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[null,"Note: Excel will be hidden while you work on your flash cards."]

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["Term","Definition","Hint","Hide"]
["Board of Directors","A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. The body sometimes has a different name, such as board of trustees, board of managers,board of governors, or executive board. It is often simply referred to as \"the board.\"","Hired by stockholders"]
["Duress","A situation in which one party threatens to do a wrongful act unless the other party enters into a contract","A type of pressure"]
["Injunction","A court order that prohibits a person from doing a certain act","Used if a person may cause harm by their course of action","Y"]
["Negligence","A legal concept in the common law legal systems mostly applied in tort cases to achieve monetary compensation (damages) for physical and mental injuries (not accidents)."]
["Strict Liability","A standard for liability which may exist in either a criminal or civil context. A rule specifying strict liability makes a person legally responsible for the damage and loss caused by his or her acts and omissions regardless of culpability (including fault in criminal law terms, typically the presence of mens rea). Strict liability is prominent in tort law (especially product liability), corporations law, and criminal law.","Used in extremely dangerous businesses","Y"]
["Warranty","A legal concept in the common law legal systems mostly applied in tort cases to achieve monetary compensation (damages) for physical and mental injuries (not accidents).","Protects from defects"]

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["Injunction"]
[]
["From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"]
["Jump to: navigation, search"]
["For restraining or protective orders (family law & harassment), see Restraining order."]
["Globe icon.","The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2010)"]
[]
["nothing"]
[]
["Contents"]
[]
["1 Rationale and reasons for injunctions"]
["2 Gag orders (many countries)"]
["3 American injunctions"]
["3.1 Temporary restraining orders"]
["3.2 Other kinds of restraining orders"]
["3.3 Injunctions in U.S. labor law context"]
["3.3.1 Employment discrimination"]
["4 Australian apprehended violence orders"]
["5 UK super-injunctions"]
["6 See also"]
["7 References"]
["8 External links"]
[]
["[edit] Rationale and reasons for injunctions"]
[]
["This injunctive power to restore the status quo ante; that is, to make whole again someone whose rights have been violated, is essential to the concept of fairness (equity). For example, money damages would be of scant benefit to a land owner who wished simply to prevent someone from repeatedly trespassing on his land."]
[]
["These are some common reasons for injunctions:"]
[]
["stalking"]
["domestic violence"]
["harassment"]
["discrimination"]
["bullying (in some cases)"]
["physical or sexual abuse"]
["the wrongful transfer of real property, also called fraudulent conveyance"]
["the disclosure of sensitive information in line with the Official Secrets Act 1989 (UK only)"]
["trademark infringement"]
["copyright infringement"]
["patent infringement"]
["trade secret disclosure"]
["tortious interference of contract"]
["criminal contempt"]
["civil contempt"]
[]
["[edit] Gag orders (many countries)"]
[]
["Main article: Gag order"]
[]
["A gag order is an order by a court or government restricting information or comment from being made public."]
[]
["[edit] American injunctions"]
[]
["[edit] Temporary restraining orders"]
[]
["A temporary restraining order (TRO) may be issued for short term. A TRO usually lasts while a motion for preliminary injunction is being decided, and the court decides whether to drop the order or to issue a preliminary injunction."]
[]
["A temporary restraining order may be granted ex parte, that is, without informing in advance the party to whom the temporary restraining order is directed. Usually, a party moves ex parte to prevent an adversary from having notice of one's intentions. The TRO is granted to prevent the adversary from acting to frustrate the purpose of the action, for example, by wasting or hiding assets (as often occurs in dissolution of marriage) or disclosing a trade secret that had been the subject of a non-disclosure agreement."]
[]
["To obtain a temporary restraining order, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) likelihood of success on the merits; (2) irreparable harm,absent the order; (3) that less harm will result to the defendant if the TRO issues than to the plaintiffs if the TRO does not issue; and (4) that the public interest, if any, weighs in favor of plaintiff.[1] If the balance of hardships tips in favor of plaintiff, then the plaintiff must only raise \"questions going to the merits so serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful, as to make them fair ground for litigation and thus for more deliberative investigation.\"[2]"]
[]
["[edit] Other kinds of restraining orders"]
[]
["Many states have injunction laws that are written specifically to stop domestic violence, stalking, sexual assault or harassment and these are commonly called restraining orders, orders of protection, abuse prevention orders, or protective orders."]
[]
["[edit] Injunctions in U.S. labor law context"]
[]
["After the United States government successfully used an injunction to outlaw the Pullman boycott in 1894 in the case of In re Debs, employers found that they could obtain federal court injunctions to ban strikes and organizing activities of all kinds by unions. These injunctions were often extremely broad; one injunction issued by a federal court in the 1920s effectively barred the United Mine Workers of America from talking to workers who had signed yellow dog contracts with their employers."]
[]
["Unable to limit what they called \"government by injunction\" in the courts, labor and its allies persuaded the U.S. Congress in 1932 to pass the Norris-LaGuardia Act, which imposed so many procedural and substantive limits on the federal courts' power to issue injunctions as to effectively prohibit all federal court injunctions in cases arising out of labor disputes. A number of states followed suit and enacted \"Little Norris-LaGuardia Acts\" that imposed similar limitations on state courts' powers. The courts have since recognized a limited exception to the Norris-LaGuardia Act's strict limitations in those cases in which a party seeks injunctive relief to enforce the grievance arbitration provisions of a collective bargaining agreement."]
[]
["[edit] Employment discrimination"]
[]
["Differing from most other cases, where equitable relief is given very rarely, in discrimination cases, injunctive relief is actually the preferred method of remedy.[3] However, if there is evidence that there is now a hostile relationship between the employer and employee, the court may order a reasonable amount of \"front pay\"[4] along with the back pay (back pay: The amount of lost wages and benefits that an employee lost ever since he was terminated, up to the point that the judgment is entered[5])."]
[]
["[edit] Australian apprehended violence orders"]
[]
["A court may grant an apprehended violence order (AVO) to a person who fears violence, harassment, abuse, or stalking.[6] A court may issue an AVO if it believes, on the balance of probabilities, that a person has reasonable grounds to fear personal violence, harassing conduct, molestation, intimidation, or stalking. A defendant's non-compliance with the order may result in the imposition of a fine, imprisonment, or both."]
[]
["[edit] UK super-injunctions"]
[]
["In England and Wales a new form of injunction known as a \"super-injunction\" is a form of gagging order in which the press is prohibited from reporting even the existence of the injunction, or any details of it.[7][8] An example was the super-injunction raised in September 2009 by Carter-Ruck solicitors on behalf of oil trader Trafigura, prohibiting the reporting of an internal Trafigura report into the 2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump scandal. The existence of the super-injunction was only revealed when it was referred to in a parliamentary question (mention in which parliamentary privilege permits the disclosure without being held in contempt of court), which was circulated on the internet, leading to the injunction being varied (before it could be challenged in court) to permit reporting of the question.[9] By long legal tradition, parliamentary proceedings may be reported without restriction.[10] Parliamentary proceedings are only covered by qualified privilege."]
[]
["A \"hyper-injunction\" is similar but also includes an order that the injunction must not be discussed with members of Parliament or journalists or lawyers. One known hyper-injunction was obtained at the High Court in 2006, preventing its subject from saying that paint used in water tanks on passenger ships can break down and release potentially toxic chemicals.[11][12] This example became public knowledge in Parliament under parliamentary privilege."]
[]
["[edit] See also"]
[]
["Anti-Social Behaviour Order (UK)"]
["Anti-suit injunction"]
["Anti-Injunction Act"]
["Burden of proof"]
["Civil litigation"]
["Interim order"]
["Cross-border injunction"]
["Declaratory judgment"]
["Equity (law)"]
["Equity court"]
["Gang injunction"]
["Lawburrows (Scotland)"]
["Lawsuit"]
["Mareva injunction"]
["Peace bond"]
["Protection From Abuse"]
["Standing"]
[]
["[edit] References"]
[]
["1. ^ See, e.g., Pappan Enters. v. Hardee's Food Sys., 143 F.3d 800, 803 (3d Cir. 1998)."]
["2. ^ Hamilton Watch Co. v. Benrus Watch Co., 206 F.2d 738, 740 (2d Cir. 1953)."]
["3. ^ \"Damages\". http://www.workplacefairness.org/damages#4. Retrieved September 4, 2010. "]
["4. ^ \"Damages\". http://www.workplacefairness.org/damages#5. Retrieved September 4, 2010. "]
["5. ^ \"Damages\". http://www.workplacefairness.org/damages#2. Retrieved September 4, 2010. "]
["6. ^ \"New South Wales - Apprehended Violence Orders\". National Council of Single Mothers and Their Children. http://www.ncsmc.org.au/wsas/legal_system/avo_nsw.htm. Retrieved September 26, 2010. "]
["7. ^ Press Gazette, 14 October 2009, MPs slam 'super injunction' which gagged Guardian"]
["8. ^ Robinson, James (2009-10-13). \"How super-injunctions are used to gag investigative reporting\". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/oct/13/super-injunctions-guardian-carter-ruck. "]
["9. ^ [1]"]
["10. ^ The Guardian, 13 October 2009, Trafigura drops bid to gag Guardian over MP's question"]
["11. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8394566/Hyper-injunction-stops-you-talking-to-MP.html"]
["12. ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1368395/Now-hyper-injunction-gagging-order-stops-constituent-speaking-MP.html"]
[]
["[edit] External links"]
[]
[null,"Look up injunction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary."]
[]
["On the Difference Between Lawsuit, a Restraining Order, and an Injunction"]
["Retrieved from \"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction\""]
["Categories: Equity | Judicial remedies | Legal terms"]
["Hidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2010"]
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