_finder_japan_after_devastating_quake\n\nGoogle has a humanitarian side, apparently. After last week’s massive earthquake in japan, Google launched Google Person Finder: Japan, an online web app where users can post missing and found people. They’ve done it before, like last year in Chile and Haiti, and this ‘version’ is basically the same with some polished touches. You can navigate to either add new info or search for existing info from the database. It’s a great way for families/friends to communicate in a disaster and adds a new tool to the rescue kit.\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWhat impresses me most about this, is that Google took the initiative to organize this web app, and additionally, they are keeping it going for each big natural disaster. It also is impressive to see that technology is so much more integrated with our lives than it was 5, 10 years ago. I’m sure if this was released in 2000 that it would be less than one tenth as useful/helpful as it is today.  Talk about keeping your eyes on your users and being willing to do a good turn with no expectations in return (minus the undeniable publicity, but hey, if that’s the most immoral thing going on in business today what do we have to complain about?) \n\nVocabulary idiosyncratic  : peculiar to an individual or group; pertaining to a specific selection or application\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) just approved the new top-level domain, .XXX. The decision passed, but with much controversy (even on the board itself the majority won because 25% of members abstained from voting). \n\nThis new domain, which is meant to help identify “adult content” websites on the internet, has been in debate for 11 years. It sounds like a great idea, but both sides had their share of opposition. Conservatives and those against pornography are against the idea, arguing that it encourages adult content to spread on the Internet. The pornography industry is against it because of increased ease in censorship. And ICANN’s board was mostly against it because it didn’t want to be responsible for enforcing laws and regulations related to it.\n\nBut it passed with a final vote today. ICM will manage the new TLD’s registry and domains will be strictly limited to the adult industry. And adult sites in the .com TLD will be able to reserve their new TLD beforehand and protect their “intellectual property rights.”\n\nURL:http://www.wired.com/eipcenter/2011/03/icann-approves-xxx/\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nWith so many against it, .xxx will likely be another .info (a cheap place for hackers to setup base and infect us with malware). But at least it’s a pretty self-explanatory TLD. Now, there’s no way that we can force all the existing pornography sites off the .com TLD and into .xxx because of freedom of speech, but the cheap TLD will be like a grungy, cheap building in a big bad neighborhood in a big city. Filth and sleaze are cheap, and will likely be attracted to cheap places. Easier to avoid, so let them at it. \n\nVocabulary Top-level domain : one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name system of the Internet. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. (Registries generally maintained by ICANN)\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nThe article I read this week felt more like a blog or magazine post. It was designed to read more entertainingly than informative. But it did have some interesting ideas. Now, I’m no tech professional yet, so I probably don’t quite have as insightful interpretation as most, but in this article the author was discussing evolutionary changes in technology advances. \n\nHe tells of his meal-talk experience with a MVP for SQL Server and their discussion about database server advancement. Specifically, they envisioned a day (within a year or so) when you could get a server with 1 terabyte SSD (solid state drive) memory for less than $10,000. He goes on to relate all the possibilities that this kind of cheap power brings. Interestingly, however, he acknowledges that as technology advances, so do our needs (although I think it’s probably the other way around). \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nhttp://www.sqlmag.com/article/sql-server/The-10K-Server-of-the-Future.aspx\n\nImpact\n\nI think this article highlights a very important principle of technology advancement that we should remember that we can’t escape. Whether it’s learning a new computing language, networking technique or piece of software, or upgrading hardware to state-of-the-art quality, there’s no escape from any of these becoming obsolete in a matter of years. So we invent bigger, cheaper computers—so we find business needs to fill and exceed those computers. So we master a programming language—so somebody invents a new rendition that does a job better and the old language isn’t king for the job anymore.  In our profession, we need to be accustomed to constant change. If we’re ever taken by surprise that what we have/do/learned is old news, we’ve missed the boat from the beginning because to enter the technology field today means to be part of a rapidly changing realm where nothing stands still. It’s our job to keep learning, really. Anyone can go learn do do/buy/accomplish a single tech task. What separates us in the profession is that we’re dedicated to keep up in the race. My two cents.\n\nVocabulary performance tuning expert : someone dedicated to optimize and homogenize the performance of a database\n\n ","Article Summary\n\nURL: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9215369/Failure_to_encrypt_portable_devices_inexcusable_say_analysts \n\nAlarmingly, 20% of data loss/compromise this year has been due to stolen laptops/mobile devices. So what? Well, that could have been reduced to zero if some had taken the precaution to encrypt those mobile devices.\n\nThis article mainly bashed companies that still aren’t encrypting their business laptops.  They allow sensitive information to be stored on an executive’s laptop, but don’t consider the possibility that the laptop isn’t invincible.\n\nIt’s really not expensive (for mid-size companies it equates to about $15 a device) and it doesn’t slow performance considerably (unless you are raiding on WoW on your business laptop). There’s no excuse for not encrypting these mobile devices. It’s just plain old lazy.\n\n\n\n\n\nImpact\n\nWe need to be aware of where we are exposed. Mobility is the business standard today. That’s where our exposure is going to be, then. Data is one of a company’s greatest assets. Like raw materials for a manufacturing company, data needs to be guarded and watched from acquisition to consumption. We don’t need state-of-the-art surveillance, just the simple stuff can be the most effective. As they say: “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”\n\nVocabulary Encryption : The process of transforming information using an algorithm to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing the key.\n\n ","Article Summary\n\n\n\nImpact\n\n\n\nVocabulary  : \n\n "]

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